CN112657533A - Carbon-nitrogen-sulfur co-doped heterojunction photocatalyst and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Carbon-nitrogen-sulfur co-doped heterojunction photocatalyst and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The carbon-nitrogen-sulfur co-doped heterojunction photocatalyst is prepared by graphitizing carbon nitride and carbon-nitrogen-sulfur co-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles according to a molar ratio of 1: 8 a microsphere structure formed by compounding melamine and thiourea2In the solution A, a one-step hydrothermal method and anoxybiotic calcination are carried out to prepare the carbon-nitrogen-sulfur co-doped CNS-TiO2/g‑C3N4A heterojunction photocatalyst. CNS-TiO prepared by the invention2/g‑C3N4The heterojunction photocatalyst has excellent visible light degradation activity on textile industry wastewater represented by methyl orange, and has wide application prospect in the field of textile wastewater treatment.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of catalytic materials, in particular to a carbon-nitrogen-sulfur co-doped heterojunction photocatalyst and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
With the continuous acceleration of world industrialization, the pollutants such as industrial waste gas, waste water and dust generated are increased rapidly, and the pollution to the environment becomes a serious global problem. Carey et al discovered that titanium dioxide (TiO) was irradiated by ultraviolet light since 19762) The polychlorinated biphenyl solution is successfully photodegradedDechlorination, which opens new avenues for pollutant treatment with photocatalysts. The photocatalytic technology has the advantages of mild reaction conditions, simple operation, no secondary pollution and the like, and can thoroughly treat the environmental pollution, so that photocatalytic degradation of pollutants gradually becomes a green new technology for solving the environmental problem and a pollution treatment way with the most prospect, and is concerned.
TiO2The photocatalyst has the advantages of proper energy band position, good stability, no toxicity, low price and the like, thereby being an ideal environment-friendly photocatalytic material and being widely applied to sewage treatment. However, TiO2In practical application, the wide band gap (Eg ═ 3.2eV) causes the narrow photoresponse range, and the band gap can only be excited by ultraviolet light accounting for 4% of sunlight, and the utilization rate of visible light accounting for 50% of sunlight is extremely low; and TiO2Photo-generated electron-hole (e)-/h+) Easy and rapid combination, so that the TiO is2The total efficiency of photocatalytic degradation is not high.
TiO can now be greatly enhanced by doping or coupling with non-metallic elements, narrow bandgap semiconductors, and the like2The photocatalytic performance of (a). Reported, g-C3N4Excellent photo-generated electron-hole (e) with a medium-width band gap-/h+) The transfer capacity, the simple preparation, the numerous types of precursors, g-C3N4To form with TiO2The first choice for recombination to form a heterojunction. The combination of the two can expand TiO2The light response range of the composite material is wide, and meanwhile, the heterojunction is formed, so that the recombination rate of photo-generated electrons and holes can be reduced, and the visible light catalytic activity is improved. Researchers have prepared g-C3N4/Ag/TiO2Microspheres, (Au/A-TiO)2)@g-C3N4Heterojunction, TiO2/g-C3N4/Bi2WO6Heterojunctions or the like with g-C3N4And TiO2The combination forms a heterojunction catalyst which has obvious effect in the degradation of organic pollutants. However, some of the composite catalysts contain heavy metals, which may cause secondary pollution in wastewater purification.
Therefore, how to develop a safe and environment-friendly photocatalyst with high catalytic activity under visible light is a problem to be solved by those skilled in the art.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a carbon-nitrogen-sulfur co-doped heterojunction photocatalyst aiming at the defects of the prior art, which has high visible light catalytic activity and strong degradation capability on organic pollutants and is particularly suitable for treating textile wastewater containing methyl orange.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: the carbon-nitrogen-sulfur co-doped heterojunction photocatalyst is prepared by graphitizing carbon nitride and carbon-nitrogen-sulfur co-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles according to a molar ratio of 1: 8 composite microsphere structure.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the heterojunction photocatalyst, which comprises the following steps:
1) dripping a titanium source into a mixed solution of water and ethanol, and stirring to obtain a solution A, wherein the temperature of the mixed solution is 0-4 ℃;
2) adding melamine into the solution A obtained in the step 1), and performing ultrasonic oscillation to obtain a solution B;
3) adding thiourea into the solution B obtained in the step 2), and performing ultrasonic oscillation to obtain a solution C;
4) carrying out hydrothermal reaction on the solution C obtained in the step 3) at the temperature of 130-170 ℃, and taking a precipitate to obtain an intermediate;
5) washing the intermediate obtained in the step 4), drying, and calcining for 4-5h under the conditions of protective atmosphere and 400 ℃ of 300-.
Further, the titanium source in step 1) is any one or more of titanium tetrachloride, tetrabutyl titanate, titanium isopropoxide, titanium sulfate and titanyl sulfate, and tetrabutyl titanate is preferred.
Further, the volume ratio of water to ethanol in the mixed solution in the step 1) is 1: and 1, placing the mixed solution in an ice bath, and stirring for 10-12 h.
Further, the molar ratio of the melamine added in the step 2) to the titanium source added in the step 1) is 1: and 8, the time of ultrasonic oscillation is 30min, and the temperature of the ultrasonic oscillation is room temperature.
Further, the molar ratio of the thiourea added in the step 3) to the melamine added in the step 2) is 0.5-2: 1, the time of ultrasonic oscillation is 10min, and the temperature of ultrasonic oscillation is room temperature.
Further, in the step 4), the solution C is transferred to a high-pressure reaction kettle with a tetrafluoroethylene lining, and is placed in an oven with the temperature of 130-170 ℃ for hydrothermal reaction, wherein the hydrothermal reaction time is 8-12h, preferably, the hydrothermal reaction is carried out at the temperature of 150 ℃, and the hydrothermal reaction time is 10 h.
Further, in the step 5), washing is carried out for three times by using deionized water, then washing is carried out for two times by using ethanol, and drying is carried out at the drying temperature of 80 ℃ for 2 hours.
The invention also claims the use of the above-mentioned heterojunction photocatalyst for photodegradation of contaminants.
Further, the pollutant is methyl orange.
Adopt above-mentioned technical scheme to have following beneficial effect:
1. the carbon, nitrogen and sulfur co-doped heterojunction photocatalyst provided by the invention is prepared by co-doping titanium dioxide (CNS-TiO) with non-metallic elements of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur2) With graphitized carbon nitride (g-C)3N4) Forming a heterojunction, in one aspect, adjusting the TiO2Energy band position of (2) to make TiO2The band gap of (a) is narrowed, and more available photo-generated electrons-holes are generated under visible light; on the other hand, due to g-C3N4With TiO, with2Formation of heterojunction, g-C3N4Electrons generated by visible light excitation are transferred to TiO2The band-guide of the optical fiber enables the separation of photon-generated carriers to be more effective, and further improves the CNS-TiO2/g-C3N4The visible light catalytic activity of the heterojunction photocatalyst obviously enhances the degradation capability of the heterojunction photocatalyst on organic pollutants.
2. The preparation method of the invention is used for preparing TiO by adding melamine and thiourea2The solution A is subjected to one-step hydrothermal method and anaerobic calcination to prepare carbon-nitrogen-sulfur co-doped CNS-TiO2/g-C3N4The preparation method of the heterojunction photocatalyst has the advantages of simple process and mild conditions, and is very suitable for industrial production.
The following further description is made with reference to the accompanying drawings and detailed description.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a CNS-TiO microsphere configuration prepared in example 12/g-C3N4Scanning electron microscopy of the heterojunction photocatalyst.
FIG. 2 is a CNS-TiO microsphere configuration prepared in example 22/g-C3N4Scanning electron microscopy of the heterojunction photocatalyst.
FIG. 3 is a CNS-TiO microsphere configuration prepared in example 22/g-C3N4Transmission electron microscopy of heterojunction photocatalysts.
FIG. 4 is a CNS-TiO microsphere configuration prepared in example 22/g-C3N4High resolution transmission electron microscopy of heterojunction photocatalysts.
FIG. 5 shows CNS-TiO microsphere structures prepared in example 32/g-C3N4Scanning electron microscopy of the heterojunction photocatalyst.
FIG. 6 shows CNS-TiO compounds obtained in examples 1, 2 and 32/g-C3N4Heterojunction photocatalyst and g-C3N4And (3) comparing the activity of catalytic degradation of methyl orange under visible light.
FIG. 7 shows CNS-TiO compounds obtained in examples 1, 2 and 32/g-C3N4Heterojunction photocatalyst and g-C3N4First order kinetic profile of catalytic degradation of methyl orange under visible light.
Detailed Description
In the invention, tetrabutyl titanate (TBOT) is used for synthesizing nano-crystal TiO2Melamine (C) and a precursor of (2)3H6N6) As synthesis of g-C3N4Precursor of (2), thiourea (CH)4N2S), ethanol (CH)3CH2OH) and Methyl Orange (MO) are all purchased from the general fine chemical company of Beijing.
Example 1
Carbon nitrogen sulfur co-doped CNS-TiO2/g-C3N4The heterojunction photocatalyst is prepared by adopting the following method: (molar ratio of thiourea to melamine 0.5:1)
1. Slowly dripping 6mL of tetrabutyl titanate into a mixed solution of 15mL of deionized water and 15mL of ethanol in an ice bath, recording the mixed solution as a solution A, keeping the temperature of about 0 ℃, and magnetically stirring for 12 hours;
2. 0.4626g of melamine is weighed, added into the stirred solution A, and subjected to ultrasonic oscillation at room temperature for 30min to obtain solution B;
3. 0.0838g of thiourea is weighed and dissolved in the solution B, and ultrasonic oscillation is carried out for 10min again to obtain reaction mixed solution which is recorded as solution C;
4. transferring the solution C into a 50mL high-pressure reaction kettle with a tetrafluoroethylene lining, placing the reaction kettle in an oven at 150 ℃ for hydrothermal reaction for 10h, removing the supernatant to obtain a precipitate, namely CNS-TiO2/g-C3N4An intermediate;
5. the CNS-TiO obtained in the step 4)2/g-C3N4Washing the intermediate with deionized water for 3 times, washing with ethanol for 2 times, and drying in an oven at 80 deg.C for 2 h;
6. drying the CNS-TiO obtained in the step 5)2/g-C3N4The intermediate is placed in a tubular furnace and calcined for 4 hours at the high temperature of 350 ℃ in the nitrogen atmosphere to obtain the carbon-nitrogen-sulfur co-doped CNS-TiO2/g-C3N4A heterojunction photocatalyst.
SEM test of the heterojunction photocatalyst obtained in the step 6) shows that the sample has a spherical structure and the diameter is about 600nm as shown in figure 1.
Example 2
Carbon nitrogen sulfur co-doped CNS-TiO2/g-C3N4The heterojunction photocatalyst is prepared by adopting the following method: (molar ratio of thiourea to melamine 1:1)
1. Slowly dripping 6mL of tetrabutyl titanate into a mixed solution of 15mL of deionized water and 15mL of ethanol in an ice bath, recording the mixed solution as a solution A, keeping the temperature of about 0 ℃, and magnetically stirring for 12 hours;
2. 0.4626g of melamine is weighed, added into the stirred solution A, and subjected to ultrasonic oscillation at room temperature for 30min to obtain solution B;
3. 0.1675g of thiourea is weighed and dissolved in the solution B, and ultrasonic oscillation is carried out for 10min again to obtain reaction mixed solution which is recorded as solution C;
4. transferring the solution C into a 50mL high-pressure reaction kettle with a tetrafluoroethylene lining, placing the reaction kettle in an oven at 150 ℃ for hydrothermal reaction for 10h, removing the supernatant to obtain a precipitate, namely CNS-TiO2/g-C3N4An intermediate;
5. the CNS-TiO obtained in the step 4)2/g-C3N4Washing the intermediate with deionized water for 3 times, washing with ethanol for 2 times, and drying in an oven at 80 deg.C for 2 h;
6. drying the CNS-TiO obtained in the step 5)2/g-C3N4The intermediate is placed in a tubular furnace and calcined for 4 hours at the high temperature of 350 ℃ in the nitrogen atmosphere to obtain the carbon-nitrogen-sulfur co-doped CNS-TiO2/g-C3N4A heterojunction photocatalyst.
SEM test of the sample obtained in step 6) shows that the sample has a spherical structure and a diameter of about 500nm as shown in FIG. 2.
Subjecting the sample obtained in step 6) to TEM and HRTEM, and obtaining results shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, wherein the lattice spacing is 0.35nm and corresponds to TiO2The spherical particle is formed by nano CNS-TiO2And g-C3N4And compounding.
Example 3
Carbon nitrogen sulfur co-doped CNS-TiO2/g-C3N4The heterojunction photocatalyst is prepared by adopting the following method: (molar ratio of thiourea to melamine 2:1)
1. Slowly dripping 6mL of tetrabutyl titanate into a mixed solution of 15mL of deionized water and 15mL of ethanol in an ice bath, recording the mixed solution as a solution A, keeping the temperature of about 0 ℃, and magnetically stirring for 12 hours;
2. 0.4626g of melamine is weighed, added into the stirred solution A, and subjected to ultrasonic oscillation at room temperature for 30min to obtain solution B;
3. 0.3350g of thiourea is weighed and dissolved in the solution B, and ultrasonic oscillation is carried out for 10min again to obtain reaction mixed solution which is recorded as solution C;
4. transferring the solution C into a 50mL high-pressure reaction kettle with a tetrafluoroethylene lining, placing the reaction kettle in an oven at 150 ℃ for hydrothermal reaction for 10h, removing the supernatant to obtain a precipitate, namely CNS-TiO2/g-C3N4An intermediate;
5. the CNS-TiO obtained in the step 4)2/g-C3N4Washing the intermediate with deionized water for 3 times, washing with ethanol for 2 times, and drying in an oven at 80 deg.C for 2 h;
6. drying the CNS-TiO obtained in the step 5)2/g-C3N4The intermediate is placed in a tubular furnace and calcined for 4 hours at the high temperature of 350 ℃ in the nitrogen atmosphere to obtain the carbon-nitrogen-sulfur co-doped CNS-TiO2/g-C3N4A heterojunction photocatalyst.
The sample obtained in step 6) was subjected to SEM test, and the result is shown in FIG. 5, in which the sample was seen to have a spherical structure and a diameter of about 650 nm.
Example 4 Performance testing
CNS-TiO prepared in example 1, example 2 and example 32/g-C3N4Heterojunction photocatalyst, g-C3N4(comparative example) the photocatalyst catalytic activity test was conducted.
The test process is as follows: the prepared 20mgCNS-TiO 20 mgs xenon lamp with 420nm cut-off filter is used as visible light source2/g-C3N4Heterojunction photocatalyst, g-C3N4Comparative examples were dispersed in quartz reactors containing 50mL of methyl orange (20mg/L) solution, respectively. The suspension was stirred in the dark for 45min to reach adsorption-desorption equilibrium, and then the reactor was vertically irradiated with visible light to degrade methyl orange. The results show that the photocatalyst (0.5:1, 1:1, 2:1) 60 prepared by the method of the present inventionThe amount of the min degraded methyl orange is g-C3N41.125 times, 1.25 times and 1.188 times of the total amount of the components, and the degradation rates are 0.04211min respectively-1Is g-C3N43.57 times of that of (1), 0.06874min-1Is g-C3N45.83 times of that of (9), 0.04344min-1Is g-C3N43.68 times (as shown in fig. 6 and 7).
Claims (10)
1. The carbon-nitrogen-sulfur co-doped heterojunction photocatalyst is characterized in that graphitized carbon nitride and carbon-nitrogen-sulfur co-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles are prepared according to the molar ratio of 1: 8 composite microsphere structure.
2. A method of preparing a heterojunction photocatalyst as claimed in claim 1, comprising the steps of:
1) dripping a titanium source into a mixed solution of water and ethanol, and stirring to obtain a solution A, wherein the temperature of the mixed solution is 0-4 ℃;
2) adding melamine into the solution A obtained in the step 1), and performing ultrasonic oscillation to obtain a solution B;
3) adding thiourea into the solution B obtained in the step 2), and performing ultrasonic oscillation to obtain a solution C;
4) carrying out hydrothermal reaction on the solution C obtained in the step 3) at the temperature of 130-170 ℃, and taking a precipitate to obtain an intermediate;
5) washing the intermediate obtained in the step 4), drying, and calcining for 4-5h under the conditions of protective atmosphere and 400 ℃ of 300-.
3. The preparation method according to claim 2, wherein the titanium source in step 1) is any one or more of titanium tetrachloride, tetrabutyl titanate, titanium isopropoxide, titanium sulfate and titanyl sulfate, and is preferably tetrabutyl titanate.
4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the volume ratio of water to ethanol in the mixed solution of step 1) is 1: and 1, placing the mixed solution in an ice bath, and stirring for 10-12 h.
5. The method according to claim 2, wherein the molar ratio of the melamine added in step 2) to the titanium source added in step 1) is 1: and 8, the time of ultrasonic oscillation is 30min, and the temperature of the ultrasonic oscillation is room temperature.
6. The process according to claim 2, characterized in that the molar ratio of thiourea added in step 3) to melamine added in step 2) is between 0.5 and 2:1, the time of ultrasonic oscillation is 10min, and the temperature of ultrasonic oscillation is room temperature.
7. The preparation method according to claim 2, wherein in the step 4), the solution C is transferred to a high-pressure reaction kettle with a tetrafluoroethylene lining, and is placed in an oven at 130-170 ℃ for hydrothermal reaction for 8-12h, preferably for 10h at 150 ℃.
8. The method according to claim 2, wherein the washing in step 5) is performed by washing with deionized water three times and then washing with ethanol two times, and the drying is performed at 80 ℃ for 2 hours.
9. Use of the heterojunction photocatalyst of claim 1 for photodegradation of contaminants.
10. Use according to claim 1, characterized in that the contaminant is methyl orange.
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| CN115920943A (en) * | 2022-12-12 | 2023-04-07 | 湖南易净环保科技有限公司 | Photocatalyst for degrading tetracycline in wastewater and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN116747897A (en) * | 2023-08-16 | 2023-09-15 | 内蒙古工业大学 | C, N, S co-doped TiO 2 Acid etching g-C 3 N 4 Heterojunction photocatalyst |
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