CN112649249A - Pore water sampling device - Google Patents
Pore water sampling device Download PDFInfo
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- CN112649249A CN112649249A CN202110062629.9A CN202110062629A CN112649249A CN 112649249 A CN112649249 A CN 112649249A CN 202110062629 A CN202110062629 A CN 202110062629A CN 112649249 A CN112649249 A CN 112649249A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
- G01N1/10—Devices for withdrawing samples in the liquid or fluent state
- G01N1/14—Suction devices, e.g. pumps; Ejector devices
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
- G01N1/10—Devices for withdrawing samples in the liquid or fluent state
- G01N1/16—Devices for withdrawing samples in the liquid or fluent state with provision for intake at several levels
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
- G01N1/10—Devices for withdrawing samples in the liquid or fluent state
- G01N1/14—Suction devices, e.g. pumps; Ejector devices
- G01N2001/1418—Depression, aspiration
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- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of wetland water sample collection, and provides a pore water sampling device.A space in a sampling pipe is divided into different water collecting cavities by a separating plug for collecting pore water at different depths, communicating pipes are inserted in the separating plug and are respectively communicated with the different water collecting cavities, and a sampling pump is connected with any one of the communicating pipes, so that the pore water in the different water collecting cavities can be collected by the sampling pump, namely, the pore water at different depths can be collected in situ, and the mutual pollution among the pore water at different depths is avoided; place this device behind the sampling position, need not the plug repeatedly, can realize the fixed point continuous sampling, avoided the disturbance of plug repeatedly to wetland soil or filter material original state structure, be favorable to filtering the hole water to soil or filter material and carry out long-term location monitoring.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of wetland water sample collection, in particular to a pore water sampling device.
Background
The pore water is movable water which is not absorbed by solids such as filter materials, biological membranes and the like in pores of wetland filter materials or substrates. The filter material pore water of the subsurface flow wetland contains different types of pollutants, such as organic pollutants, heavy metal elements, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfides and the like. Particularly, the dissolved oxygen content in the pore water has large difference along with the difference of the burial depth of the pore water, so that the oxidation-reduction potential, the element valence state, the microbial biochemical process and the like of the water body are obviously changed, and the migration and conversion form and the final trend of pollutants are further influenced. Therefore, the analysis of the oxidation-reduction potential, the chemical composition, the pollutant morphology and the like of pore water with different depths has important significance on the wetland operation state and the migration and transformation process and action mechanism of pollutants. How to effectively collect pore water with different depths and avoid mutual interference between pore water with different depths is a major difficulty of sampling work.
In the actual sampling work, the surrounding environment of the pore water is complex, the types and the particle sizes of wetland filter materials are various, the hardness, the strength and the stacking porosity of the filter materials are different, and the problems are characterized by more uncertainty, complex influence factors and the like. The existing subsurface flow wetland pore water sampling is mainly realized by embedding water sample collecting devices (pvc pipes, collecting boxes and the like) with different depths in advance and collecting water samples by a sampler regularly. In the actual sampling process, the existing pore water sampling device is not universally suitable for the acquisition work of the environmental pore water under different media and different sampling requirements, and particularly, the dynamic changes of the pore water in different areas and different depths are observed at fixed points, so that the pore water sampling device has the characteristics of complex sampling, high operation difficulty and the like. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new sampler based on the prior art to adapt to pore water sampling with different soft and hard media, different depths and different sampling requirements, so as to protect the in-situ environment of pore water in a sampling area as much as possible and to realize simple and rapid water sample collection and preservation while avoiding mixing of upper and lower layer water samples.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a pore water sampling device, and aims to solve the technical problems that in the prior art, the pore water sampling device is difficult to protect the pore water in-situ environment of a sampling area and avoid the mixing of upper and lower layer water samples.
In order to solve the technical problem, the invention provides a pore water sampling device for collecting water samples in a subsurface wetland filter material layer, which comprises:
the sampling tube is provided with a plurality of water seepage holes on the tube wall, a separation plug is arranged in the sampling tube and used for separating a plurality of water collecting cavities, and a plurality of communicating tubes respectively communicated with the plurality of water collecting cavities are inserted in the separation plug;
and the sampling pump is connected with any communicating pipe and is used for respectively pumping different water samples in the water collecting cavity to the sample bottle.
Furthermore, the sampling tube comprises a plurality of sections of sampling tube sections which are detachably connected, and the separation plug is arranged between the adjacent sampling tube sections.
Further, the adjacent sampling pipe sections are detachably connected through threads.
Further, the sampling pipe section is a stainless steel piece.
Further, the sampling tube bottom is the toper, and the top sets up the end cover.
Furthermore, the communicating pipe comprises a first communicating pipe inserted on the separating plug and a second communicating pipe connected with the first communicating pipe, and the second communicating pipe is connected with the sampling pump.
Further, a water stop clamp is arranged on the second communicating pipe.
Furthermore, the separating plug is an elastic plug, a plurality of round holes are formed in the separating plug and used for inserting the first communicating pipe, and the diameter of the first communicating pipe is larger than the diameter of the round holes.
Furthermore, the aperture of the water seepage hole is 0.8 times of the minimum grading grain diameter of the filter material, and the water seepage hole is uniformly arranged along the circumferential direction of the sampling tube at intervals.
The pore water sampling device provided by the invention has the beneficial effects that: compared with the prior art, the pore water sampling device divides the space in the sampling pipe into different water collecting cavities through the separating plug for collecting pore water at different depths, the communicating pipes are inserted in the separating plug and are respectively communicated with the different water collecting cavities, and then the sampling pump is connected with any one of the communicating pipes, so that the pore water in the different water collecting cavities can be collected through the sampling pump, namely, the pore water at different depths can be collected in situ, and the mutual pollution among the pore water at different depths is avoided; place this device behind the sampling position, need not the plug repeatedly, can realize the fixed point continuous sampling, avoided the disturbance of plug repeatedly to wetland soil or filter material original state structure, be favorable to filtering the hole water to soil or filter material and carry out long-term location monitoring.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings that are needed in the embodiments or the prior art descriptions will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and other drawings can be obtained by those skilled in the art without inventive efforts, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of a pore water sampling device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a first sample tube segment in one embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a second sample tube segment in one embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a third sample tube segment in accordance with an embodiment;
FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a septum in one embodiment;
fig. 6 is a schematic view of a connection structure of the partition plug and the first communication pipe and the second communication pipe in an embodiment.
Description of reference numerals:
1. a sampling tube; 11. a first sampling tube section; 12. a second sampling tube section; 121. an internal thread; 122. an external thread; 13. a third sampling tube section; 14. an end cap; 15. a water seepage hole; 16. a partition plug; 161. a circular hole; 17. a communicating pipe; 171. a first communication pipe; 172. a second communicating pipe; 1721. a water stop clip; 2. and a sampling pump.
Detailed Description
Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like or similar reference numerals refer to the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar function throughout. The embodiments described below with reference to the drawings are illustrative and intended to be illustrative of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that the terms "upper", "lower", "vertical", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", and the like indicate orientations or positional relationships based on those shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience of description and simplification of description, but do not indicate or imply that the referred device or element must have a specific orientation, be constructed in a specific orientation, and be operated, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention.
Furthermore, the terms "first", "second" and "first" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the present invention, "a plurality" means two or more unless specifically defined otherwise.
In the present invention, unless otherwise expressly specified or limited, the terms "mounted," "connected," "communicating," and the like are to be construed broadly, e.g., as meaning both mechanically and electrically connected; the connection may be direct, indirect or internal, or may be a connection between two elements or an interaction relationship between two elements. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood by those skilled in the art according to specific situations.
It will be understood that the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising," when used in this specification and the appended claims, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings:
the pore water sampling device can be applied to the collection of the pore water samples of filter materials of natural soil, surface flow constructed wetlands and subsurface flow constructed wetland sewage treatment systems, can adapt to the sampling of the pore water with different soft and hard media, different depths and different sampling requirements, can realize the simple and fast collection and storage of water samples on the premise of protecting the in-situ environment of the pore water in a sampling area as much as possible and avoiding the mixing of upper and lower layer water samples, and fully reveals the dynamic change characteristics and main influence factors of wetland pollutants.
As shown in fig. 1 and 6, in this embodiment, the pore water sampling device is used for collecting water samples in a subsurface wetland filter material layer, and includes a sampling tube 1 and a sampling pump 2, wherein a plurality of water seepage holes 15 are formed on a tube wall of the sampling tube 1, a separation plug 16 is arranged inside the sampling tube 1 for separating a plurality of water collection chambers, and a plurality of communicating tubes 17 respectively communicated with the plurality of water collection chambers are inserted into the separation plug 16; the sampling pump 2 is connected with any communicating pipe 17 and is used for respectively pumping water samples in different water collecting cavities to the sample bottles.
Specifically, in the actual sampling process, a sampling tube 1 is vertically driven into the subsurface flow wetland filter material layer to be sampled, and the sampling tubes 1 with different lengths can be selected according to the depth of pore water to be sampled. The wall of the sampling tube 1 is provided with water seepage holes 15, and soil or filter material is interstitial water which enters the sampling tube 1 through the water seepage holes 15. In order to realize the pore water of once only gathering the different degree of depth in order to make sampling tube 1, set up in the inside of sampling tube 1 and separate stopper 16, through separating stopper 16 and separate the inner space of sampling tube 1 for the chamber that catchments of difference, it pastes tightly with the pipe wall inboard of sampling tube 1 to separate stopper 16, thereby make the chamber that catchments form inclosed space, the difference is catchmented and is kept apart completely between the chamber, do not have mutual intercommunication, thereby make the pore water sample of the different degree of depth keep apart each other and seal in catchmenting the chamber, do not produce cross contamination. Specifically, the number of the partition plugs 16 may be set according to the number of water samples of different depths to be collected. Separate and insert on the stopper 16 and establish communicating pipe 17 for communicating pipe 17 can communicate with the chamber that catchments, and different catchments the chamber and communicate through different communicating pipe 17, is connected different communicating pipe 17 with sampling pump 2 respectively again, can extract the water sample in the different chamber that catchments through sampling pump 2, and store the water sample of gathering to the sample bottle in. Specifically, the number of the communication pipes 17 is also determined according to the number of the water collecting chambers partitioned by the partition plug 16.
Specifically, the sampling bottle is preferably the vacuum sampling bottle, and accessible sampling pump 2 discharge initial water sample gathers rear end water sample in order to avoid the air to produce the influence to dissolved oxygen, redox potential, reducing substance form etc. of aperture water sample.
Adopt the scheme of this embodiment, be favorable to wetland soil or filter material pore water to get into the chamber that catchments fast, convenient in-situ pore water of the different degree of depth or height in the wetland soil or the filter material of quick collection, avoid the water sample mutual interference of the different degree of depth, guarantee sample water sample quality, and with the initial water sample of accessible sample pump 2 discharge when the vacuum sampling bottle cooperates, gather rear end water sample and avoid the air to produce the influence to dissolved oxygen, redox potential, reducing substance form etc. of pore water sample, the inside regional pollutant form of the different degree of depth of wetland of comprehensive reflection. Place this device behind the sampling position, need not the plug repeatedly, can realize the fixed point continuous sampling, avoided the disturbance of plug repeatedly to wetland soil or filter material original state structure, be favorable to filtering the hole water to soil or filter material and carry out long-term location monitoring. Meanwhile, the invention greatly reduces the sampling difficulty of the pore water at different depths of the filter material, fully ensures that the representativeness, the components and the form of the substances contained in the water samples at different depths of the filter material are not influenced by air and are changed, can fully reflect the physical and chemical characteristics of the pore water at different depths in the subsurface flow wetland filter material, reveals the migration and transformation characteristics of wetland pollutants, and can also be applied to sampling the pore water of other types of wetlands. In addition, this device can be according to the research needs, sets up the monitoring point position in wetland different regions, different time, can acquire the pore water sample of inside different regions of wetland, different time comprehensively, has characteristics such as convenient, nimble.
As shown in fig. 2, 3 and 4, in the present embodiment, the sampling tube 1 comprises a plurality of detachably connected sampling tube sections, and a separation plug 16 is disposed between adjacent sampling tube sections.
Specifically, the sampling pipe 1 is formed by connecting a plurality of sections of sampling pipe sections, the sampling pipe sections are detachably connected, the number of the sampling pipe sections can be adjusted according to the depth of the filter material of the subsurface wetland and the planning of the division condition of the sampling layer, and the length of the sampling pipe 1 can be adjusted, so that the sampling requirements of pore water of wetland matrixes with different water depths and different depths can be met. In addition, the detachable connection mode can make the sampling device convenient to install and carry.
In particular, the separation plugs 16 provided between adjacent sampling tube sections can separate different sampling tube sections to form different water collection chambers.
The pore water sampling device can be used for detecting water environment indexes such as pH, dissolved oxygen, oxidation-reduction potential, COD, total nitrogen, nitrate, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus and other substances in wetland pore water by a conventional method, and fundamentally solves the problems that the existing sampling device is inconvenient to carry, the sampling difficulty of the pore water in different burial depths and different filter materials is high, water quality indexes such as reducing substances, dissolved oxygen and the like are easy to pollute each other, and the like.
In this embodiment, adjacent sampling tube sections are removably connected by threads, as shown in figures 2, 3 and 4.
Specifically, realize the connection of dismantling between the sample pipeline section through the mode of screw thread, can make the installation dismantle convenient on the one hand, on the other hand also is favorable to guaranteeing the seal in chamber that catchments, reduces the influence of air to the water sample.
Specifically, as shown in fig. 3, both ends of a single sampling pipe section located at the middle position, such as the second sampling pipe section 12, are provided with threads, and one end is provided with an internal thread 121, and the other end is provided with an external thread 122, the internal thread 121 is used for being connected with the external thread 122 of another sampling pipe section, and the external thread 122 is used for being connected with the internal thread 121 of another sampling pipe section.
In one embodiment, the sampling tube section is preferably a stainless steel piece.
Because the sampling pipe section is inserted into the subsurface flow wetland filter material layer to be sampled, the sampling pipe section made of stainless steel is preferable in order to prevent the sampling pipe section from being corroded and deformed, and the sampling pipe section can be a non-metal pipe, such as a glass pipe or a plastic pipe.
In the present embodiment, as shown in fig. 1 and 2, the bottom end of the sampling tube 1 is tapered, and the top end is provided with an end cap 14.
Specifically, the bottom end of the sampling tube 1 is conical, so that the sampling tube 1 can be easily inserted into wetland matrixes such as soil or filter materials, the soil drilling efficiency of the sampling tube 1 is improved, and the requirements of different depths are met.
Specifically, as shown in fig. 2, in the present embodiment, the end of the sampling pipe segment at the lowest end, i.e. the first sampling pipe segment 11, is tapered to facilitate the insertion of the first sampling pipe segment 11 into wetland substrate such as soil or filter material.
The top end of the sampling tube 1 is provided with an end cover 14, so that the sampling tube 1 can be sealed, and the influence of air on the water sample in the sampling tube 1 is reduced.
Specifically, as shown in fig. 1 and 4, in this embodiment, preferably, the end cap 14 is also connected to the sampling pipe section at the top end, i.e., the third sampling pipe section 13, by threads, and the end cap 14 is provided with internal threads 121 to connect with external threads 122 on the third sampling pipe section 13.
As shown in fig. 1 and 6, in the present embodiment, the communication pipe 17 includes a first communication pipe 171 inserted into the partition plug 16 and a second communication pipe 172 connected to the first communication pipe 171, and the second communication pipe 172 is connected to the sampling pump 2.
Specifically, first communicating pipe 171 can be the pipe of hard materials such as glass pipe or plastic tubing, and second communicating pipe 172 is preferred to have elastic silicone tube, and first communicating pipe 171 passes through second communicating pipe 172 interconnect and draws out sampling tube 1, and sampling pump 2 is connected with second communicating pipe 172, can draw the pore water sample in the different water collecting cavity respectively through portable sampling pump 2 for later use. Of course, the first communication pipe 171 and the second communication pipe 172 may be made of other materials to achieve sealed communication, and this is not limited herein.
As shown in fig. 1, in the present embodiment, a water stop clamp 1721 is provided on the second communication pipe 172.
When not sampling, utilize the afterbody of stagnant water clamp 1721 clip second communicating pipe 172 firmly, can prevent that the air from getting into the chamber that catchments through second communicating pipe 172, polluting the water sample.
In an embodiment, preferably, the separating plug 16 is an elastic plug, a plurality of circular holes 161 are opened on the separating plug 16 for inserting the first communication pipe 171, and a pipe diameter of the first communication pipe 171 is larger than a hole diameter of the circular hole 161.
Specifically, the partition plug 16 may be a rubber plug, the rubber plug is tightly attached to the inner wall of the sampling pipe section to achieve sealing, and the number of the round holes 161 on the rubber plug, that is, the number of the inserted first communication pipes 171, is determined according to the number of the sampling pipe sections. Preferably, the diameter of the first communication pipe 171 inserted into the circular hole 161 is 1-2 mm larger than the diameter of the circular hole 161, so as to ensure that the joint of the first communication pipe 171 and the circular hole 161 can be completely sealed. The first communicating pipe 171 between the adjacent sampling pipe 1 sections is communicated through the second communicating pipe 172.
In one embodiment, the diameter of the water seepage holes 15 is preferably 0.8 times of the minimum grading diameter of the filter material, and the water seepage holes 15 are uniformly spaced along the circumferential direction of the sampling tube 1.
Specifically, the aperture design of infiltration hole 15 is 0.8 times of the minimum gradation grain diameter of filter material, is in order to prevent that the filter material from passing through infiltration hole 15 and getting into in the sampling tube 1, causes the jam or makes the water sample of gathering contain too many filter material granules, influences the collection of water sample. The water seepage holes 15 are uniformly arranged on the pipe wall of the sampling pipe section at intervals, specifically, the water seepage holes 15 are arranged in rows, the distance between each upper row and each lower row can be 4 cm, and each row can be provided with 5 water seepage holes 15, namely, one water seepage hole 15 is arranged at an interval of 72 degrees around the circumferential direction of the sampling pipe section. Of course, different water seepage holes 15 can be arranged according to the water sample collection requirement and different water sample collection environments, and the above is only a preferred embodiment.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. The utility model provides a pore water sampling device for carry out water sample collection in the undercurrent wetland precoat, its characterized in that includes:
the sampling tube is provided with a plurality of water seepage holes on the tube wall, a separation plug is arranged in the sampling tube and used for separating a plurality of water collecting cavities, and a plurality of communicating tubes respectively communicated with the plurality of water collecting cavities are inserted in the separation plug;
and the sampling pump is connected with any communicating pipe and is used for respectively pumping different water samples in the water collecting cavity to the sample bottle.
2. The pore water sampling device of claim 1, wherein said sampling tube comprises a plurality of removably connected sampling tube sections, said dividing plug being disposed between adjacent said sampling tube sections.
3. The pore water sampling device according to claim 2, wherein adjacent sampling tube segments are removably connected by threads.
4. The pore water sampling device according to claim 3, wherein the sampling tube segment is a stainless steel piece.
5. The pore water sampling device of claim 1, wherein the sampling tube is tapered at a bottom end and has an end cap at a top end.
6. The pore water sampling device according to claim 1, wherein the communication pipe comprises a first communication pipe inserted on the partition plug and a second communication pipe connected with the first communication pipe, the second communication pipe being connected with the sampling pump.
7. The pore water sampling device of claim 6, wherein a water stop clip is disposed on the second communicating tube.
8. The pore water sampling device according to claim 6, wherein the separating plug is an elastic plug, a plurality of round holes are formed on the separating plug for inserting the first communication pipe, and the diameter of the first communication pipe is larger than the diameter of the round holes.
9. The pore water sampling device according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the pore diameter of the water seepage holes is 0.8 times of the minimum grading particle diameter of the filter material, and the water seepage holes are uniformly spaced along the circumferential direction of the sampling tube.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202110062629.9A CN112649249A (en) | 2021-01-18 | 2021-01-18 | Pore water sampling device |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202110062629.9A CN112649249A (en) | 2021-01-18 | 2021-01-18 | Pore water sampling device |
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| CN112649249A true CN112649249A (en) | 2021-04-13 |
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| CN202110062629.9A Pending CN112649249A (en) | 2021-01-18 | 2021-01-18 | Pore water sampling device |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113567192A (en) * | 2021-09-22 | 2021-10-29 | 核工业北京地质研究院 | Groundwater sampling and monitoring apparatus and method |
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| CN203350081U (en) * | 2013-07-12 | 2013-12-18 | 中国科学院南京土壤研究所 | Apparatus for sampling water at multiple depths at fixed point |
| CN110672381A (en) * | 2019-11-14 | 2020-01-10 | 河南工程学院 | Multilayer filters soil pore water collection system |
| CN212134173U (en) * | 2020-04-17 | 2020-12-11 | 江苏鹿华检测科技有限公司 | Multi-batch depth-fixing collecting device for water quality detection |
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2021
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| CN201749039U (en) * | 2010-08-13 | 2011-02-16 | 昆明市环境科学研究院 | Interstitial water continuous collecting device |
| CN203350081U (en) * | 2013-07-12 | 2013-12-18 | 中国科学院南京土壤研究所 | Apparatus for sampling water at multiple depths at fixed point |
| CN103398874A (en) * | 2013-08-14 | 2013-11-20 | 中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所 | Automatic water body stratification synchronous sampling device and sampling method |
| CN110672381A (en) * | 2019-11-14 | 2020-01-10 | 河南工程学院 | Multilayer filters soil pore water collection system |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN113567192A (en) * | 2021-09-22 | 2021-10-29 | 核工业北京地质研究院 | Groundwater sampling and monitoring apparatus and method |
| CN113567192B (en) * | 2021-09-22 | 2021-12-21 | 核工业北京地质研究院 | Groundwater sampling and monitoring apparatus and method |
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Application publication date: 20210413 |