CN112658190A - Steel ingot CWFF forging method and convex wide anvil - Google Patents
Steel ingot CWFF forging method and convex wide anvil Download PDFInfo
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- CN112658190A CN112658190A CN202110205829.5A CN202110205829A CN112658190A CN 112658190 A CN112658190 A CN 112658190A CN 202110205829 A CN202110205829 A CN 202110205829A CN 112658190 A CN112658190 A CN 112658190A
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Abstract
The invention relates to a steel ingot CWFF forging method and a convex wide anvil. A convex wide anvil comprising: an upper anvil body having an upper projection; a lower anvil body having a lower projection; the two convex parts are both provided with convex surfaces, the shapes of the two convex surfaces are the same, and the two convex surfaces are oppositely arranged in the vertical direction; the convex surface is a working surface which is an arc surface extending along the length direction of the corresponding anvil body and is used for forging steel ingots. When the steel ingot is pulled out, the upper anvil body and the lower anvil body of the convex wide anvil are used, so that a certain amount of deformation is generated in a difficult deformation area of the steel ingot, the deformation of the middle part is obviously increased, the deformation of the core part of the steel ingot is further strengthened, and the elimination of the core part defect is facilitated; and moreover, concave surfaces are formed on the upper surface and the lower surface of the steel ingot firstly, and after the steel ingot is turned for 90 degrees, the side surface of the steel ingot is the concave surface, so that the generation of the bulge when the side surface is widened can be greatly reduced or even eliminated, the tensile stress in the bulge is also reduced or even eliminated, the initiation and the expansion of cracks are effectively inhibited, the utilization rate of the steel ingot is improved, the waste is avoided, and the working efficiency is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a steel ingot CWFF forging method and a convex wide anvil.
Background
A large amount of defects such as shrinkage cavities, looseness, inclusion, segregation and the like exist in the large steel ingot, and need to be eliminated in the subsequent forging process. The WHF forging method is a wide anvil strong force pressing forging method, an upper wide flat anvil and a lower wide flat anvil are used in the WHF method, the pressing rate is high, in order to ensure the pressure stress state and sufficient deformation of the core part of a blank, the width ratio of the anvils is required to be 0.68-0.77, and the pressing rate of each time is at least 20%. The method mainly focuses on the large deformation of the core of the steel ingot, the deformation of the core of the steel ingot is much larger than that of the steel ingot drawn by using a common flat anvil, and the method is very beneficial to eliminating the defects of shrinkage cavity, looseness and the like in the steel ingot. Meanwhile, the blank of the WHF method is symmetrical in deformation and easy to operate, so that the blank is particularly suitable for forging of a large-sized press and is widely applied to the heavy machine industry at present.
When the WHF forging method is used for drawing, the section stress and strain distribution of the steel ingot is shown in figure 1, and a region I is most affected by the friction force of an upper anvil and a lower anvil, so that the region is difficult to deform and is called as a difficult deformation region; the region II is not only minimally affected by friction, but also is beneficial to deformation in a stress state, so that the deformation degree of the region is maximum, namely a large deformation region, and the deformation degree of the region III is between the region I and the region II, namely a small deformation region.
Because the area III is extruded outwards by the area II during forging, the tensile stress is generated on the convex part of the area III, and the tensile stress easily causes cracks on the surface of the area III, therefore, the cracks need to be cleaned at any time in the forging process, the working efficiency and the utilization rate of steel ingots are reduced, and the forging of internal defects is not facilitated due to the fact that delay time is long and the temperature drop of the steel ingots is too large. In addition, for steel grades with high crack sensitivity, the steel grade may be scrapped due to crack propagation.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a steel ingot CWFF forging method, which aims to solve the technical problem that cracks are easy to generate on the surface of the steel ingot by a WHF forging method in the prior art; the invention also aims to provide a convex anvil.
In order to realize the purpose, the technical scheme of the convex wide anvil is as follows:
a convex wide anvil comprising:
an upper anvil body having an upper projection projecting downward;
a lower anvil body having a lower projection projecting upward;
the two convex parts are both provided with convex surfaces, the shapes of the two convex surfaces are the same, and the two convex surfaces are oppositely arranged in the vertical direction;
the convex surface is a working surface which is an arc surface extending along the length direction of the corresponding anvil body and is used for forging steel ingots.
The beneficial effects are that: when the steel ingot is pulled out, the upper anvil body and the lower anvil body of the convex wide anvil are used, so that a certain amount of deformation is generated in a difficult deformation area of the steel ingot, the deformation of the middle part is obviously increased, the deformation of the core part of the steel ingot is further strengthened, and the elimination of the core part defect is facilitated; and after the convex wide anvil is pressed down, a concave surface is formed on the upper surface and the lower surface of the steel ingot, after the steel ingot is turned for 90 degrees, the side surface of the steel ingot is the concave surface, so that the generation of the bulge when the side surface is widened can be greatly reduced or even eliminated, the tensile stress in the bulge is also greatly reduced or even eliminated, the initiation and the expansion of cracks are effectively inhibited, the utilization rate of the steel ingot is improved, the waste is avoided, and the working efficiency is improved.
Further, the working surface extends from one end of the anvil body to the other end of the anvil body in the length direction of the corresponding anvil body, and the width of the working surface is the same as the width of the corresponding anvil body.
The beneficial effects are that: the length of the anvil body is fully utilized, the upper surface and the lower surface form a complete radian instead of a local radian after forging, when the anvil is turned for 90 degrees for forging, the side surface with the complete radian is deformed and coordinated, and the side surface is smoother after widening.
Further, the ratio of the length of the corresponding anvil to the width thereof is 2.5-3.0.
Further, the ratio of the width of the corresponding anvil to the projection height of the corresponding projection is 4.5 to 5.5.
In order to realize the purpose, the technical scheme of the steel ingot CWFF forging method is as follows:
the steel ingot CWFF forging method comprises the following steps:
(1) pressing the upset steel ingot for one time by using a flat and wide anvil, turning the steel ingot for 90 degrees and then pressing the steel ingot for one time by using the flat and wide anvil;
(2) pressing the steel ingot by adopting a convex wide anvil for one time, turning the steel ingot for 90 degrees, then pressing the steel ingot by using the convex wide anvil for one time, turning the steel ingot for 90 degrees, and circulating the step until the section size of the steel ingot meets the set requirement;
(3) the cross section of the steel ingot is flattened into a square shape by adopting a flat anvil, then the steel ingot is turned over for 45-degree diagonal forging for one time, then turned over for 90-degree diagonal forging for one time, the steel ingot is turned over for one time, the cross section is octagonal, and then the steel ingot is rolled and forged into a round shape.
The beneficial effects are that: after the flat wide anvil is used for pressing for two times, the convex wide anvil is used for drawing the steel ingot to length, so that a certain amount of deformation is generated in a difficult deformation area of the steel ingot, the deformation of the middle part is obviously increased, the deformation of the core part of the steel ingot is further enhanced, and the elimination of the core part defect is facilitated; and after the convex wide anvil is pressed down, a concave surface is formed on the upper surface and the lower surface of the steel ingot, after the steel ingot is turned for 90 degrees, the side surface of the steel ingot is the concave surface, so that the generation of the bulge when the side surface is widened can be greatly reduced or even eliminated, the tensile stress in the bulge is also greatly reduced or even eliminated, the initiation and the expansion of cracks are effectively inhibited, the utilization rate of the steel ingot is improved, the waste is avoided, and the working efficiency is improved.
Further, in the step (1), the rolling reduction of the flat and wide anvil is 8-12% of the diameter of the steel ingot after upsetting.
The beneficial effects are that: the design is mainly used for forming a square section, so that smooth anvil distribution during subsequent forging is facilitated, and the small rolling reduction avoids large bulges generated during forging of the flat and wide anvil.
Further, in the step (2), the rolling reduction of the convex wide anvil is 20-25% of the height of the steel ingot before rolling; after the reduction, the post-reduction width W of the cross section of the steel ingot in the horizontal direction1Can be calculated by the following formula:
W1=W0+(0.781-0.182*H0/L1)*(H0-H1)
in the formula: w1To the post-press width, W0To a pre-press width, H0To a pre-press height, L1For anvil feed, H1Is the post-compression height.
The beneficial effects are that: the forging efficiency is guaranteed, meanwhile, the core part is deformed greatly, and meanwhile, the side face of a steel ingot is prevented from being raised greatly.
Further, in the step (2), the ratio of the width of the upper anvil body and the width of the lower anvil body of the convex wide anvil to the pre-pressing height of the steel ingot during the first drawing of the convex wide anvil is 0.5-0.85.
Further, in the step (2), the overlapping amount of the two adjacent anvils of each time of the convex wide anvil is not less than 10%, 30-50% of the two adjacent staggered anvils of the convex wide anvil are pressed, and the total number of times of forging of the convex wide anvil is not less than 6 times and not more than 12 times.
The beneficial effects are that: by the design, tensile stress or folding damage between two adjacent anvils is avoided, steel ingots are forged uniformly, and forging quality is improved.
Further, in the step (2), the anvil feeding amount of the convex wide anvil takes the smaller value of the post-pressing height and the anvil width of 0.9 times, and the ratio of the anvil feeding amount of at least 4 times to the pre-pressing height is 0.6-0.8.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a cross-sectional deformation of a steel ingot during drawing in the prior art;
FIG. 2 is a schematic forging diagram of a steel ingot CWFF forging method according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a schematic structural view of a cross-sectional deformation of the ingot of FIG. 2 as it is being pulled;
FIG. 5 is a comparative schematic view of a steel ingot before forging;
FIG. 6 is a comparative schematic illustration of the ingot of FIG. 5 after forging;
fig. 7 is a comparative schematic view of the ingot of fig. 6 turned by 90 °;
FIG. 8 is a comparative schematic illustration of the ingot of FIG. 7 after forging;
fig. 9 is a comparative schematic view of the ingot in fig. 8 turned by 90 °;
FIG. 10 is a comparative schematic illustration of the steel ingot of FIG. 9 after forging;
in the figure: 11. 21-steel ingot; 12-an upper anvil body; 13-lower anvil body; 14-a projection; 15-working surface; 16-convex wide anvil; 22-Flat Wide anvil.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating the preferred embodiment of the invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The components of embodiments of the present invention generally described and illustrated in the figures herein may be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations.
Thus, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention, presented in the figures, is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, as claimed, but is merely representative of selected embodiments of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments of the present invention without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
It is noted that relational terms such as "first" and "second," and the like, may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. Also, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising an … …" does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element. Furthermore, the terms "upper" and "lower" are based on the orientation and positional relationship shown in the drawings and are only for convenience of description of the present invention, and do not indicate that the referred device or component must have a specific orientation, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention.
The features and properties of the present invention are described in further detail below with reference to examples.
Example 1 of the steel ingot CWHF forging method of the present invention:
in order to make up for the deficiency of the WHF forging method in the prior art, the invention changes a flat Wide anvil into a convex Wide anvil and invents a CWFF (Convex Wide Die gravity Blow forging) forging method.
As shown in fig. 2 and 3, the convex anvil 16 in this embodiment includes an upper anvil body 12 and a lower anvil body 13, which have the same working surface shape and are spaced apart and symmetrically arranged in the vertical direction, and when the steel ingot 11 is forged, the steel ingot 11 is located between the upper anvil body 12 and the lower anvil body 13.
Taking the case of the anvil 13, the lower anvil 13 has a projection 14, the convex surface of the projection 14 being a working surface 15, i.e. the surface of the projection 14 remote from the lower anvil 13 being the working surface 15, the working surface 15 being used for forging the ingot 11; in this embodiment, the working surface 15 is arc-shaped, preferably circular arc-shaped, and the working surface 15 extends along the length of the lower anvil 13. Other parameters of the convex anvil 16, such as chamfer, mounting parameters, material, etc., are the same as those of the flat anvil of the prior art, and are not particularly limited.
As shown in fig. 3, the working surface 15 extends from one end of the lower anvil 13 to the other end of the lower anvil 13 in the length direction of the lower anvil 13 to fully utilize the length of the lower anvil 13, and the length of the lower anvil 13 can be reduced to save cost in the case of the same length of working surface. Wherein the width of the working surface 15 is the same as the width of the lower anvil 13.
In the embodiment, the ratio of the width W of the lower anvil 13 to the height H of the steel ingot 11 before pressing when the first convex anvil is used for drawing is 0.5-0.85, that is, the width W of the anvil 13 is selected to satisfy that 50% H is less than or equal to 85% H.
In this embodiment, the ratio of the length L of the lower anvil 13 to the width W of the lower anvil 13 is 2.5-3.0, preferably 2.8, i.e. L = 2.8W.
In the present embodiment, the ratio of the width W of the lower anvil 13 to the projection height Δ H of the projection 14 is 4.5 to 5.5, preferably, 5, i.e., Δ H =20% W.
In this embodiment, the pressing amount of the convex anvil 16 is H0-H1。
In order to further understand the present invention, the implementation process and principle of the CWHF process of the present invention are further explained below, and the WHF process is used as a comparative example.
The forging process comprises the following technical route: heating a steel ingot, pressing a jaw, chamfering, cutting an ingot tail, heating the steel ingot, upsetting, drawing a flat wide anvil for two times, drawing a convex wide anvil for length, drawing a flat anvil for eight directions, rounding, heating, forging to form a part, and carrying out normalizing and hydrogen diffusion treatment in a hot charging furnace.
The first fire time:
after demoulding, the steel ingot is generally hot-fed into a forging workshop, heated in a hot charging furnace, and discharged from the furnace after heat preservation to be pressed against a jaw, chamfered and cut into an ingot tail, so as to prepare for subsequent forging work. And after the completion, charging the furnace and heating again.
The second fire time:
(1) firstly, upsetting a steel ingot, wherein the upsetting ratio is not less than 2, and the height-diameter ratio of the steel ingot after upsetting is not less than 0.5;
(2) the WHF forging method starts a drawing operation of the steel ingot 21 using a flat and wide anvil 22, as shown in fig. 5 a. The CWFF forging method is that firstly, a flat and wide anvil is pressed for one time, the flat and wide anvil is pressed for one time after the flat and wide anvil is turned for 90 degrees, and the pressing amount of the flat and wide anvil is 8-12% of the diameter of the steel ingot 11 after upsetting, preferably 10%; then, drawing the steel ingot 11 by using a convex wide anvil 16, as shown in fig. 5 b;
(3) the reduction of the WHF forging method was 20% of the height before pressing, and after pressing, the original protrusions were further enlarged as shown in fig. 6 a. And the rolling reduction of the CWFF process is 20 to 25 percent of the pre-pressing height, preferably 20 percent; after pressing down, the original flat surface also produces a bulge, as shown in FIG. 6b, but the bulge is much smaller than in the WHF forging method; after pressing one anvil, controlling the anvil feeding amount L1Amount of anvil feeding L1Height H after pressure tapping1And a smaller value of 0.9 anvil width W, i.e. L1=Min(0.9W,H1) The forging is finished all the time;
(4) and turning the steel ingot for 90 degrees for the next forging. As shown in fig. 7a, the side surface of the steel ingot 21 is a flat surface in the WHF forging method, and as shown in fig. 7b, the side surface of the steel ingot 11 is a concave surface in the CWHF forging method. After the reduction is carried out again according to the above technological parameters, in the WHF forging method, a large protrusion is generated on the side surface of the steel ingot 21, as shown in fig. 8a, a large tensile stress exists in the protrusion; in the CWHF forging method, the side surface of the steel ingot 11 is gradually changed from the original concave surface to an approximately flat surface, and as shown in fig. 8b, a compressive stress or a small tensile stress is applied to the inside. Completing the forging in the same way;
wherein, after the rolling, the rolled width W of the section of the steel ingot in the horizontal direction1Can be calculated by the following formula:
W1=W0+(0.781-0.182*H0/L1)*(H0-H1)
in the formula: w1To the post-press width, W0To a pre-press width, H0To a pre-press height, L1For anvil feed, H1The post-press height;
(5) the ingot is then turned by 90 degrees, the state at this time is shown in fig. 9, the ingot is formally turned into a normal forging state, and the subsequent forging is the same as the base body. At this time, the WHF forging method has convex upper and lower surfaces and flat side surfaces of the steel ingot 21 as shown in fig. 9a, whereas the CWHF forging method has approximately flat upper and lower surfaces and concave side surfaces of the steel ingot 11 as shown in fig. 9 b. The concave surface has a compensation function, so that the generation of bulges can be effectively avoided in the pressing process, the side surface of the steel ingot is in a state of compressive stress or smaller tensile stress, and the initiation and the expansion of cracks can be well inhibited;
(6) and (3) after one forging pass is completed, the forging pass is turned for 90 degrees, the next forging pass is again turned for 90 degrees, and the forging passes are repeated, so that the section size of the steel ingot is continuously reduced, as shown in figure 10, until the process requirement is met. The convex wide anvil is not less than 6 times, not more than 12 times, generally even number of times, and the process can be odd number of times when special requirements are met, for example, the finished product is just a flat square, and the odd number of times just meet the forming requirements. The lap joint quantity between the upper anvil and the lower anvil of each pass is not less than 10 percent,and 30-50% of two adjacent staggered anvils are forged. Wherein at least four anvil feeding steps L are ensured1And the height before pressing H0The ratio of (A) to (B) is 0.6-0.8;
(7) and finally, changing the flat anvil, forging the steel ingot into a square, then reversing the square, rolling the square into a circle, and returning to the heating furnace for heating. After heating, the subsequent forming forging is performed. The flat anvil includes a flat wide anvil and a flat narrow anvil, and the flat wide anvil or the flat narrow anvil may be used in this step.
The stress-strain area diagram of the section of the steel ingot after being elongated by the convex surface wide anvil is shown in fig. 4, wherein an area I is just in line contact and is gradually pressed into a concave surface, local deformation is firstly generated, and then the stress strain is gradually transmitted to an area II, so that the deformation of the area I is increased. Because the rolling reduction of the middle of the convex surface wide anvil is larger than that of the two sides, the deformation of the area II is further enhanced, the elimination of the center defect of the steel ingot is facilitated, the concave surface of the area III is gradually changed and straightened by the extrusion of the area II, no bulge or a small bulge is formed, a small tensile stress exists in the small bulge, but the tensile stress is far lower than the critical stress of crack generation, and the crack initiation and expansion can be well inhibited.
In summary, the present invention has two distinct features: (1) the convex wide anvils which are symmetrical up and down are used, so that the upper and lower difficult deformation regions generate a certain amount of deformation, the deformation of the middle part is obviously increased, the deformation of the center of the steel ingot is further enhanced, and the elimination of the center defect is facilitated; (2) after the convex wide anvil is pressed down, concave surfaces are formed on the upper surface and the lower surface of the steel ingot, and after the steel ingot is turned for 90 degrees, the side surface of the steel ingot is concave, so that the generation of the bulge when the side surface is widened can be greatly reduced or even eliminated, the tensile stress in the bulge is also greatly reduced or even eliminated, and the initiation and the expansion of cracks are effectively inhibited.
It should be noted that, in the present embodiment, the bulge generated in the forging process is the bulge.
Example 1 of the convex broad anvil of the invention:
the convex anvil in this embodiment has the same structure as the convex anvil described in embodiment 1 of the steel ingot CWHF forging method, and details thereof are not repeated herein.
Example 2 of the convex broad anvil of the invention:
the present embodiment is different from embodiment 1 in that in embodiment 1, the working surface 15 extends from one end of the lower anvil 13 to the other end of the lower anvil 13 in the longitudinal direction of the lower anvil 13. In this embodiment, because of the installation requirement, the two ends of the lower anvil body are lengthened, the actual length of the lower anvil body is greater than the length of the working surface, but the working surface must not be affected, and the length and the shape of the lengthened portions at the two ends of the lower anvil body are not limited, provided that the installation requirement is met.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and not intended to limit the present invention, the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims, and all structural changes that can be made by using the contents of the description and the drawings of the present invention are intended to be embraced therein.
Claims (10)
1. Wide anvil of convex surface, its characterized in that includes:
an upper anvil body having an upper projection projecting downward;
a lower anvil body having a lower projection projecting upward;
the two convex parts are both provided with convex surfaces, the shapes of the two convex surfaces are the same, and the two convex surfaces are oppositely arranged in the vertical direction;
the convex surface is a working surface which is an arc surface extending along the length direction of the corresponding anvil body and is used for forging steel ingots.
2. The convex width anvil according to claim 1, wherein the working surface extends from one end of the anvil body to the other end of the anvil body in the length direction of the respective anvil body, the working surface having the same width as the width of the respective anvil body.
3. The convex width anvil according to claim 2, wherein the ratio of the length of the respective anvil body to its width is 2.5-3.0.
4. The convex width anvil according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the ratio of the width of the respective anvil body to the projection height of the projection thereof is 4.5-5.5.
5. The steel ingot CWHF forging method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) pressing the upset steel ingot for one time by using a flat and wide anvil, turning the steel ingot for 90 degrees and then pressing the steel ingot for one time by using the flat and wide anvil;
(2) pressing the steel ingot by adopting a convex wide anvil for one time, turning the steel ingot for 90 degrees, then pressing the steel ingot by using the convex wide anvil for one time, turning the steel ingot for 90 degrees, and circulating the step until the section size of the steel ingot meets the set requirement;
(3) the cross section of the steel ingot is flattened into a square shape by adopting a flat anvil, then the steel ingot is turned over for 45-degree diagonal forging for one time, then turned over for 90-degree diagonal forging for one time, the steel ingot is turned over for one time, the cross section is octagonal, and then the steel ingot is rolled and forged into a round shape.
6. A steel ingot CWFF forging method according to claim 5, wherein in step (1), the reduction of the flat and wide anvil is 8-12% of the diameter of the steel ingot after upsetting.
7. The ingot CWHF forging process as claimed in claim 5 or 6, wherein in step (2), the reduction of the convex wide anvil is 20-25% of the height before the previous press; after the reduction, the post-reduction width W of the cross section of the steel ingot in the horizontal direction1Can be calculated by the following formula:
W1=W0+(0.781-0.182*H0/L1)*(H0-H1)
in the formula: w1To the post-press width, W0To a pre-press width, H0To a pre-press height, L1For anvil feed, H1Is the post-compression height.
8. A steel ingot CWFF forging method according to claim 5 or 6, wherein in step (2), the ratio of the width of the upper and lower anvils of the convex wide anvil to the pre-press height of the steel ingot at the first drawing pass of the convex wide anvil is 0.5-0.85.
9. The ingot CWHF forging method according to claim 5 or 6, wherein in the step (2), the lapping amount of the convex wide anvil in two adjacent anvils of each pass is not less than 10%, the rolling is performed in 30-50% of two adjacent passes of the convex wide anvil, and the total number of passes of the convex wide anvil forging is not less than 6 passes and not more than 12 passes.
10. The ingot CWHF forging method as claimed in claim 5 or 6, wherein in the step (2), the anvil advancing amount of the convex anvil is the smaller of the post-press height and the anvil width of 0.9 times, and the ratio of the anvil advancing amount of at least 4 passes to the pre-press height is 0.6-0.8.
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| CN111790865A (en) * | 2020-05-26 | 2020-10-20 | 洛阳中重铸锻有限责任公司 | Forging process method for refining austenitic stainless steel grains |
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