CN112665874B - A loading device, a test method and a test data correction method for a vehicle quasi-static test - Google Patents
A loading device, a test method and a test data correction method for a vehicle quasi-static test Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明属于车辆测试设备技术领域，具体涉及一种车辆准静态试验的加载装置、试验方法及试验数据修正方法。The invention belongs to the technical field of vehicle test equipment, and in particular relates to a loading device, a test method and a test data correction method for a quasi-static test of a vehicle.
背景技术Background technique
随着轨道车辆结构安全要求的提高，对轨道车辆车体结构有了更高的设计需求。准静态压缩试验是评估车体结构压溃吸能特性，研究整车压溃力传递规律的有效手段和方法。但由于轨道车辆结构形式多样，不同车型的吸能结构设计方案均有所不同，同时各个国家的车体结构评估标准也有所差异。这使得准静态压缩试验对于不同车体结构，针对不同的评估标准，有着多种多样的试验工况要求，主要体现在试验加载位置和加载方式上的不同。因此，为提高准静态试验平台的广泛适用性，试验加载装置应当能够实现加载位置的快速调整，控制方式的灵活转换，以满足不同准静态试验工况的需求。With the improvement of safety requirements for rail vehicle structures, there are higher design requirements for rail vehicle body structures. The quasi-static compression test is an effective means and method to evaluate the crushing energy absorption characteristics of the car body structure and to study the transmission law of the crushing force of the whole car. However, due to the various structural forms of rail vehicles, the energy-absorbing structure design schemes of different models are different, and the evaluation standards of car body structures are also different in various countries. This makes the quasi-static compression test have a variety of test conditions for different car body structures and different evaluation standards, which are mainly reflected in the differences in the test loading position and loading method. Therefore, in order to improve the wide applicability of the quasi-static test platform, the test loading device should be able to realize the rapid adjustment of the loading position and the flexible conversion of the control mode to meet the needs of different quasi-static test conditions.
目前美国相关研究机构使用的轨道车辆准静态压缩试验平台采用的是一种全尺寸刚性框架加载装置，最多可进行4个液压缸同时定点加载。但该装置过于笨重且成本高昂；液压缸的位置调节困难，无法满足不同试验工况的需求；而且控制4个液压缸同时加载的难度太大，试验结果精度不理想。申请号为201820751421.1的专利中记载了一种基于车体强度试验台的准静态压缩试验加载装置。该装置同样采用封闭式框架结构，且为2个液压缸定点加载，但是同样无法满足不同加载位置的试验工况需求。At present, the rail vehicle quasi-static compression test platform used by relevant research institutions in the United States uses a full-scale rigid frame loading device, which can simultaneously perform fixed-point loading on up to 4 hydraulic cylinders. However, the device is too bulky and expensive; the position of the hydraulic cylinder is difficult to adjust and cannot meet the needs of different test conditions; and it is too difficult to control the loading of four hydraulic cylinders at the same time, and the accuracy of the test results is not ideal. The patent application number 201820751421.1 describes a quasi-static compression test loading device based on a car body strength test bench. This device also adopts a closed frame structure, and is fixed-point loading for two hydraulic cylinders, but it also cannot meet the requirements of test conditions at different loading positions.
上述两种方案均采用框架式加载结构，这使得加载装置体积大，占地多，并且无法适用于小部件、组件的准静态压缩试验，同时，加载液压缸的位置固定，难以调整，并不具备多种试验工况下的适用性。另一方面，为了达到试验精度的要求，上述装置都设计了刚度、强度非常高的承载结构，以此确保装置本身在试验过程中所产生的形变和位移尽可能小，从而不影响试验测试结果。这就使得这类装置的制造成本十分高昂。Both of the above two schemes adopt a frame-type loading structure, which makes the loading device bulky and takes up a lot of land, and is not suitable for quasi-static compression tests of small parts and components. At the same time, the position of the loading hydraulic cylinder is fixed, difficult to adjust, and does not It has applicability under various test conditions. On the other hand, in order to meet the requirements of test accuracy, the above-mentioned devices are all designed with a very high rigidity and strength bearing structure, so as to ensure that the deformation and displacement of the device itself during the test process are as small as possible, so as not to affect the test results. . This makes such devices very expensive to manufacture.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的是解决现有技术中准静态试验加载装置的加载液压缸的位置固定，难以调整，无法适应多种试验工况的问题，进而提供一种加载液压缸位置可调的车辆准静态试验加载装置。The purpose of the present invention is to solve the problem that the position of the loading hydraulic cylinder of the quasi-static test loading device in the prior art is fixed, difficult to adjust, and unable to adapt to various test conditions, and then provide a quasi-static vehicle with an adjustable loading hydraulic cylinder position Test loading device.
本发明提供的一种车辆准静态试验的加载装置，包括：承载系统、液压油缸以及加载控制系统，所述液压油缸设置于所述承载系统上，并与所述加载控制系统连接；A loading device for a vehicle quasi-static test provided by the present invention includes: a bearing system, a hydraulic cylinder and a loading control system, the hydraulic cylinder is arranged on the bearing system and connected to the loading control system;
其中，所述承载系统与所述液压油缸的相对位置可调。Wherein, the relative position of the bearing system and the hydraulic cylinder is adjustable.
本发明将加载装置设计成可移动式的，能够满足不同试验工况的需求，攻克了现有加载装置的难点之一。其中，调节的方向不限于垂向、纵向、横向的任意组合。The invention designs the loading device to be movable, which can meet the requirements of different test working conditions, and overcomes one of the difficulties of the existing loading device. Wherein, the direction of adjustment is not limited to any combination of vertical, vertical and horizontal directions.
可选地，所述承载系统中设有承载底座和位于所述承载底座两侧的桩基，所述承载底座用于承载液压油缸；Optionally, the carrying system is provided with a carrying base and pile foundations located on both sides of the carrying base, and the carrying base is used to carry hydraulic cylinders;
所述桩基包括桩基底板和桩基肋板，所述桩基肋板和承载底座的两个侧边上沿着长度方向均设有开孔；The pile foundation includes a pile base plate and a pile foundation rib, and the two sides of the pile foundation rib and the bearing base are provided with openings along the length direction;
其中，利用所述桩基底板与所述承载底座上开孔的错位紧固实现纵向位置的调节。Wherein, the adjustment of the longitudinal position is realized by utilizing the dislocation fastening of the pile base plate and the opening on the bearing base.
可选地，所述承载系统中设有底板和主承载箱，所述主承载箱位于所述底板上，所述液压油缸一端固定在所述主承载箱上，且所述液压油缸与所述底板之间设有垂向丝杆调节装置；Optionally, a base plate and a main bearing box are provided in the bearing system, the main bearing box is located on the base plate, one end of the hydraulic cylinder is fixed on the main bearing box, and the hydraulic cylinder and the There is a vertical screw adjustment device between the bottom plates;
所述底板上对应所述主承载箱和所述垂向丝杆调节装置的边沿位置设有横向压板，所述横向压板上沿着横向设有开孔，所述主承载箱和所述垂向丝杆调节装置的边沿嵌入所述横向压板与底板的间隙内，且所述边沿上沿着横向设有开孔；The bottom plate is provided with a horizontal pressing plate corresponding to the edge position of the main bearing box and the vertical screw adjustment device, and the horizontal pressing plate is provided with openings along the transverse direction, and the main bearing box and the vertical The edge of the screw adjustment device is embedded in the gap between the transverse pressure plate and the bottom plate, and the edge is provided with holes along the transverse direction;
其中，利用所述横向压板与所述主承载箱、垂向丝杆调节装置的边沿上开孔的错位紧固实现横向位置的调节。Wherein, the adjustment of the lateral position is realized by using the dislocation fastening of the lateral pressure plate and the opening on the edge of the main bearing box and the vertical screw adjusting device.
可选地，所述主承载箱上与所述液压油缸相连的端面两侧边上设有垂向压板，所述液压油缸的端部边沿嵌入所述垂向压板与所述主承载箱的端面之间的间隙；Optionally, vertical pressure plates are provided on both sides of the end surface connected to the hydraulic cylinder on the main bearing box, and the end edge of the hydraulic cylinder is embedded in the vertical pressure plate and the end surface of the main bearing box the gap between
且所述液压油缸的端部边沿与所述垂向压板上沿着高度方向均设有开孔，利用所述开孔的错位紧固以及所述垂向丝杆调节装置的高度调节实现垂向位置的调节。And the edge of the end of the hydraulic cylinder and the vertical pressure plate are provided with openings along the height direction, and the vertical adjustment is realized by using the dislocation fastening of the openings and the height adjustment of the vertical screw adjusting device. Position adjustment.
可选地，应用于横向加载准静态压缩试验时，所述承载系统中设有止挡机构和转接压头；Optionally, when applied to the lateral loading quasi-static compression test, the bearing system is provided with a stopper mechanism and an adapter indenter;
所述转接压头设置在液压油缸的施力端，所述转接压头包括依次连接的受力板、主动连杆、从动连杆以及压头，其中，所述主动连杆和从动连杆呈剪刀交叉状，所述压头位于试验部件的两侧；The transfer pressure head is arranged at the force application end of the hydraulic cylinder, and the transfer pressure head includes a force plate, a driving connecting rod, a driven connecting rod and a pressure head connected in sequence, wherein the driving connecting rod and the driven connecting rod The bar is in the shape of a scissors cross, and the indenters are located on both sides of the test part;
所述止挡机构包括止挡弹簧、挡板、支撑肋板以及挡板底座，所述止挡弹簧设置于所述受力板与所述挡板之间，所述挡板底座固定不动，所述挡板固定在所述挡板底座上，所述支撑肋板用于支撑挡板。The stop mechanism includes a stop spring, a baffle, a supporting rib and a baffle base, the stop spring is arranged between the force plate and the baffle, the baffle base is fixed, The baffle is fixed on the baffle base, and the supporting ribs are used to support the baffle.
本发明所述加载装置不单单可以应用于常规的纵向受压工况的试验，通过转接压头和止挡机构将纵向运动和纵向力转换为横向运动和横向力，从而通过压头施加在试验车体上，实现车体边梁横向受压工况试验。并且试验过程中对原加载装置并无结构变更。The loading device of the present invention can not only be applied to the test of conventional longitudinal compression conditions, but the longitudinal motion and longitudinal force can be converted into lateral motion and lateral force by switching the indenter and the stop mechanism, so that the indenter can be applied to the On the test car body, the lateral compression condition test of the side beam of the car body is realized. And there is no structural change to the original loading device during the test.
可选地，还包括形变偏差检测元件，所述形变偏差检测元件包括垂向位移检测元件和纵向位移检测元件；Optionally, a deformation deviation detection element is also included, and the deformation deviation detection element includes a vertical displacement detection element and a longitudinal displacement detection element;
其中，所述纵向位移检测元件设置在液压油缸与地面之间，并固定在竖直的测量支架上，用于测量液压油缸支座与测量支架之间的纵向位移；Wherein, the longitudinal displacement detection element is arranged between the hydraulic cylinder and the ground, and is fixed on the vertical measuring support for measuring the longitudinal displacement between the hydraulic cylinder support and the measuring support;
所述垂向位移检测元件设置在在液压油缸与地面之间，并固定在所述测量支架的底座上，用于测量液压油缸支座与测量支架之间的垂向位移。The vertical displacement detection element is arranged between the hydraulic cylinder and the ground, and is fixed on the base of the measurement support for measuring the vertical displacement between the hydraulic cylinder support and the measurement support.
本发明提供一种基于所述加载装置的试验方法，包括如下步骤：The present invention provides a kind of test method based on described loading device, comprises the steps:
依据试验对象的尺寸以及试验工况确定加载位置；Determine the loading position according to the size of the test object and the test working conditions;
进行安全核算评估；Conduct security accounting assessments;
安装试验元件以及加载装置，并基于确定的加载位置进行调节和固定；Install the test element and the loading device, adjust and fix them based on the determined loading position;
开启加载控制系统进行试验。Turn on the loading control system for testing.
本发明提供一种基于所述加载装置的试验数据修正方法，若试验数据包括压溃位移，所述试验数据修改方法包括如下步骤：The present invention provides a method for modifying test data based on the loading device. If the test data includes crush displacement, the method for modifying test data includes the following steps:
利用纵向位移检测元件测量液压油缸支座与测量支架之间的纵向位移，并基于理论纵向位置计算偏差得到纵向位移偏差值Δε；Use the longitudinal displacement detection element to measure the longitudinal displacement between the hydraulic cylinder support and the measuring bracket, and calculate the deviation based on the theoretical longitudinal position to obtain the longitudinal displacement deviation value Δε;
其中，所述纵向位移检测元件设置在液压油缸与地面之间，并固定在竖直的测量支架上，用于测量液压油缸支座与测量支架之间的纵向位移；Wherein, the longitudinal displacement detection element is arranged between the hydraulic cylinder and the ground, and is fixed on the vertical measuring support for measuring the longitudinal displacement between the hydraulic cylinder support and the measuring support;
再基于所述纵向位移偏差值Δε修正压溃位移测量值，如下：Then correct the crush displacement measurement value based on the longitudinal displacement deviation value Δε, as follows:
S＝S'-ΔεS=S'-Δε
其中，S为真实的压溃位移，S'为压溃位移测量值。Among them, S is the real crush displacement, and S' is the measured value of crush displacement.
在压溃力级较大的整车准静态试验中，装置本身的形变和位移仍不可避免的会对试验测试精度造成影响。而现有的众多试验数据修正技术，大都是从数学，测试理论角度，对试验数据产生的偏差进行估计和计算并予以修正，并没有对由试验装置引起的误差进行测量并予以修正，而本发明恰恰从形变根源出发进行分析，从而降低形变带来的误差和影响。In the quasi-static test of the vehicle with a large crushing force level, the deformation and displacement of the device itself will inevitably affect the test accuracy. However, most of the existing test data correction technologies estimate, calculate and correct the deviation of the test data from the perspective of mathematics and test theory, and do not measure and correct the error caused by the test device. The invention starts analysis from the root of the deformation, thereby reducing the error and influence caused by the deformation.
可选地，若试验数据包括压溃力，所述试验数据修改方法包括如下步骤：Optionally, if the test data includes crushing force, the method for modifying the test data includes the following steps:
利用所述垂向位移检测元件测量液压油缸支座与测量支架之间的垂向位移，并基于理论垂向位置得到垂向位移偏差值；Using the vertical displacement detection element to measure the vertical displacement between the hydraulic cylinder support and the measuring bracket, and obtain a vertical displacement deviation value based on the theoretical vertical position;
再基于所述垂向位移偏差值修正压溃力测量值，如下：Correct the measured value of the crushing force based on the vertical displacement deviation value, as follows:
其中，F为修改后的压溃力，F'为压溃力测量值，Δh为垂向位置偏差值，S为真实的压溃位移。Among them, F is the modified crushing force, F' is the measured value of crushing force, Δh is the vertical position deviation value, and S is the real crushing displacement.
有益效果Beneficial effect
1.本发明提供的所述加载装置可以实现横向、纵向、垂向无级调节，能够适应多种工况，根据试验元件的尺寸大小以及工况要求进行调整加载位置，可以极大的提高试验效果以及节省试验成本。1. The loading device provided by the present invention can realize horizontal, vertical, and vertical stepless adjustment, and can adapt to various working conditions. The loading position can be adjusted according to the size of the test element and the requirements of the working conditions, which can greatly improve the test performance. effects and save test costs.
2.本发明提供的一种基于所述加载装置的试验数据修正方法，其考虑到了在压溃力级较大的整车准静态试验中，装置本身的形变和位移仍不可避免的会对试验测试精度造成影响的问题，并从形变根源出发进行分析，从而降低形变带来的误差和影响。2. A method for correcting test data based on the loading device provided by the present invention, which takes into account that in the quasi-static test of a complete vehicle with a relatively large crushing force level, the deformation and displacement of the device itself will inevitably affect the test data. The problem caused by the test accuracy is analyzed from the source of the deformation, so as to reduce the error and influence caused by the deformation.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是加载装置的结构示意图，其中，(a)为轴侧视图，(b)为俯视图，(c)为侧视图，(d)为主视图。Fig. 1 is a structural schematic view of the loading device, wherein (a) is an axial side view, (b) is a top view, (c) is a side view, and (d) is a front view.
图2是承载底座的结构示意图。Fig. 2 is a structural schematic diagram of the bearing base.
图3是底板及上部结构断面图。Fig. 3 is a sectional view of the bottom plate and the upper structure.
图4是整车横向加载准静态压缩试验工作场景。Figure 4 is the working scene of the quasi-static compression test under lateral loading of the whole vehicle.
图5是止挡机构剖面示意图。Fig. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the stopper mechanism.
图6是形变示意图，其中，a为试验前的纵向位移示意图，b为试验后的纵向位移示意图，c为液压缸前端受力示意图；Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of deformation, wherein a is a schematic diagram of longitudinal displacement before the test, b is a schematic diagram of longitudinal displacement after the test, and c is a schematic diagram of force on the front end of the hydraulic cylinder;
图7是形变偏差检测元件的安装示意图。Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of installation of a deformation deviation detection element.
附图标记说明如下：The reference signs are explained as follows:
1.1-基桩；1.1.1-地脚螺栓孔位；1.1.2-纵向调节螺栓孔位；1.2-承载底座；1.2.1-侧板；1.2.2-前箱型梁；1.2.3-后斜撑肋板；1.2.4-后工字梁；1.2.5-后箱型梁；1.2.6-前斜撑肋板；1.2.7-前端板；1.2.8-前工字梁；1.3-液压油缸；1.4-底板；1.4.1-螺纹孔；1.5-主承载箱；1.6-加载控制系统；1.7-主承载箱横向调节压板，1.7.2-主承载箱后横向调节压板；1.7.1-主承载箱前横向调节压板；1.8-液压油缸横向调节压板；1.8.1-液压油缸前横向调节压板；1.8.2-液压油缸后横向调节压板；1.9-垂向丝杆调节装置；1.10-垂向压板；1.1- Foundation pile; 1.1.1- Anchor bolt hole position; 1.1.2- Longitudinal adjustment bolt hole position; 1.2- Bearing base; 1.2.1- Side plate; 1.2.2- Front box beam; 1.2.3- Rear brace ribs; 1.2.4-rear I-beam; 1.2.5-rear box beam; 1.2.6-front brace rib; 1.2.7-front end plate; 1.2.8-front I-beam; 1.3-hydraulic cylinder; 1.4-bottom plate; 1.4.1-threaded hole; 1.5-main bearing box; 1.6-loading control system; .1- Front lateral adjustment pressure plate of main bearing box; 1.8- Hydraulic cylinder lateral adjustment pressure plate; 1.8.1- Hydraulic cylinder front lateral adjustment pressure plate; 1.8.2- Hydraulic cylinder rear lateral adjustment pressure plate; 1.9- Vertical screw adjustment device; 1.10-vertical platen;
9.1-受力板；9.2-主动连杆；9.3-从动连杆；9.4-压头；9.5-铰链；10-止挡机构，10.1-止挡弹簧；10.2-挡板；10.3-挡板后主斜撑；10.4-挡板后副斜撑；10.5-止挡机构底座；10.6-挡板前斜；11.1-油缸支座；11.2-纵向位移测量装置；11.3-垂向位移测量装置；11.4-测量支架；9.1-force plate; 9.2-active connecting rod; 9.3-driven connecting rod; 9.4-pressure head; 9.5-hinge; 10-stop mechanism, 10.1-stop spring; Main diagonal brace; 10.4-Auxiliary diagonal brace at the rear of the baffle; 10.5-Base of the stopper mechanism; 10.6-Front slope of the baffle; 11.1-Oil cylinder support; measuring bracket;
具体实施方式Detailed ways
本发明提供一种车辆准静态试验的加载装置，其可以应用于轨道车辆部件或整车的准静态压缩试验，其中，所述加载装置的加载位置可调，本实施例中，可以实现垂向、纵向以及横向的调节，下面将结合实施例对本发明做进一步的说明。The invention provides a loading device for a quasi-static test of a vehicle, which can be applied to a rail vehicle component or a quasi-static compression test of a complete vehicle, wherein the loading position of the loading device is adjustable, and in this embodiment, vertical compression can be realized. , vertical and horizontal adjustment, the present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the embodiments.
实施例1：Example 1:
如图1中(a)-(d)所示，本发明的车辆准静态试验的加载装置包括承载系统、液压油缸1.3以及加载控制系统1.6，承载系统用于承载液压油缸1.3，并与液压油缸1.3配合实现加载位置的调整；加载控制系统1.6与液压油缸1.3连接，用于控制液压油缸1.3对试验整车或部件施加对应作用力。As shown in (a)-(d) among Fig. 1, the loading device of the vehicle quasi-static test of the present invention comprises carrying system, hydraulic cylinder 1.3 and loading control system 1.6, and carrying system is used for carrying hydraulic cylinder 1.3, and with hydraulic cylinder 1.3 cooperate to realize the adjustment of the loading position; the loading control system 1.6 is connected with the hydraulic cylinder 1.3, and is used to control the hydraulic cylinder 1.3 to exert a corresponding force on the test vehicle or components.
本实施例中，承载系统包括承载底座1.2、2个桩基1.1、底板1.4、主承载箱1.5以及垂向丝杆调节装置1.9。In this embodiment, the bearing system includes a bearing base 1.2, two pile foundations 1.1, a bottom plate 1.4, a main bearing box 1.5 and a vertical screw adjusting device 1.9.
如图2所示，承载底座1.2由箱型梁、工字梁以及斜撑肋板组成，具体包括：前箱型梁1.2.2、后斜撑肋板1.2.3、后工字梁1.2.4、后箱型梁1.2.5、前斜撑肋板1.2.6、前端板1.2.7、以及前工字梁1.2.8。整体布局上呈“米”字格结构。当承受纵向力时，可以形成多条传力通道，使结构各处受力均匀，能够很好的避免出现应力集中现象。承载底座1.2的两侧边1.2.1上沿纵向分布两排开孔，可通过螺栓与桩基肋板形成配合连接。As shown in Figure 2, the load-bearing base 1.2 is composed of a box girder, an I-beam and a brace rib, specifically including: a front box girder 1.2.2, a rear brace rib 1.2.3, and a rear I-beam 1.2. 4. Rear box girder 1.2.5, front diagonal brace rib 1.2.6, front end plate 1.2.7, and front I-beam 1.2.8. The overall layout is in the form of a "meter" character. When subjected to longitudinal force, multiple force transmission channels can be formed, so that the force is evenly distributed throughout the structure, and the phenomenon of stress concentration can be well avoided. Two rows of openings are longitudinally distributed on the two sides 1.2.1 of the load-bearing base 1.2, which can form a matching connection with the pile foundation ribs through bolts.
如图1所示，2个桩基1.1分别设置在承载底座1.2的两侧，且其主体结构为工字梁形式。桩基1.1包括桩基底板和桩基肋板，桩基底板上沿着纵向设有两排开孔(地脚螺栓孔位1.1.1)，进而利用该开孔与地脚螺栓将桩基底板固定在地面上。桩基肋板上沿着纵向均布两排开孔(纵向调节螺栓孔位1.1.2)，利用桩基肋板和承载底座1.2两侧边上的开孔的错位紧固可以实现纵向位置的调节。其中，按照纵向位置的需求确定承载底座1.2与桩基肋板的纵向相对位置，进而利用紧固螺栓穿过开孔将承载底座1.2与桩基肋板固定。As shown in Fig. 1, two pile foundations 1.1 are respectively arranged on both sides of the bearing base 1.2, and the main structure thereof is in the form of an I-beam. The pile foundation 1.1 includes the pile base plate and the pile base plate. The pile base plate is provided with two rows of openings along the longitudinal direction (the anchor bolt holes 1.1.1). fixed on the ground. Two rows of holes are evenly distributed along the longitudinal direction on the pile foundation floor plate (longitudinal adjustment bolt hole position 1.1.2), and the longitudinal position can be adjusted by using the dislocation fastening of the pile foundation floor plate and the openings on both sides of the bearing base 1.2. adjust. Wherein, the longitudinal relative position of the load-bearing base 1.2 and the pile foundation rib is determined according to the requirements of the longitudinal position, and then the load-bearing base 1.2 and the pile foundation rib are fixed by fastening bolts passing through the holes.
底板1.4完全覆盖在承载底座1.2上，通过相邻接触面上各边焊接在一起，并与承载底座1.2形成一体式结构。底板1.4上设置主承载箱1.5，液压油缸1.3一端固定在主承载箱1.5上，且液压油缸1.3与所述底板1.4之间设有垂向丝杆调节装置1.9。The bottom plate 1.4 completely covers the bearing base 1.2, is welded together by the sides of adjacent contact surfaces, and forms an integrated structure with the bearing base 1.2. The main bearing box 1.5 is arranged on the base plate 1.4, and one end of the hydraulic cylinder 1.3 is fixed on the main bearing box 1.5, and a vertical screw adjustment device 1.9 is provided between the hydraulic cylinder 1.3 and the base plate 1.4.
其中，如图1的(a)和(b)以及图3所示，底板1.4上对应所述主承载箱1.5和所述垂向丝杆调节装置1.9的边沿位置设有横向压板，所述横向压板上沿着横向设有通孔，所述主承载箱1.5和所述垂向丝杆调节装置1.9的边沿嵌入所述横向压板与底板1.4的间隙内，且所述边沿上沿着横向设有通孔。具体的，底板1.4上对应主承载箱1.5的位置设有两个主承载箱横向调节压板1.7，底板1.4上对应垂向丝杆调节装置1.9的边沿位置设有两个液压油缸横向调节压板1.8。以主承载箱横向调节压板1.7中的主承载箱后横向调节压板1.7.2为例说明，主承载箱后横向调节压板1.7.2上沿横向均布有一排通孔，在底板1.4上对应位置开有一排螺纹孔1.4.1以及主承载箱对应边沿开设通孔。主承载箱后横向调节压板1.7.2与底板1.4通过相接触的两边焊接在一起。当主承载箱1.5的横向位置确定后，可通过对应孔位的螺栓提供的紧固力压紧主承载箱1.5后部。螺栓使用数量越多，提供的压紧力越大。因此，可通过调节螺栓的数量调节该机构的紧固力。4组横向压板全部紧固后，即可实现底板1.4与上部结构的连接。Wherein, as shown in (a) and (b) of Fig. 1 and Fig. 3 , the edge positions corresponding to the main bearing box 1.5 and the vertical screw adjustment device 1.9 on the bottom plate 1.4 are provided with transverse pressure plates, and the transverse pressure plates The pressing plate is provided with through holes along the transverse direction, and the edges of the main bearing box 1.5 and the vertical screw adjustment device 1.9 are embedded in the gap between the transverse pressing plate and the bottom plate 1.4, and the edges are provided along the transverse direction. through hole. Specifically, there are two horizontal adjustment platens 1.7 of the main bearing box corresponding to the position of the main bearing box 1.5 on the base plate 1.4, and two horizontal adjustment platens 1.8 of hydraulic cylinders are provided on the edge position of the base plate 1.4 corresponding to the vertical screw adjustment device 1.9. Taking the rear lateral adjustment pressure plate 1.7.2 of the main bearing box lateral adjustment pressure plate 1.7 as an example, there is a row of through holes evenly distributed in the horizontal direction on the rear lateral adjustment pressure plate 1.7.2 of the main bearing box, corresponding to the position on the bottom plate 1.4 There is a row of threaded holes 1.4.1 and through holes are provided on the corresponding edge of the main bearing box. The rear lateral adjustment pressure plate 1.7.2 of the main bearing box is welded together with the bottom plate 1.4 through the two sides in contact. After the lateral position of the main bearing box 1.5 is determined, the rear part of the main bearing box 1.5 can be compressed by the fastening force provided by the bolts corresponding to the holes. The more bolts used, the greater the compression force provided. Therefore, the tightening force of the mechanism can be adjusted by adjusting the number of bolts. After the four sets of transverse pressure plates are all fastened, the connection between the bottom plate 1.4 and the upper structure can be realized.
主承载箱1.5上与液压油缸1.3相连的端面两侧边上设有垂向压板1.10，液压油缸1.3的端部边沿嵌入所述垂向压板1.10与所述主承载箱1.5的端面之间的间隙；且所述液压油缸1.3的端部边沿与所述垂向压板1.10上沿着高度方向均设有开孔，利用所述开孔的错位紧固以及所述垂向丝杆调节装置1.9的高度调节实现垂向位置的调节。Vertical pressure plates 1.10 are provided on both sides of the end surface connected to the hydraulic cylinder 1.3 on the main bearing box 1.5, and the edge of the end of the hydraulic cylinder 1.3 is embedded in the gap between the vertical pressure plate 1.10 and the end surface of the main bearing box 1.5 ; and the edge of the end of the hydraulic cylinder 1.3 and the vertical pressure plate 1.10 are provided with holes along the height direction, and the height of the vertical screw adjusting device 1.9 is fastened by using the dislocation of the holes. The adjustment realizes the adjustment of the vertical position.
因此，综上所述，纵向、横向以及垂向的调节简述如下：Therefore, in summary, the vertical, horizontal and vertical adjustments are briefly described as follows:
纵向调节：通过基桩1.1和承载底座1.2上沿纵向分布的两排螺栓连接相固定。通过调节承载底座1.2和基桩1.1的相对位置，实现纵向调节螺栓孔位1.1.2的错位紧固，即可实现纵向位置的调节，使用螺栓数量不同，则能够提供不同大小的紧固力；Longitudinal adjustment: the two rows of bolts distributed along the longitudinal direction on the foundation pile 1.1 and the bearing base 1.2 are fixed. By adjusting the relative position of the load-bearing base 1.2 and the foundation pile 1.1, the dislocation fastening of the longitudinal adjustment bolt hole 1.1.2 can be realized, and the adjustment of the longitudinal position can be realized. The number of bolts used is different, and the fastening force of different sizes can be provided;
横向调节：通过主承载箱横向调节压板1.7、液压油缸横向调节压板1.8施加的摩擦力进行固定。调节主承载箱1.5和底板1.4的相对位置至目标位置后，通过主承载箱横向调节压板1.7、液压油缸横向调节压板1.8上沿横向分布的螺栓孔位紧固，即可实现横向位置的调节，使用螺栓数量不同，则能提供不同大小的紧固力；Horizontal adjustment: fixed by the frictional force exerted by the lateral adjustment pressure plate 1.7 of the main bearing box and the lateral adjustment pressure plate 1.8 of the hydraulic cylinder. After adjusting the relative position of the main bearing box 1.5 and the bottom plate 1.4 to the target position, the horizontal position adjustment can be realized by tightening the bolt holes distributed along the lateral direction on the main bearing box lateral adjustment pressure plate 1.7 and the hydraulic cylinder lateral adjustment pressure plate 1.8. Different numbers of bolts are used to provide different fastening forces;
垂向调节：通过液压油缸1.3后端的垂向调节压板1.10以及液压油缸1.3前端的垂向丝杆调节装置1.9调节液压油缸1.3和主承载箱1.5的相对位置，并利用液压油缸1.3后端的垂向调节压板1.10锁紧，以及微调液压油缸1.3前端垂向丝杆调节装置1.9至精确水平，即可实现垂向位置的调节使用螺栓数量不同，则能提供不同大小的紧固力。Vertical adjustment: adjust the relative position of the hydraulic cylinder 1.3 and the main bearing box 1.5 through the vertical adjustment pressure plate 1.10 at the rear end of the hydraulic cylinder 1.3 and the vertical screw adjustment device 1.9 at the front end of the hydraulic cylinder 1.3, and use the vertical adjustment at the rear end of the hydraulic cylinder 1.3 Adjust the locking of the pressure plate 1.10, and fine-tune the vertical screw adjustment device 1.9 at the front end of the hydraulic cylinder 1.3 to the precise level, so that the adjustment of the vertical position can be realized. The number of bolts used is different, and the fastening force of different sizes can be provided.
基于上述结构，利用本发明所述加载装置进行试验加载时，试验反作用力经液压油缸1.3前端向后传递，可通过“液压油缸1.3-主承载箱1.5-底板1.4-承载底座1.2-基桩1.1-地面”的完整力流路径，使载荷均匀传递至地面。经过计算，该整体承载结构可承受5000kN作用反力而不发生局部塑性形变。Based on the above structure, when the loading device of the present invention is used for test loading, the test reaction force is transmitted backward through the front end of the hydraulic cylinder 1.3, and can pass through "hydraulic cylinder 1.3-main bearing box 1.5-bottom plate 1.4-bearing base 1.2-foundation pile 1.1 - ground" complete force flow path, so that the load is evenly transmitted to the ground. After calculation, the overall bearing structure can withstand 5000kN acting reaction force without local plastic deformation.
加载控制系统1.6主要由驱动子系统、液压控制子系统构成，用于控制液压油缸1.3进行动作。其可以根据试验加载的作用力、速度或者位移要求，实现多种加载模式。其中，液压控制子系统用于实现控制，其液压控制子系统主要由逻辑控制电路、液压电磁控制阀门、输入交互模块构成。试验操作人员通过操作面板给控制电路发出指令，控制液压电磁控制阀门的开通与断开，控制液压油的流向、流量与压力。驱动子系统用于实现加载，其驱动子系统主要包括液压油泵、液压油箱、控制阀门以及相连接的油管组成。油泵使液压油在油路中流动起来，在阀门的控制下按照指令驱动液压油缸1.3。由于该部分技术内容是现有常规技术手段，本发明对此不进行具体的阐述。The loading control system 1.6 is mainly composed of a drive subsystem and a hydraulic control subsystem, and is used to control the hydraulic cylinder 1.3 to perform actions. It can realize various loading modes according to the force, speed or displacement requirements of the test loading. Among them, the hydraulic control subsystem is used to realize the control, and its hydraulic control subsystem is mainly composed of a logic control circuit, a hydraulic electromagnetic control valve, and an input interaction module. The test operator sends instructions to the control circuit through the operation panel to control the opening and closing of the hydraulic electromagnetic control valve, and control the flow direction, flow and pressure of the hydraulic oil. The driving subsystem is used to realize loading, and its driving subsystem mainly includes hydraulic oil pump, hydraulic oil tank, control valve and connected oil pipe. The oil pump makes the hydraulic oil flow in the oil circuit, and drives the hydraulic cylinder 1.3 according to the instruction under the control of the valve. Since this part of the technical content is an existing conventional technical means, the present invention does not elaborate on it.
本实施例中，速度调节范围可达0-60mm/min，控制精度可达±0.1mm/min，满足各种试验工况的加载需求，同时具备自动/手动/远程操作模式切换功能，确保试验的安全进行。In this embodiment, the speed adjustment range can reach 0-60mm/min, and the control accuracy can reach ±0.1mm/min, which meets the loading requirements of various test conditions. At the same time, it has the function of switching between automatic/manual/remote operation modes to ensure that the test safe conduct.
基于上述加载装置，可以适用于多种工况，根据加载位置的需求进行调整。需要说明的是，本实施例中，开孔均是以2排设置，其他可行的实施例中，并不局限于此技术限定。Based on the above loading device, it can be applied to various working conditions and adjusted according to the requirements of the loading position. It should be noted that, in this embodiment, the openings are arranged in two rows, and in other feasible embodiments, it is not limited to this technical limitation.
实施例2Example 2
如图4和图5所示，在实施例1的基础上，为了使得加载装置可以适用于横向加载准静态压缩试验。承载系统中设有止挡机构10和转接压头；As shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5, on the basis of Example 1, in order to make the loading device suitable for lateral loading quasi-static compression test. The carrying system is provided with a
所述转接压头设置在液压油缸1.3的施力端，所述转接压头包括依次连接的受力板9.1、主动连杆9.2、从动连杆9.3以及压头9.4，其中，受力板9.1与液压油缸1.3前端面板可以通过螺栓配合连接，转接压头各部分均通过铰链9.5连接，可实现自由转动。主动连杆9.2、从动连杆9.3剪刀交叉状，压头9.4位于试验部件的两侧；The transfer pressure head is arranged at the force application end of the hydraulic cylinder 1.3, and the transfer pressure head includes a force plate 9.1, a driving connecting rod 9.2, a driven connecting rod 9.3 and a pressure head 9.4 connected in sequence, wherein the force plate 9.1 It can be connected with the front panel of the hydraulic cylinder 1.3 by bolts, and each part of the transfer head is connected by a hinge 9.5, which can realize free rotation. The active connecting rod 9.2 and the driven connecting rod 9.3 are in the shape of scissors, and the indenter 9.4 is located on both sides of the test part;
所述止挡机构10包括止挡弹簧10.1、挡板10.2、挡板后主斜撑10.3、挡板后副斜撑10.4、挡板底座10.5以及挡板前斜撑10.6构成。试验进行时，该机构安装于转接压头的受力板9.1前端，通过挡板底座10.5的地脚螺栓与地面相连，通过止挡弹簧10.1与转接压头的受力板9.1相接触。整个止挡机构10由于设置有前后斜撑，可保证足够的强度与刚度。The
当转接压头的受力板9.1随着液压油缸1.3纵向运动，由于受到止挡机构10挡板弹簧10.1以及挡板10.2的限制，将会带动主动连杆9.2、从动连杆9.3以及压头9.4运动，从而将纵向运动和纵向力转换为横向运动和横向力，从而通过压头9.4施加在试验车体上。When the force plate 9.1 of the transfer head moves longitudinally with the hydraulic cylinder 1.3, due to the restriction of the
实施例3Example 3
在实施例1的基础上，考虑到实际试验过程中不可能存在加载装置完全没有变形的理想状态，为了充分正视装置本身会发生的变形会对试验数据造成的影响，本发明的加载装置上增设形变偏差检测元件，所述形变偏差检测元件包括垂向位移检测元件和纵向位移检测元件，分别用于压溃位移的修正和压溃力的修正。On the basis of Example 1, considering that there is no ideal state in which the loading device is not deformed at all in the actual test process, in order to fully face the impact of the deformation that will occur on the device itself on the test data, the loading device of the present invention is added. A deformation deviation detection element, the deformation deviation detection element includes a vertical displacement detection element and a longitudinal displacement detection element, which are respectively used for correction of crush displacement and crush force.
1.对压溃位移的修正：试验加载过程中各部分结构的位移变化如图6所示。理想状态下，加载装置保持绝对刚性，不发生任何变形，即l1＝l1'，则被测试件的位移量为S＝l3-l3'＝l2'-l2。实际过程中，由于加载装置不可避免的会产生微小的变形，即Δε＝l1'-l1，则被测试件的位移量测试值为S'＝l2'-l2+Δε，从而与真实的位移值产生了偏差。因此，如图7所示，在液压油缸1.3前端与固定地面之间加装一组纵向位移测量装置11.2，通过测量油缸支座11.1与测量支架11.4之间的纵向位移，可以实时监测加载装置的位移量Δε(将测量的纵向位移与理论纵向位移求偏差)，将该部分数据反馈给数据修正系统，进而可以将这部分误差修正，得到真实的被测试件位移S＝S'-Δε，其中，S为真实的压溃位移，S'为压溃位移测量值。1. Correction of crush displacement: The displacement changes of each part of the structure during the test loading process are shown in Figure 6. Ideally, the loading device remains absolutely rigid without any deformation, that is, l 1 =l 1 ′, then the displacement of the tested piece is S=l 3 -l 3 ′=l 2 ′-l 2 . In the actual process, since the loading device will inevitably produce slight deformation, that is, Δε=l 1 '-l 1 , the displacement test value of the tested piece is S'=l 2 '-l 2 +Δε, which is consistent with The true displacement value is biased. Therefore, as shown in Figure 7, a group of longitudinal displacement measuring devices 11.2 is installed between the front end of the hydraulic cylinder 1.3 and the fixed ground, by measuring the longitudinal displacement between the cylinder support 11.1 and the measuring bracket 11.4, the loading device can be monitored in real time. Displacement Δε (calculate the deviation between the measured longitudinal displacement and the theoretical longitudinal displacement), this part of the data is fed back to the data correction system, and then this part of the error can be corrected to obtain the real displacement of the tested piece S=S'-Δε, where , S is the real crush displacement, and S' is the measured value of crush displacement.
2.对压溃力的修正：如图6中(c)图所示，试验加载过程中，由于受到加载反力对地面的弯矩作用，液压油缸1.3前端会产生与压溃方向相偏离的微小角度θ，从而引起压溃力测试的误差。在本方案中，在液压油缸1.3前端与固定地面之间加装一组垂向位移测量装置11.3，通过测量油缸支座11.1与测量支架11.4之间的垂向位移，可以实时监测其高度变化为Δh(将测量的垂向位移与理论垂向位移求偏差)，由此可以得到该微小角度θ＝arctan(Δh/S)，进而真实的压溃力可以表示为：2. Correction of the crushing force: as shown in Figure 6 (c), during the test loading process, due to the bending moment of the loading reaction force on the ground, the front end of the hydraulic cylinder 1.3 will produce a deviation from the crushing direction. The small angle θ will cause errors in the crushing force test. In this scheme, a set of vertical displacement measuring devices 11.3 is installed between the front end of the hydraulic cylinder 1.3 and the fixed ground. By measuring the vertical displacement between the cylinder support 11.1 and the measuring bracket 11.4, the height change can be monitored in real time as Δh (calculate the deviation between the measured vertical displacement and the theoretical vertical displacement), from which the tiny angle θ=arctan(Δh/S) can be obtained, and the real crushing force can be expressed as:
其中，F为修改后的压溃力，F'为压溃力测量值，Δh为垂向位置偏差值，S为真实的压溃位移。Among them, F is the modified crushing force, F' is the measured value of crushing force, Δh is the vertical position deviation value, and S is the real crushing displacement.
基于上述加载装置，本发明还提供一种试验方法，包括如下步骤：Based on the above-mentioned loading device, the present invention also provides a test method, comprising the steps of:
1)依据试验对象的尺寸以及试验工况确定加载位置；1) Determine the loading position according to the size of the test object and the test working conditions;
其中，依据试验对象(小部件/大组件/整车)的尺寸与试验工况要求(加载方式、压溃力级、位移等信息)，制定试验初步方案，包括加载装置的位置调节，液压油缸1.3的位置、控制方式的确定；Among them, according to the size of the test object (small parts/large components/whole vehicle) and the requirements of the test conditions (loading method, crushing force level, displacement, etc.), a preliminary test plan is formulated, including the position adjustment of the loading device, the hydraulic cylinder 1.3 Determination of the position and control method;
2)进行安全核算评估；2) Carry out safety accounting assessment;
安装试验元件以及加载装置，并基于确定的加载位置进行调节和固定；Install the test element and the loading device, adjust and fix them based on the determined loading position;
安全核算评估的主要目的：本装置的三处位置调节机构，每一处都要通过螺栓提供紧固力来保证连接的可靠性。紧固力太小，连接不可靠；紧固力太大，会导致该连接处力流受阻，会造成局部应力集中，可能会导致装置产生不可逆的塑性变形而损坏。因此，对于不同的试验，每一处调节机构的紧固力该设置成多大，需要通过有限元计算来模拟，找到最优方案。The main purpose of safety accounting assessment: each of the three position adjustment mechanisms of the device must provide fastening force through bolts to ensure the reliability of the connection. If the fastening force is too small, the connection is unreliable; if the fastening force is too large, the force flow at the connection will be blocked, local stress concentration will be caused, and the device may be damaged due to irreversible plastic deformation. Therefore, for different tests, how much the fastening force of each adjustment mechanism should be set needs to be simulated through finite element calculations to find the optimal solution.
安全核算评估的主要方法：通过优化反求的方法找到三处调节机构设置紧固力的最优值，再将紧固力的最优值反映到结构上，即三处连接机构所使用的螺栓数量。由于紧固力最优值的获取手段是现有技术，因此，不进行具体的阐述，简述如下：The main method of safety accounting evaluation: find the optimal value of the fastening force set by the three adjustment mechanisms through the optimization reverse method, and then reflect the optimal value of the fastening force on the structure, that is, the bolts used by the three connecting mechanisms quantity. Since the method of obtaining the optimal value of the fastening force is an existing technology, no specific elaboration is given, and the brief description is as follows:
a.建立加载装置在该试验方案下的静力学有限元模型，其中，调节定位系统中各调节机构所提供的紧固力均按照其最大能力的一半定义，计算作用力按照试验中可能出现的最大作用力定义，从计算结果中提取加载装置最大应力值、最大形变值通过有限元计算来模拟试验工况下该加载装置可能出现的最大应力和最大形变；a. Establish the static finite element model of the loading device under the test scheme, in which the fastening force provided by each adjustment mechanism in the adjustment positioning system is defined according to half of its maximum capacity, and the calculation force is based on the possible occurrence in the test. The definition of maximum force, extracting the maximum stress value and maximum deformation value of the loading device from the calculation results, and simulating the maximum stress and maximum deformation of the loading device under test conditions through finite element calculation;
b.以上述静力学模型为基本模型第一步建立的有限元计算模型，以各调节机构所提供的紧固力为设计变量(a1,a2,a3)，a1,a2,a3分布代表纵向调节机构、横向调节机构以及垂向调节机构所提供的紧固力，构建正交试验设计方案，分别提取加载装置最大应力值(b1)、最大形变值(b2)；b. The finite element calculation model established in the first step based on the above static model, and the fastening force provided by each adjustment mechanism as the design variables (a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ), a 1 , a 2 , The a 3 distribution represents the fastening force provided by the longitudinal adjustment mechanism, the horizontal adjustment mechanism and the vertical adjustment mechanism, and the orthogonal test design scheme is constructed to extract the maximum stress value (b 1 ) and maximum deformation value (b 2 ) of the loading device respectively;
c.依据正交试验结果，构建Kriging代理模型；c. Construct the Kriging proxy model based on the results of the orthogonal test;
d.以装置最大应力、最大形变分别最小化构建多目标优化问题，并选用遗传算法进行求解，得到各调节机构所需提供摩擦力(a1,a2,a3)的最优方案；d. Construct a multi-objective optimization problem by minimizing the maximum stress and maximum deformation of the device, and use the genetic algorithm to solve it, and obtain the optimal solution for the friction (a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ) required by each adjustment mechanism;
e.根据最优方案建立有限元模型，并进行计算，同时记录加载装置关键位置的计算数据。e. Establish the finite element model according to the optimal plan, and perform calculations, and record the calculation data of the key positions of the loading device at the same time.
3)安装加载装置，通过地脚螺栓与地面连接并固定，通过调节定位系统精确定位并固定试验加载位置，结合试验工况要求，设计并安装所需的刚性压头。3) Install the loading device, connect and fix it to the ground through anchor bolts, accurately locate and fix the test loading position by adjusting the positioning system, and design and install the required rigid indenter according to the requirements of the test working conditions.
4)开启加载控制系统进行试验。4) Turn on the loading control system for testing.
先进行预试验：Do a pre-test first:
在加载装置关键位置布置应变计、位移计；开启加载控制系统，进行调试预试验，即多次缓慢重复加载、卸载过程，使试验样件产生很小的弹性位移后并恢复，在此过程中检查调试控制系统，测试系统是否正常工作，同时将应变计、位移计测试结果与核算评估中计算数据比对，以校核优化方案的有效性，若结果一致，则可依照此方案进行正式试验，若结果不一致，则重新进行分析计算；Arrange strain gauges and displacement gauges at the key positions of the loading device; turn on the loading control system and conduct pre-commissioning tests, that is, repeatedly repeat the loading and unloading process slowly, so that the test sample produces a small elastic displacement and then recovers. Check and debug the control system, test whether the system is working normally, and compare the test results of the strain gauge and displacement gauge with the calculated data in the calculation and evaluation to check the effectiveness of the optimization plan. If the results are consistent, the formal test can be carried out according to this plan , if the results are inconsistent, re-analyze and calculate;
正式试验：按照试验类型的不同，可分为弹性加载试验和弹塑性加载试验。Formal test: According to different test types, it can be divided into elastic loading test and elastoplastic loading test.
其中，在试验过程中加载方式可以进行自动/手动操作模式切换，以便随时暂停或者停止试验。特别的，对于一些大型试样的危险试验工况，还可以切换为远程无线操作模式，以确保试验操作人员的安全。Among them, the loading mode can be switched between automatic and manual during the test, so that the test can be paused or stopped at any time. In particular, for some dangerous test conditions of large samples, it can also be switched to remote wireless operation mode to ensure the safety of test operators.
应当理解，试验结束后的数据可以按照前述提供的试验数据修正方法进行修正。还应当理解，本发明的准静态压缩试验包含了部件的准静态压缩试验以及整车的准静态压缩试验，本发明对此不进行具体的限定。It should be understood that the data after the test can be corrected according to the test data correction method provided above. It should also be understood that the quasi-static compression test in the present invention includes the quasi-static compression test of components and the quasi-static compression test of the whole vehicle, which is not specifically limited in the present invention.
需要强调的是，本发明所述的实例是说明性的，而不是限定性的，因此本发明不限于具体实施方式中所述的实例，凡是由本领域技术人员根据本发明的技术方案得出的其他实施方式，不脱离本发明宗旨和范围的，不论是修改还是替换，同样属于本发明的保护范围。It should be emphasized that the examples described in the present invention are illustrative rather than restrictive, so the present invention is not limited to the examples described in the specific implementation, and those who are obtained by those skilled in the art according to the technical solutions of the present invention Other implementations that do not deviate from the spirit and scope of the present invention, whether they are modifications or replacements, also belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
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