CN112652794B - Cathode open type fuel cell thermal management system and method using time lag information - Google Patents
Cathode open type fuel cell thermal management system and method using time lag information Download PDFInfo
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- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04305—Modeling, demonstration models of fuel cells, e.g. for training purposes
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/0432—Temperature; Ambient temperature
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/0432—Temperature; Ambient temperature
- H01M8/04365—Temperature; Ambient temperature of other components of a fuel cell or fuel cell stacks
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/0432—Temperature; Ambient temperature
- H01M8/04373—Temperature; Ambient temperature of auxiliary devices, e.g. reformers, compressors, burners
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04701—Temperature
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04701—Temperature
- H01M8/04731—Temperature of other components of a fuel cell or fuel cell stacks
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04701—Temperature
- H01M8/04738—Temperature of auxiliary devices, e.g. reformer, compressor, burner
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04992—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the implementation of mathematical or computational algorithms, e.g. feedback control loops, fuzzy logic, neural networks or artificial intelligence
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Abstract
The invention relates to a cathode open type fuel cell heat management system and method using time lag information.A galvanic pile temperature dynamic description model considering the relation between the voltage and the water content of a fuel cell galvanic pile is established in the system, and the temperature of the fuel cell galvanic pile is controlled by combining a fuel cell galvanic pile temperature and change rate observation system thereof and using the time lag information; the fuel cell stack temperature and change rate observation system is used for estimating the fuel cell stack temperature and change rate thereof, the fuel cell thermal management controller is designed through time lag information of measurable physical quantities in a temperature dynamic description model, uncertainty of a fuel cell thermal model and known interference and unknown disturbance including ambient temperature and working current are eliminated, the fuel cell thermal management controller is combined with the fuel cell stack temperature and change rate observation system to accurately estimate the fuel cell stack temperature and change rate thereof under noise interference, and influence of temperature measurement noise on thermal stability is reduced so as to better control the stack temperature.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of fuel cell thermal management, in particular to a cathode open type fuel cell thermal management system and method utilizing time lag information.
Background
At present, global energy and environmental problems are increasingly serious, all countries in the world actively seek a coping scheme, and the aim of vigorously propelling new energy automobiles in the automobile field is also the same. The new energy vehicles are of different types, wherein the fuel cell vehicle not only can realize complete replacement of fuel oil on fuel, but also has the advantages of zero emission, high energy conversion efficiency, various fuel sources, flexible derivation from renewable energy sources and the like, so the new energy vehicle is considered to be one of important directions for realizing sustainable development of the vehicle industry in the future, and is also one of ideal schemes for solving global energy and environmental problems.
A fuel cell is an energy conversion device that converts chemical energy of a fuel and an oxidant into electrical energy by means of an electrochemical reaction. Currently, various high-performance fuel cell automobile products are initially put into commercial application all over the world. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell has the advantages of high specific power, quick start, no corrosion, low reaction temperature, low oxidant requirement and the like, and is the first choice of the current fuel cell automobile. The cathode open proton exchange membrane fuel cell has a very simple auxiliary system, and is very suitable for being used as a portable mobile power supply. However, the suitable operating temperature range for proton exchange membranes is relatively narrow. If the temperature of the stack is too low, evaporation of water in the proton exchange membrane is reduced, so that the electrochemical reaction rate is slowed, and the performance of the battery is reduced. However, excessive stack temperature can cause excessive evaporation of water from the proton exchange membrane, resulting in reduced humidity, which can both reduce proton conductivity and damage the proton exchange membrane.
Therefore, proper control strategy is adopted to provide proper working temperature for the proton exchange membrane fuel cell. This is of great importance for increasing the power and life of fuel cells and is a problem that those skilled in the art are currently in need of.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, an object of the present invention is to provide a system and a method for open cathode fuel cell thermal management using time lag information, so as to achieve effective thermal management of a fuel cell.
The invention is realized by adopting the following scheme: a cathode open type fuel cell thermal management system utilizing time lag information comprises a cathode open type fuel cell, an external load, a PC upper computer, an Arduino Nano development board, a temperature sensor, a direct current motor PWM speed regulation module and a direct current fan set; the cathode open type fuel cell is connected with an external load and used for supplying power to the external load; the temperature sensor is used for reading the temperature information of the cathode open type fuel cell; the Arduino Nano development board is respectively connected with the temperature sensor and the upper computer and used for uploading temperature information read by the temperature sensor to the PC upper computer through the Arduino Nano development board for real-time monitoring, and downloading a controller calculation program with time lag information to the Arduino Nano development board through the PC upper computer so as to calculate the control rate in real time; arduino Nano development board still with direct current motor PWM speed governing module connects, direct current motor PWM speed governing module still with direct current fan group link for it is right with PWM signal biography to direct current motor PWM speed governing module with Arduino Nano development board real-time calculation's control rate direct current fan group carries out speed control, and then to pile temperature effective control in order to realize fuel cell thermal management.
Further, the temperature sensor adopts a miniature thermocouple.
Further, the DC motor PWM speed regulation module adopts a speed regulation module with the model number of XH-M222.
Further, the invention also provides a cathode open type fuel cell thermal management method using time lag information, which comprises the following steps:
step S1: aiming at the thermal characteristics of the cathode open type fuel cell, a dynamic description model of the temperature of the fuel cell stack is built, wherein the relation between the voltage and the water content of the fuel cell stack of the cathode open type fuel cell is considered, and the dynamic description model is used for describing the dynamic change characteristics of the temperature of the fuel cell stack;
step S2: designing a fuel cell stack thermal management controller according to time lag information of measurable physical quantities including stack temperature and control input in a stack temperature dynamic description model, and eliminating uncertainty in a fuel cell temperature mathematical model and known interference and unknown disturbance including ambient temperature and working current by using the time lag information;
and step S3: the temperature and the change rate of the fuel cell stack are estimated by adopting a fuel cell stack temperature and change rate observation system, and the observed stack temperature and the change rate are substituted into the control rate of a fuel cell stack thermal management controller to reduce the influence of temperature measurement noise on the thermal stability of the cathode open type fuel cell.
Further, in step S1, the relationship between the voltage and the water content of the cathode open type fuel cell stack is as follows:
wherein, V act To activate the polarization voltage, R, a, n, and F are system constants, i ref Is the internal current density, T ref Is a reference ambient temperature, A opt And S opt Respectively, optimal electrode surface roughness and optimal liquid water saturation, ag is the cell activation resistance.
Further, the dynamic description model of the temperature of the cathode open type fuel cell stack in step S1 is:
wherein m is st And C st Respectively the fuel cell stack mass and specific heat capacity,
and
the stack heat transfer rate, total heat generation rate, radiative heat removal rate, and convective heat removal rate, respectively.
Further, in step S2, the content of designing the fuel cell stack thermal management controller according to the time lag information of the measurable physical quantities including the stack temperature and the control input in the stack temperature dynamic description model is as follows:
and step Sa, writing a fuel cell stack temperature dynamic description model into the following form:
wherein, f (T) st (T), T) is a dynamic change function of the temperature of the electric pile, u (T) is the control input of the temperature of the electric pile, B (T) st (t), t) is a control input function, d (t) is a temperature control interference quantity of the galvanic pile;
f(T st (t),t)＝-5.971824×10 -6 I st T st -2.932364×10 -6 T st 2 -2.38557×10 -3 T st
B(T st (t),t)＝(T amb -T st )/3137.4
u(t)＝64.92898u fan 2 +81.48939u fan +3.9394
operating current I st And ambient temperature T amb D (t) is an unknown disturbance for the temperature control system;
and Sb, selecting a temperature reference model according to the requirements of the performance indexes as follows:
where M is an integer, r (T) is a tracking variable, T ref (T) and T m (t) a tracking temperature and a reference model temperature, respectively;
step Sc: the error e of the state of the system tracking reference model is obtained by solving the u (t) of the control action, and the dynamic equation of the error is satisfied
Obtaining an initial control rate u 0 (t) is:
u 0 (t)＝B + (T st (t),t)(-MT st (t)+MT ref (t)-d(t))；
step Sd: designing an external disturbance observer based on time-lag information:
and substitutes it into the initial control rate u 0 (t) obtaining a control rate u of the controller 1 (t)。
Further, the control rate u in step Sd 1 (t) is:
wherein u 1 (t-L) is control input skew information,
is temperature rate of change time lag information.
Further, the system for observing the temperature and the change rate of the fuel cell stack in step S3 is:
wherein
r(t)＝T ref (t)，
And
is divided into T st And
the observed value of (1).
Further, in step S3, substituting the observed stack temperature and the change rate time-lag information thereof into the control rate u of the fuel cell stack thermal management controller 1 The final control rate u (t) after (t) is:
u(t)＝u(t-L)+B + (z 1 (t),t)(-Mz 1 (t)+MT ref (t)-z 2 (t-L))。
wherein z is 1 (t) is the observed cell stack temperature, z 2 And (t-L) is observed temperature change rate time lag information of the electric pile. And compiling the obtained final control rate and writing the compiled final control rate into an Arduino Nano development board so as to send the control rate calculated in real time to a direct current motor PWM speed regulation module through PWM signals and further control the rotating speed of the direct current fan set so as to effectively control the temperature of the electric pile, and finally realize the thermal management of the fuel cell.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) The invention is applied to a fuel cell, and the fuel cell temperature model changes because the stack voltage of the fuel cell changes along with the change of the water content of the fuel cell during the operation of the fuel cell. The water content is considered when modeling the fuel cell stack temperature, and a more accurate fuel cell temperature model can be established to achieve a more accurate control effect.
(2) The controller adopted by the invention designs the fuel cell stack thermal management controller through time lag information of measurable physical quantities (including stack temperature and control input) in a stack temperature dynamic description model, effectively eliminates the influence of system interference on a control effect by establishing a temperature reference model, wherein the influence comprises known interference and unknown interference such as working current and ambient temperature, the controller can compensate system uncertainty, reduces the requirement of the controller on the accuracy of the system model, shows excellent dynamic control performance and robustness, and can well adapt to the nonlinear characteristic of a fuel cell.
(3) The invention adopts the fuel cell stack temperature and the change rate observation system to estimate the fuel cell stack temperature and the change rate thereof, and substitutes the observed stack temperature and the change rate thereof into the control rate of the fuel cell thermal management controller, thereby effectively reducing the influence of temperature measurement noise on the controller, increasing the thermal stability of the fuel cell and improving the anti-interference capability of the system.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a method for open cathode fuel cell thermal management using time lag information in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a graph showing changes in operating current, water content, and stack temperature in a fuel cell temperature dynamic description model according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating the effect of temperature control during noise interference according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a system according to an embodiment of the present invention, in which 1 is an open cathode fuel cell, 2 is an external load, 3 is a temperature sensor, 4 is a PWM speed-adjusting module of a dc motor, and 5 is a dc fan set.
Detailed Description
The invention is further explained below with reference to the drawings and the embodiments.
It should be noted that the following detailed description is exemplary and is intended to provide further explanation of the disclosure. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs.
It is noted that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments according to the present application. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, and it should be understood that when the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising" are used in this specification, they specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, devices, components, and/or combinations thereof, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
As shown in fig. 4, the present embodiment provides a cathode open type fuel cell thermal management system using time lag information, which includes a cathode open type fuel cell 1, an external load 2, a PC upper computer, an Arduino Nano development board, a temperature sensor 3, a dc motor PWM speed regulation module 4, and a dc fan set 5; the cathode open type fuel cell 1 is connected with an external load 2 and used for supplying power to the external load; the temperature sensor 3 is used for reading the temperature information of the cathode open type fuel cell 1; the Arduino Nano development board is respectively connected with the temperature sensor 3 and the upper computer, is used for uploading temperature information read by the temperature sensor 3 to the PC upper computer through the Arduino Nano development board for real-time monitoring, and downloads a controller calculation program with time lag information to the Arduino Nano development board through the PC upper computer so as to calculate the control rate in real time; arduino Nano development board still with direct current motor PWM speed governing module 4 is connected, direct current motor PWM speed governing module 4 still with direct current fan group 5 is connected for it is right with PWM signal biography to direct current motor PWM speed governing module with Arduino Nano development board real-time calculation's control rate direct current fan group 5 carries out rotational speed control, and then to pile temperature effective control in order to realize the open fuel cell heat management of negative pole of an utilization time lag information.
The specific principle is as follows: the fan is an actuator of the cathode open type fuel cell thermal management system, the rotating speed of the fan is time lag controller control input and is a quantity to be controlled, and the rotating speed of the fan corresponds to heat dissipation quantity, so that the rotating speed control of the fan set is used for controlling the temperature of the electric pile so as to carry out thermal management on the fuel cell.
In the present embodiment, the temperature sensor 3 is a micro thermocouple.
In the embodiment, the PWM speed regulation module 4 of the dc motor is a speed regulation module with model XH-M222.
As shown in fig. 1, the present embodiment further provides a method for thermal management of an open cathode fuel cell using time lag information, including the following steps:
step S1: the heat of the fuel cell mainly comes from irreversible heat generated by electrochemical reaction, and the part of heat enables the temperature of the stack to change in a nonlinear manner;
step S2: designing a fuel cell stack thermal management controller according to time lag information of measurable physical quantities including stack temperature and control input in a stack temperature dynamic description model, and eliminating uncertainty in a fuel cell temperature mathematical model and known interference and unknown disturbance including ambient temperature and working current by using the time lag information;
the fuel cell thermal model and the temperature model are all the prior art statements, and the mathematical model described here is that the fuel cell temperature can correspond to the dynamic description model of the cathode open type fuel cell stack temperature established below, and the dynamic description model of the temperature here is actually a mathematical model describing the fuel cell temperature.
And step S3: the temperature and the change rate of the fuel cell stack are estimated by adopting a fuel cell stack temperature and change rate observation system, and the observed stack temperature and the change rate are substituted into the control rate of a fuel cell stack thermal management controller to reduce the influence of temperature measurement noise on the thermal stability of the cathode open type fuel cell.
In this embodiment, the relationship between the voltage and the water content of the open cathode fuel cell stack in step S1 is as follows:
wherein, V act To activate the polarization voltage, R, a, n, and F are system constants, i ref Is the internal current density, T ref Is the reference ambient temperature, A opt And S opt Respectively, optimal electrode surface roughness and optimal liquid water saturation, ag is the cell activation resistance.
In this embodiment, the dynamic description model of the temperature of the open cathode fuel cell stack in step S1 is:
wherein m is st And C st Respectively the fuel cell stack mass and specific heat capacity,
and
the stack heat transfer rate, total heat production rate, radiative heat dissipation rate, and convective heat dissipation rate, respectively.
In this embodiment, the content of designing the fuel cell stack thermal management controller according to the measurable physical quantities in the stack temperature dynamic description model in step S2, including the stack temperature and the time lag information of the control input, is as follows:
and step Sa, writing a temperature dynamic description model of the fuel cell stack into the following form:
wherein, f (T) st (T), T) is a dynamic change function of the temperature of the electric pile, u (T) is the control input of the temperature of the electric pile, B (T) st (t), t) is a control input function, d (t) is a temperature control interference quantity of the galvanic pile;
f(T st (t),t)＝-5.971824×10 -6 I st T st -2.932364×10 -6 T st 2 -2.38557×10 -3 T st
B(T st (t),t)＝(T amb -T st )/3137.4
u(t)＝64.92898u fan 2 +81.48939u fan +3.9394
operating current I st And ambient temperature T amb D (t) is an unknown disturbance for the temperature control system;
and Sb, selecting a temperature reference model according to the requirements of the performance indexes as follows:
where M is an integer, r (T) is a tracking variable, T ref (T) and T m (t) are tracking, respectivelyTemperature and reference model temperature;
step Sc: the error e of the state of the system tracking reference model is obtained by solving the u (t) of the control action, and the dynamic equation of the error is satisfied
Obtaining an initial control rate u 0 (t) is:
u 0 (t)＝B + (T st (t),t)(-MT st (t)+MT ref (t)-d(t))；
step Sd: designing an external disturbance observer based on time-lag information:
and substitutes it into the initial control rate u 0 (t) obtaining a control rate u of the controller 1 (t)。
In this embodiment, the control rate u is determined in step Sd 1 (t) is:
wherein u is 1 (t-L) is control input skew information,
is temperature rate of change time lag information.
In this embodiment, the system for observing the temperature and the change rate of the fuel cell stack in step S3 is:
wherein
r(t)＝T ref (t)，
And
is divided into T st And
the observed value of (1).
In this embodiment, the step S3 of substituting the observed stack temperature and the change rate time-lag information thereof into the control rate u of the fuel cell stack thermal management controller 1 The final control rate u (t) after (t) is:
u(t)＝u(t-L)+B + (z 1 (t),t)(-Mz 1 (t)+MT ref (t)-z 2 (t-L))。
wherein z is 1 (t) is the observed cell stack temperature, z 2 (t-L) is observed temperature change rate time lag information of the electric pile; and compiling the obtained final control rate and writing the final control rate into an Arduino Nano development board so as to send the control rate calculated in real time to a direct current motor PWM speed regulation module through PWM signals and further control the rotating speed of the direct current fan set so as to effectively control the temperature of the electric pile, and finally realizing the cathode open type fuel cell heat management by utilizing time lag information.
According to the fuel cells with different power grades, based on the control rate of the thermal management controller designed by the invention, the temperature of the fuel cell stack can be effectively and stably controlled at a proper temperature reference value, so that the working stability and durability of the fuel cell are improved.
The present embodiment uses the designed time lag controller control rate as the control input to control the temperature of the fuel cell stack at the set temperature reference value, and the purpose of the "open cathode fuel cell thermal management" is to effectively and stably control the temperature of the fuel cell stack at a proper value by the present embodiment to improve the stability and durability of the fuel cell operation.
Wherein: is distinguished from the control rate u 1 (t), at the moment, the galvanic pile temperature information (the galvanic pile temperature and the time lag change rate thereof) adopts the observed value of the observation system instead of the galvanic pile temperature directlyThe reason for the measurement information is that if noise exists during temperature measurement, the control rate including noise interference affects the temperature control performance of the stack and the thermal stability of the fuel cell.
Preferably, in this embodiment, the cathode open type fuel cell is connected to a hydrogen tank through a gas supply valve, and discharges incompletely reacted gas to the atmosphere through a gas discharge valve.
Preferably, in this embodiment, the Arduino Nano development board is connected to the PC upper computer through a USB interface and performs signal transmission with the upper computer, and the controller calculation program with the time lag information can be downloaded to the Arduino Nano development board to calculate the control rate in real time.
Preferably, in this embodiment, taking an H-1000 cathode open type fuel cell with a rated power of 1kW as an example, in order to control the rotation speed of the cathode open type fuel cell fan set, a dc motor PWM speed regulation module is added to the H-1000 cathode open type fuel cell system, and the rotation speed of the fan is changed by modulating the PWM duty ratio, where the dc motor PWM speed regulation module is XH-M222.
In this embodiment, temperature sensor adopt miniature thermocouple and arrange the detecting head in the inside air flue of open fuel cell pile of negative pole, upload the temperature information that will read to the PC host computer in order to carry out real time monitoring through Arduino Nano development board, arduino Nano development board does further calculation according to the temperature data that read in real time simultaneously.
In this embodiment, the Arduino Nano development board is connected to the PC upper computer through the USB interface and performs signal transmission with the upper computer, and the PC upper computer may download the controller calculation program with the time lag information to the Arduino Nano development board to calculate the control rate in real time. Miniature thermocouple link to each other with Arduino Nano development board simulation interface (A), direct current motor PWM speed governing module PWM input links to each other with Arduino Nano development board digital interface (D) and carries out rotational speed control with the form of pulse width modulation to direct current fan group with the control rate of Arduino Nano development board real-time computation, wherein direct current motor PWM speed governing module power input end needs external 13V direct current power supply or battery to supply power with direct current fan group. The external load can be electric equipment or a resistor, and two ends of the external load are respectively connected with the anode and the cathode of the open cathode fuel cell.
Preferably, the temperature dynamic description model is built in the embodiment, particularly, the relation between the voltage and the water content of the cathode open type fuel cell stack is considered, the dynamic characteristic of the temperature of the stack is accurately described, the fuel cell stack thermal management controller is designed according to time lag information of measurable physical quantities (including the stack temperature and control input) in the stack temperature dynamic description model, system modeling uncertainty and known interference and unknown disturbance including ambient temperature and working current can be eliminated by using the time lag information, the fuel cell thermal management controller can accurately estimate the temperature and the change rate of the fuel cell stack under noise interference by combining with a fuel cell stack temperature and change rate observation system, and meanwhile, the influence of temperature measurement noise on the thermal stability is reduced so as to better control the stack temperature.
Preferably, a specific example of the present embodiment is as follows: taking a 1000W cathode open fuel cell as an example,
the open cathode fuel cell stack is formed by connecting a plurality of fuel cell monomers in series, so that the voltage V of the fuel cell stack st Can be described as follows
V st ＝n cell V cell ＝n cell (E nernst (T st )-V act (T st ,i st ,s CCL )-V ohm (T st ,i st )-V con (i st ))；
Wherein n is cell Is the number of individual fuel cells, V cell Is the cell voltage, T st Is the temperature of the cell stack, i st Is the current of the stack, S CCL Is the water content of the cathode catalyst layer, E nernst 、V act 、V ohm And V con Respectively, nernst voltage, active polarization voltage, ohmic polarization voltage and concentration polarization voltage, and are described by the following formulas
V ohm (T st ,i st )＝i st (R M (i st ,T st )+R C )；
V con (i st )＝-Cln(1-i st /i max )；
Wherein, P H2 Is the hydrogen pressure, P O2 Is the oxygen pressure, R, a, n, C and F are system constants, R M And R C Is the impedance of the electrons and protons, i, respectively, as they pass through the membrane 0 (T st ,S CCL ) Is the exchange current density, determined by the following equation
Wherein R, a, n, and F are system constants, i ref Is the internal current density, T ref Is a reference ambient temperature, A opt And S opt Respectively, optimal electrode surface roughness and optimal liquid water saturation, ag is the cell activation resistance.
The dynamic description model of the temperature of the fuel cell stack can be obtained through an energy transfer equation
Wherein m is st And C st Respectively the fuel cell stack mass and specific heat capacity,
and
the heat transfer rate and the total heat production rate of the electric pile respectivelyThe rate, rate of radiation and rate of convection are described by the following equations
Wherein, T amb Is ambient temperature, M H2,rea 、M O2,rea And M H2O,pro Respectively the molar mass of hydrogen, oxygen and water,
and
respectively, the mass ratio of the formation enthalpy of hydrogen, oxygen and water, Δ h H2 、Δh O2 And Δ h H2O The mass specific enthalpy, h, of hydrogen, oxygen and water, respectively nat And h for Respectively, the natural thermal convection coefficient and the forced thermal convection coefficient, A st 、A nat And A for Respectively the galvanic pile area, the natural heat convection area and the forced heat convection area, rho air Is the density of air, a 1 、a 2 、b 1 And b 2 Is an experimentally determined constant, u fan Is the control voltage of the heat dissipation fan.
As shown in fig. 2, this example presents a graph of results of a fuel cell temperature dynamic description model describing the stack voltage, stack temperature and water content of a 1000W cathode open cell fuel cell.
In actual conditions, the physical quantities such as the current, the voltage and the external temperature of the fuel cell are interfered, and in order to describe the temperature of the fuel cell more accurately, a dynamic description model of the temperature of the fuel cell is written into the following form
Wherein
f(T st (t),t)＝-5.971824×10 -6 I st T st -2.932364×10 -6 T st 2 -2.38557×10 -3 T st
B(T st (t),t)＝(T amb -T st )/3137.4
u(t)＝64.92898u fan 2 +81.48939u fan +3.9394
Operating current I st And the ambient temperature T amb D (t) is an unknown disturbance for the temperature control system. The reference model is selected as
Where M is a large integer, r (T) is a tracking variable, T ref (T) and T m (t) are the tracking temperature and the reference model temperature, respectively. Error of u (t) of control action for making system state track reference model state
e＝T m (t)-T st (t)；
Satisfy the error dynamic equation
To simplify the design of the controller, K =0 is taken. Substituting the tracking temperature and the reference model temperature into the error difference, and comparing with the error dynamic equation to obtain the initial control rate u 0 (t) is
u 0 (t)＝B + (T st (t),t)(-MT st (t)+MT ref (t)-d(t))
Wherein, B + (T st (t),t)＝3137.4/(T amb -T st ) Is B (T) st The pseudo-inverse of (t), t) can obtain satisfactory error dynamic performance and state tracking performance only by satisfying the following structural constraint conditions
(I-B(T st (t),t)B + (T st (t),t))(-MT st (t)+MT ref (t)-d(t))＝0；
Assuming that the external disturbance of the system does not change much for a sufficiently small time L, the external disturbance at the time t can be estimated using the information of the past time t-L, and the external disturbance observer based on the time lag information is obtained as follows:
substituting the external disturbance observer into the initial control rate u 0 (t) obtaining a control rate u of the controller 1 (t) is
The fuel cell temperature T in the control rate of the controller is controlled by the feedback information of the temperature sensor, which is noisy in the process of actually controlling the fuel cell temperature and seriously influences the control effect of the controller st And rate of change thereof
The observer is further designed as follows
Wherein
r(t)＝T ref (t)，
And
is divided into T st And
the observed value of (a).
Will T st And
substituting the observed value into the control rate u of the controller 1 (t) the observed final control rate u (t) is obtained as
u(t)＝u(t-L)+B + (z 1 (t),t)(-Mz 1 (t)+MT ref (t)-z 2 (t-L))
The controller outputs control information to the PWM direct current motor speed regulator in a PWM wave form, and the speed regulator can regulate the rotating speed of the fan motor, so that the temperature of the cathode open type fuel cell is controlled.
As shown in fig. 3, the control result of the 1000W cathode open type fuel cell under the temperature measurement noise with the temperature fixedly tracked is shown in this example.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and all equivalent changes and modifications made in accordance with the claims of the present invention should be covered by the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. A method for thermal management of an open cathode fuel cell using time lag information, comprising: the method is realized by adopting a thermal management system, wherein the thermal management system comprises a cathode open type fuel cell, an external load, a PC upper computer, an Arduinonano development board, a temperature sensor, a direct current motor PWM speed regulation module and a direct current fan set; the cathode open type fuel cell is connected with an external load and used for supplying power to the external load; the temperature sensor is used for reading the temperature information of the cathode open type fuel cell; the ArduinoNano development board is respectively connected with the temperature sensor and the upper computer and used for uploading temperature information read by the temperature sensor to the PC upper computer through the ArduinoNano development board for real-time monitoring, and downloading a controller calculation program with time lag information to the ArduinoNano development board through the PC upper computer so as to calculate the control rate in real time; the ArduinoNano development board is further connected with the direct current motor PWM speed regulation module, the direct current motor PWM speed regulation module is further connected with the direct current fan set, and the control rate calculated by the ArduinoNano development board in real time is transmitted to the direct current motor PWM speed regulation module through PWM signals to control the rotating speed of the direct current fan set, so that the temperature of a pile is effectively controlled to achieve thermal management of the fuel cell; the management method comprises the following steps:
step S1: a galvanic pile temperature dynamic description model considering the relation between the voltage and the water content of the galvanic pile of the fuel cell is built according to the thermal characteristics of the cathode open type fuel cell, and is used for describing the dynamic change characteristics of the galvanic pile temperature;
step S2: the fuel cell stack thermal management controller is designed according to time lag information of measurable physical quantities including the temperature of the stack and control input in the stack temperature dynamic description model, and uncertainty in a fuel cell temperature mathematical model and known interference and unknown disturbance including ambient temperature and working current can be eliminated by utilizing the time lag information;
and step S3: estimating the temperature and the change rate of the fuel cell stack by adopting a fuel cell stack temperature and change rate observation system, and substituting the observed stack temperature and the change rate into the control rate of a fuel cell stack thermal management controller to reduce the influence of temperature measurement noise on the thermal stability of the cathode open type fuel cell:
in step S1, the open cathode fuel cell stack has a voltage and water content relationship:
V st ＝n cell V cell ＝n cell (E nernst (T st )-V act (T st ,i st ,s CCL )-V ohm (T st ,i st )-V con (i st ))；
wherein n is cell Is the number of fuel cells, V cell Is the cell voltage, T, of the fuel cell st Is the temperature of the cell stack, i st Is the current of the stack, S CCL Is the water content of the cathode catalyst layer, E nernst 、V act 、V ohm And V con Respectively nernst voltage, active polarization voltage, ohmic polarization voltage and concentration polarization voltage, described by the following formulas:
V ohm (T st ,i st )＝i st (R M (i st ,T st )+R C )；
V con (i st )＝-Cln(1-i st /i max )；
wherein, P H2 Is the hydrogen pressure, P O2 Is the oxygen pressure, R, a, n, C and F are system constants, R M And R C Is the impedance of the electrons and protons, i, respectively, as they pass through the membrane 0 (T st ,S CCL ) Is the exchange current density, determined by the following equation:
wherein R, a, n, and F are system constants, i ref Is the internal current density, T ref Is a reference ambient temperature, A opt And S opt Respectively, optimal electrode surface roughness and optimal liquid water saturation, ag is the cell activation resistance.
2. The method of claim 1 for open cathode fuel cell thermal management using time lag information, comprising: the temperature sensor adopts a miniature thermocouple.
3. The method of claim 1 for open cathode fuel cell thermal management using time lag information, comprising: the PWM speed regulation module of the direct current motor adopts a speed regulation module with the model of XH-M222.
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