CN112630023A - Ferromagnetic metal material axial stress detection method based on thermomagnetic transformation principle - Google Patents
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Abstract
A ferromagnetic metal material axial stress detection method based on a thermomagnetic change principle is used for detecting the uniaxial stress of a ferromagnetic metal test piece under the loading of uniaxial load. The axial stress detection method comprises the following steps; step 1: building a magnetic signal detection experiment system for the ferromagnetic metal material tensile test piece; step 2: magnetic signal detection experiment of the ferromagnetic metal tensile test piece; and step 3: establishing a theoretical relation among the axial stress, the temperature change and the magnetization value of a ferromagnetic metal tensile test piece under a constant axial magnetic field based on a thermomagnetic variation principle; and 4, step 4: and (3) based on the thermomagnetic variation signal detection experiment measurement in the step (2), obtaining the magnetization state of the material by using a Maxwell equation, and evaluating the axial stress of the ferromagnetic metal tensile test piece based on the correlation expression between the magnetization and the stress of the ferromagnetic material established in the step (3). The method is suitable for measuring the axial stress of the ferromagnetic metal material, and has the advantages of simple operation, small data volume and easy realization.
Description
The technical field is as follows:
the invention relates to the field of nondestructive detection of ferromagnetic metal materials, in particular to a stress detection method of ferromagnetic metal materials under the action of uniaxial load based on a thermomagnetic change principle.
Background art:
steel structures such as i-beams, rectangular pipes, steel trusses and the like are widely applied to the fields of mechanical engineering and large civil engineering, and the materials of the steel structures are generally ferromagnetic metals. In the service process, the steel structure is under the action of axial tensile and compressive stress or compressive stress, and some damage is inevitably generated, so that the structural integrity and the safe use of the steel structure are seriously threatened. Periodic in-service nondestructive testing of the axial stress of such ferromagnetic steel structures is required to ensure proper use of the structure. However, interference factors of signals detected by commonly used micro-magnetic detection methods such as metal magnetic memory are complex, and stress detection errors are large.
The invention content is as follows:
in order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a ferromagnetic metal material axial stress detection method based on a thermomagnetic principle, which is suitable for measuring the axial stress of a ferromagnetic metal material.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
the ferromagnetic metal material axial stress detection method based on the thermomagnetic principle comprises the following steps;
step 1: the magnetic signal detection experiment system for the ferromagnetic metal material tensile test piece is built, and specifically comprises the following steps: one end of a magnetic field probe 2 is connected with the magnetic signal detector 1, the other end of the magnetic field probe 2 is fixed on an aluminum connecting rod 4 of a two-dimensional scanning table 3, and the two-dimensional scanning table 3 is connected with a computer 6 through a scanning table controller 5;
step 2: the magnetic signal detection experiment of the ferromagnetic metal tensile test piece comprises the following specific steps:
1) processing and manufacturing a ferromagnetic metal tensile test piece 7;
2) carrying out tensile loading on the ferromagnetic metal tensile test piece 7 processed in the step 1) by using an electronic universal tensile tester, and introducing axial stress;
3) selecting N scanning lines at different transverse positions according to the tensile test piece loaded in the step 2), wherein each measuring line is provided with M measuring points, measuring the magnetic field distribution by using the thermomagnetic variation signal detection system built in the step 1, controlling a two-dimensional scanning platform 3 by a scanning platform controller 5 and a computer 6 to drive a magnetic field probe 2 to scan along the selected scanning line during measurement, and acquiring and recording magnetic field signals in the scanning process of the measuring points by using a thermomagnetic variation signal detector 1, namely measuring the magnetic field distribution signals on the N scanning lines under natural magnetization;
4) heating the tensile test piece to 100 ℃ by using a heating device, repeating the step 3) to complete the magnetic signal detection experiment measurement of the tensile test piece, and obtaining the magnetic field distribution signals on each scanning line after heating;
and step 3: based on the thermomagnetic change principle, the theoretical relationship among the axial stress, the temperature change and the magnetization value of the ferromagnetic metal tensile test piece under the constant axial magnetic field is established, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
1) considering that an isotropic ferromagnetic metal tensile test piece bears an external load action in a constant axial magnetic field, an ideal hysteresis-free magnetization value of the ferromagnetic metal tensile test piece can be expressed as follows under a force-magnetic effect equilibrium state:
wherein M is the magnetization of the material, HtotalIs the effective field of the material under the combined action of the magnetic field and the external load;
is the temperature dependent saturation magnetization of the material;
2) according to the Langmuir theory, the magnetization and the effective field H are obtainedtotalThe relationship of (1) is:
wherein a is a magnetization model parameter with a unit of a/m, when the ferromagnetic material is subjected to the action of an external environmental magnetic field, due to the magnetic coupling effect, the magnetization state of the material will change under the combined action of the external magnetic field, the elastic stress, the temperature field, and the like, and the total effective field can be expressed as:
Htotal＝HH+Hσ+HT (3)
wherein HH，HσAnd HTRespectively representing equivalent fields related to an external magnetic field, elastic stress, a temperature field and the like;
the effective field under the action of the applied magnetic field can be expressed as:
HH＝H+αM
(4)
wherein α is a material parameter characterizing the interaction between the magnetic domains;
the magnetoelastic effective field can be expressed as the differential of the magnetoelastic energy density function with respect to the magnetization;
wherein, mu0For vacuum permeability, σ is stress, λsIn order to have a saturated magnetostriction coefficient,
saturated wall-shift magnetization;
temperature induced thermal deformation also affects the magnetization, and its corresponding effective field can be expressed as:
wherein beta is a thermal expansion coefficient, delta T is a temperature change,
is the saturation magnetization;
3) for weak magnetic detection, because of no excitation device, the magnetization degree of the material is low, when M is less than 0.2MsUsing a linear relationship instead of equation (2)
The above formula is used for solving, and the analytical expression of the material magnetization value can be obtained as
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
T0the temperature value is a Kalvin temperature value taking room temperature as reference, and gamma represents the exponential rate of change of the magnetic parameter with the temperature;
and 4, step 4: based on the detection experiment measurement of the thermomagnetic variation signal in the step 3) and the step 4) of the step 2, the magnetization state of the material is obtained by using a Maxwell equation, and the axial stress of the ferromagnetic metal tensile test piece is evaluated based on the correlation expression (8) between the magnetization and the stress of the ferromagnetic material established in the step 3).
In the step 1, the magnetic field probe 2 is a Hall element.
N in the N scanning lines in the step 3) of the step 2 is 3, M in the M measuring points is 51, the measuring interval is 2mm, and the distance between the measuring lines is 100 mm.
The magnetization value formula (8) of the ferromagnetic metal tensile test piece 7 considers the force magnetic coupling effect under the combined action of an external magnetic field, elastic stress, a temperature field and the like.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1) the method utilizes a magnetic signal detection experiment to measure the magnetic field distribution signals and the difference of the ferromagnetic metal material before and after heating, obtains the axial stress of the piece to be tested based on the quantitative evaluation of the thermomagnetic variation principle, has the advantages of simple principle, convenient and easy operation, small data volume and the like, and can be widely used for the online measurement of the axial stress of the ferromagnetic metal material.
2) The invention considers the force magnetic coupling effect, accurately obtains the magnetization value expression of the ferromagnetic metal material under constant axial external load and isothermal environment by theoretical analysis, evaluates the axial stress of the material on line by using an experimental signal, has wide applicability and high precision, and simultaneously ensures the accuracy of a measuring result.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the detection of axial stress of ferromagnetic metal material according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a system for detecting a thermomagnetic signal.
Fig. 3 shows the fabricated ferromagnetic metal tensile test piece.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 1, a ferromagnetic metal material axial stress detection flow chart of the present invention is obtained by firstly making a ferromagnetic metal material tensile test piece 7, performing experimental measurement by using a self-built thermal magnetic variation signal detection system to obtain magnetic field distribution of the tensile test piece at a measurement point, then heating the tensile test piece to 100 ℃, measuring the magnetic field distribution of the tensile test piece, secondly, deriving a magnetization value expression of the ferromagnetic metal material under constant axial external load and isothermal environment based on a thermal magnetic variation principle to obtain a relationship between a temperature gradient, a magnetic field signal and axial stress, and finally, quantitatively evaluating the axial stress distribution of the ferromagnetic tensile test piece by using magnetic field distribution information obtained by the experimental measurement.
The method of the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to fig. 2 to 3.
Step 1: independently set up ferromagnetic metal material tensile test piece magnetic signal detection experimental system, as shown in fig. 2, specifically do: one end of a magnetic field probe 2 for measuring a magnetic field is connected with a magnetic signal detector 1, the other end of the magnetic field probe 2 is fixed on an aluminum connecting rod 4 of a two-dimensional scanning table 3, the two-dimensional scanning table 3 is connected with a scanning table controller 5, the other end of the scanning table controller 5 is connected with a computer 6, the two-dimensional scanning table 3 of the computer 6 drives the magnetic field probe 2 to scan, the magnetic signal detector is used for collecting and recording magnetic field signals obtained by measurement,
step 2: the magnetic signal detection experiment of the ferromagnetic metal tensile test piece comprises the following specific steps:
1) processing and manufacturing a ferromagnetic metal tensile test piece 7, wherein the tensile test piece is dumbbell-shaped as shown in fig. 3, the length of the middle parallel section is 100mm, the width of the middle parallel section is 30mm, the length of the clamping sections at the two ends is 50mm, and the width of the clamping sections at the two ends is 45 mm;
2) carrying out a tensile loading test on the ferromagnetic metal tensile test piece 7 processed in the step 1) by using an electronic universal tensile testing machine, and introducing axial stress;
3) selecting three scanning lines a, b and c at different transverse positions according to the tensile test piece loaded in the step 2), wherein each measuring line has 51 measuring points, the measuring interval is 2mm, and the distance between the measuring lines is 100 mm. The thermomagnetic change signal detection system built in the step 1 is utilized to measure the magnetic field distribution, the two-dimensional scanning table 3, the controller 5 and the computer 6 control the system to scan along a scanning line during measurement, the scanning step length is 2mm, and the magnetic signal detector 1 is utilized to collect and record magnetic field signals in the scanning process of a measurement point, namely the magnetic field distribution on each scanning line under natural magnetization can be measured;
4) heating the tensile test piece to 100 ℃ by using a heating device, repeating the step 3) to finish the magnetic signal detection experiment measurement of the heated tensile test piece, and obtaining magnetic field distribution signals on each scanning line;
and step 3: based on the thermomagnetic change principle, the theoretical relationship among the axial stress, the temperature change and the magnetization value of the ferromagnetic metal tensile test piece under the constant axial magnetic field is established, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
1) considering that an isotropic ferromagnetic metal tensile test piece bears an external load action in a constant axial magnetic field, an ideal hysteresis-free magnetization value of the ferromagnetic metal tensile test piece can be expressed as follows under a force-magnetic effect equilibrium state:
wherein M is the magnetization of the material, HtotalIs the effective field of the material under the combined action of the magnetic field and the external load;
is the temperature dependent saturation magnetization of the material;
2) according to the Langmuir theory, the magnetization and the effective field H are obtainedtotalIn a relationship of
Wherein a is a magnetization model parameter with a unit of a/m, when the ferromagnetic material is subjected to the action of an external environmental magnetic field, due to the magnetic coupling effect, the magnetization state of the material will change under the combined action of the external magnetic field, the elastic stress, the temperature field, and the like, and the total effective field can be expressed as:
Htotal＝HH+Hσ+HT (3)
wherein HH，HσAnd HTRespectively representing equivalent fields related to an external magnetic field, elastic stress, a temperature field and the like;
the effective field under the action of the applied magnetic field can be expressed as:
HH＝H+αM
(4)
wherein α is a material parameter characterizing the interaction between the magnetic domains;
the magnetoelastic effective field can be expressed as the differential of the magnetoelastic energy density function with respect to the magnetization
Wherein, mu0For vacuum permeability, σ is stress, λsIn order to have a saturated magnetostriction coefficient,
saturated wall-shift magnetization;
temperature induced thermal deformation also affects the magnetization, and its corresponding effective field can be expressed as:
wherein beta is a thermal expansion coefficient, delta T is a temperature change,
is the saturation magnetization;
3) for weak magnetic detection, because of no excitation device, the magnetization degree of the material is low, when M is less than 0.2MsUsing a linear relationship instead of equation (2)
The above formula is used for solving, and the analytical expression of the material magnetization value can be obtained as
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
T0the temperature value is a Kalvin temperature value taking room temperature as reference, and gamma represents the exponential rate of change of the magnetic parameter with the temperature;
and 4, step 4: based on the metal magnetic signal detection experiment measurement in the step 3) and the step 4) of the step 2, the magnetization state of the material is obtained by using a Maxwell equation, and the axial stress of the ferromagnetic metal tensile test piece is evaluated based on the correlation expression (8) between the magnetization and the stress of the ferromagnetic material established in the step 3).
It should be noted that: in the actual process, the steps 3) to 4) in the step 2 can be repeated for a plurality of times, and the average value is obtained to be used as the magnetic field distribution measurement result, so that the detection precision of the axial stress is improved.
Claims (7)
1. A ferromagnetic metal material axial stress detection method based on a thermomagnetic principle is characterized by comprising the following steps;
step 1: building a magnetic signal detection experiment system for the ferromagnetic metal material tensile test piece;
step 2: magnetic signal detection experiment of the ferromagnetic metal tensile test piece;
and step 3: establishing a theoretical relation among the axial stress, the temperature change and the magnetization value of a ferromagnetic metal tensile test piece under a constant axial magnetic field based on a thermomagnetic variation principle;
and 4, step 4: and (3) based on the thermomagnetic variation signal detection experiment measurement in the step (2), obtaining the magnetization state of the material by using a Maxwell equation, and evaluating the axial stress of the ferromagnetic metal tensile test piece based on the correlation expression between the magnetization and the stress of the ferromagnetic material established in the step (3).
2. The method for detecting the axial stress of the ferromagnetic metal material based on the thermomagnetic principle according to claim 1, wherein the step 1 specifically comprises: one end of the magnetic field probe (2) is connected with the magnetic signal detector (1), the other end of the magnetic field probe (2) is fixed on an aluminum connecting rod (4) of the two-dimensional scanning table (3), and the two-dimensional scanning table (3) is connected with the computer (6) through a scanning table controller (5).
3. A method for detecting axial stress of ferromagnetic metal material based on thermomagnetic transformation as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step 2 comprises the following steps:
1) processing and manufacturing a ferromagnetic metal tensile test piece (7);
2) carrying out tensile loading on the ferromagnetic metal tensile test piece (7) processed in the step 1) by using an electronic universal tensile tester, and introducing axial stress;
3) selecting N scanning lines at different transverse positions according to the tensile test piece loaded in the step 2), wherein each measuring line is provided with M measuring points, measuring the magnetic field distribution by using the thermomagnetic signal detection system built in the step 1, controlling a two-dimensional scanning platform (3) by a scanning platform controller (5) and a computer (6) to drive a magnetic field probe (2) to scan along the selected scanning line during measurement, and acquiring and recording magnetic field signals in the scanning process of the measuring points by using a magnetic signal detector (1), namely measuring the magnetic field distribution signals on the N scanning lines under natural magnetization;
4) heating the tensile test piece to 100 ℃ by using a heating device, repeating the step 3) to complete the magnetic signal detection experiment measurement of the tensile test piece, and obtaining the magnetic field distribution signals on each scanning line after heating.
4. A method for detecting axial stress of ferromagnetic metal material based on thermomagnetic transformation as claimed in claim 1, wherein the specific steps in step 3 are as follows:
1) considering that an isotropic ferromagnetic metal tensile test piece bears an external load action in a constant axial magnetic field, an ideal hysteresis-free magnetization value of the ferromagnetic metal tensile test piece can be expressed as follows under a force-magnetic effect equilibrium state:
wherein M is the magnetization of the material, HtotalIs the effective field of the material under the combined action of the magnetic field and the external load;
is the temperature dependent saturation magnetization of the material;
2) according to the Langmuir theory, the magnetization and the effective field H are obtainedtotalThe relationship of (1) is:
wherein a is a magnetization model parameter with a unit of a/m, when the ferromagnetic material is subjected to the action of an external environmental magnetic field, due to the magnetic coupling effect, the magnetization state of the material will change under the combined action of the external magnetic field, the elastic stress, the temperature field, and the like, and the total effective field can be expressed as:
Htotal＝HH+Hσ+HT
(3)
wherein HH，HσAnd HTRespectively representing equivalent fields related to an external magnetic field, elastic stress, a temperature field and the like;
the effective field under the action of the applied magnetic field can be expressed as:
HH＝H+αM
(4)
wherein α is a material parameter characterizing the interaction between the magnetic domains;
the magnetoelastic effective field can be expressed as the differential of the magnetoelastic energy density function with respect to the magnetization;
wherein, mu0For vacuum permeability, σ is stress, λsIn order to have a saturated magnetostriction coefficient,
saturated wall-shift magnetization;
temperature induced thermal deformation also affects the magnetization, and its corresponding effective field can be expressed as:
wherein beta is a thermal expansion coefficient, delta T is a temperature change,
is the saturation magnetization;
3) for weak magnetic detection problem, because there is no excitationThe device has low material magnetization degree, and when M is less than 0.2MsUsing a linear relationship instead of equation (2)
By solving the formula, the analytic expression of the magnetization value of the material can be obtained as follows:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
T0the Carlsvin temperature value, referenced to room temperature, γ represents the exponential rate of change of the magnetic parameter with temperature.
5. The method for detecting the axial stress of the ferromagnetic metal material based on the thermomagnetic transformation principle according to claim 1, wherein the magnetic field probe (2) in the step 1 is a hall element.
6. A method for detecting axial stress of ferromagnetic metal material based on thermomagnetic principle according to claim 1, wherein N of N scanning lines in step 3) of step 2 is 3, M of M measuring points is 51, measuring interval is 2mm, and distance between measuring lines is 100 mm.
7. The method for detecting the axial stress of the ferromagnetic metal material based on the thermomagnetic transformation principle according to claim 1, wherein the formula of the magnetization value of the ferromagnetic metal tensile test piece (7) takes the force magnetic coupling effect under the combined action of an external magnetic field, an elastic stress, a temperature field and the like into consideration.
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Cited By (2)
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| CN114740081A (en) * | 2022-04-05 | 2022-07-12 | 北京工业大学 | Micro-magnetic detection method for stress distribution along depth |
| CN115655550A (en) * | 2022-10-28 | 2023-01-31 | 思特尔智能检测系统(苏州)有限公司 | Sensor layout method for testing stress state of iron-based plate |
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| CN115655550A (en) * | 2022-10-28 | 2023-01-31 | 思特尔智能检测系统(苏州)有限公司 | Sensor layout method for testing stress state of iron-based plate |
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