CN112614621B - Superconducting cable refrigerating system - Google Patents
Superconducting cable refrigerating system Download PDFInfo
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- CN112614621B CN112614621B CN202011431493.6A CN202011431493A CN112614621B CN 112614621 B CN112614621 B CN 112614621B CN 202011431493 A CN202011431493 A CN 202011431493A CN 112614621 B CN112614621 B CN 112614621B
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B12/00—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines
- H01B12/16—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines characterised by cooling
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
- Y02E40/60—Superconducting electric elements or equipment; Power systems integrating superconducting elements or equipment
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Abstract
The invention provides a superconducting cable refrigerating system which comprises a measurement and control module, a refrigerating main module, a liquid nitrogen circulating pipeline, a refrigerating standby module and a sensing module, wherein the measuring and control module is connected with the liquid nitrogen circulating pipeline; the sensing module detects the running state parameter of the main refrigerating module in real time, the measurement and control module responds to the received running state parameter of the main refrigerating module sent by the sensing module, judges whether the main refrigerating module fails, if so, sends an instruction to control the main refrigerating module to stop and control the standby refrigerating module to start, and when a refrigerating unit fails, the superconducting cable does not need to be cut off immediately, so that the power supply reliability of grid-connected running of the superconducting cable system is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of superconducting cables, in particular to a superconducting cable refrigerating system for a superconducting cable.
Background
The superconducting cable refrigerating system is an important component of the superconducting cable system, and the normal operation of the superconducting cable refrigerating system is a necessary condition for the grid-connected operation of the superconducting cable system, and in order to ensure the temperature uniformity of the cable, liquid nitrogen is generally adopted as a refrigerant to continuously cool the cable. The inventor of the invention finds that the existing superconducting cable refrigerating system at least has the following technical problems:
(1) when the refrigerator fails, the superconducting cable must be cut off;
(2) the problem that liquid nitrogen evaporates into nitrogen in the circulating liquid nitrogen heat exchange process is not considered;
(3) the circulating liquid nitrogen flowing back from the superconducting cable has insufficient heat exchange in the refrigeration system and poor refrigeration effect;
(4) the liquid nitrogen Dewar and the liquid nitrogen circulating pipeline cannot be timely supplemented when the liquid nitrogen amount is low;
the technical problems can influence the safe, reliable and stable operation of the superconducting cable.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a superconducting cable refrigerating system which is applied to a superconducting cable system to improve the power supply reliability of grid-connected operation of the superconducting cable system.
Therefore, the embodiment of the invention provides a superconducting cable refrigerating system which is applied to cooling of a superconducting cable and comprises a measurement and control module, a refrigerating main module, a liquid nitrogen circulating pipeline, a refrigerating standby module and a sensing module;
the liquid nitrogen circulating pipeline comprises a liquid nitrogen outlet and a liquid nitrogen inlet, the liquid nitrogen outlet is used for being communicated with the inlet of the liquid nitrogen channel of the superconducting cable, the liquid nitrogen inlet is used for being communicated with the outlet of the liquid nitrogen channel of the superconducting cable, and cooling liquid nitrogen circularly flows in the liquid nitrogen circulating pipeline;
the refrigerating main module is used for cooling the cooling liquid nitrogen circularly flowing in the liquid nitrogen circulating pipeline in a first refrigerating mode;
the sensing module is at least used for detecting the state information of the main refrigerating module in real time and sending the state information of the main refrigerating module to the measurement and control module;
and the measurement and control module is at least used for receiving the state information of the main cooling module, judging whether the main cooling module fails according to the state information of the main cooling module, controlling the main cooling module to stop working when the main cooling module fails, and controlling the standby cooling module to cool the cooling liquid nitrogen circulating in the liquid nitrogen circulating pipeline in a second cooling mode.
Optionally, the main refrigeration module comprises a refrigeration unit, a supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar and a circulating liquid nitrogen heat exchanger; the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar is internally provided with supercooled liquid nitrogen, and the circulating liquid nitrogen heat exchanger is arranged in the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar; the refrigerating unit is arranged above the supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar; the refrigerating unit is used for refrigerating the supercooled liquid nitrogen in the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar and maintaining the supercooled liquid nitrogen in the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar in a target temperature range.
Optionally, the main refrigeration module further comprises a nitrogen reliquefier, and the nitrogen reliquefier is arranged above the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar and is communicated with the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar; the refrigerating unit is arranged above the nitrogen reliquefier;
the partial supercooled liquid nitrogen in the supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar is evaporated into the nitrogen reliquefier after heat exchange; the refrigerating unit is used for condensing the gas entering the nitrogen reliquefactor to obtain cooling liquid nitrogen, and the cooling liquid nitrogen obtained by condensation flows back to the supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar under the action of gravity.
Optionally, a first through hole and a second through hole are formed in the top of the supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar, the first through hole is far away from the circulating liquid nitrogen heat exchanger, and the second through hole is close to the circulating liquid nitrogen heat exchanger; the bottom of the nitrogen reliquefactor is provided with a liquid nitrogen backflow through hole, and the right side wall is provided with a nitrogen inlet hole; the liquid nitrogen backflow through hole is communicated with the first through hole, and is correspondingly arranged from top to bottom with the first through hole; the nitrogen inlet hole is communicated with the second through hole through a pipeline.
Optionally, the refrigeration standby module comprises a vacuum pump, a buffer tank, a regulating valve and a first air bath vaporizer; one end of the vacuum pump, the buffer tank, the regulating valve and one end of the first air bath vaporizer are sequentially connected through a pipeline; a third through hole is formed in the side wall of the supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar; the other end of the first air bath vaporizer is communicated with the third through hole through a pipeline;
the vacuum pump is used for providing evacuating power to pump away nitrogen in the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar, reducing the pressure in the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar and maintaining supercooled liquid nitrogen in the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar in a target temperature range; the buffer tank is used for buffering gas in the nitrogen pumping process, the regulating valve is used for regulating the gas flow in the pipeline, and the buffer tank and the regulating valve play a role in stabilizing the pumping pressure within a target range; the air bath vaporizer is used to heat the cryogenic nitrogen to room temperature.
Optionally, the liquid nitrogen circulation pipeline comprises a first pipeline, a second pipeline, a third pipeline and a fourth pipeline; the circulating liquid nitrogen heat exchanger comprises a first heat exchanger and a second heat exchanger;
one end of the first pipeline is arranged as the liquid nitrogen inlet, and the other end of the first pipeline is connected with one end of the first heat exchanger so as to send the reflux liquid nitrogen at the outlet of the liquid nitrogen channel of the superconducting cable to the first heat exchanger for carrying out first heat exchange cooling of the reflux liquid nitrogen;
one end of the second pipeline is used for being connected with the other end of the first heat exchanger so as to receive the backflow liquid nitrogen subjected to the first heat exchange and cooling by the first heat exchanger, and the other end of the second pipeline is connected with one end of a liquid nitrogen pump;
one end of a third pipeline is connected with the other end of the liquid nitrogen pump, and the other end of the third pipeline is connected with one end of a second heat exchanger so as to send the reflux liquid nitrogen subjected to the first heat exchange cooling by the first heat exchanger to the second heat exchanger for the second heat exchange cooling of the reflux liquid nitrogen;
one end of the fourth pipeline is arranged as the liquid nitrogen outlet, and the other end of the fourth pipeline is connected with the other end of the second heat exchanger so as to receive the reflux liquid nitrogen subjected to the second heat exchange and cooling by the second heat exchanger and output the reflux liquid nitrogen to the inlet of the liquid nitrogen channel of the superconducting cable.
Optionally, the number of the liquid nitrogen pumps is 2, and the first liquid nitrogen pump and the second liquid nitrogen pump are respectively used; the liquid nitrogen circulating pipeline structure further comprises a fifth pipeline, a first three-way valve, a second three-way valve, a third three-way valve and a throttle valve;
the other end of the second pipeline is connected with the first end of the first three-way valve;
the second end of the first three-way valve is connected with one end of the first liquid nitrogen pump, and the other end of the first liquid nitrogen pump is connected with one end of a third pipeline;
the third end of the first three-way valve is connected with one end of the second liquid nitrogen pump, and the other end of the second liquid nitrogen pump is connected with one end of a third pipeline;
the second end of the first three-way valve is connected with one end of the first liquid nitrogen pump through a first stop valve, and the other end of the first liquid nitrogen pump is connected with the first end of the second three-way valve through a second stop valve;
the third end of the first three-way valve is connected with one end of the second liquid nitrogen pump through a second stop valve, and the other end of the second liquid nitrogen pump is connected with the third end of the second three-way valve through a fourth stop valve;
the first end of the third three-way valve is connected with the second end of the second three-way valve, the second end of the third three-way valve is connected with one end of the third pipeline, the third end of the third three-way valve is connected with one end of the fifth pipeline through the throttle valve, and the other end of the fifth pipeline is led into the supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar.
Optionally, a fifth stop valve and a first exhaust valve are arranged on the first pipeline, a second exhaust valve and a first safety valve are arranged on the second pipeline, a third exhaust valve and a second safety valve are arranged on the third pipeline, and a sixth stop valve, a fourth exhaust valve and a bypass valve are arranged on the fourth pipeline; a fifth exhaust valve and a third safety valve are arranged on the buffer tank; and a sixth exhaust valve and a fourth safety valve are arranged at the inlet pipeline of the first air bath vaporizer.
Optionally, the superconducting cable refrigeration system further comprises a liquid nitrogen supplementing device; the liquid nitrogen supplementing device comprises a liquid nitrogen storage tank and a second air bath type vaporizer, wherein a seventh exhaust valve, a fifth safety valve, a liquid injection valve and a one-way valve are arranged on the liquid nitrogen storage tank, and supercooled liquid nitrogen is stored in the liquid nitrogen storage tank; the top of one side wall of the liquid nitrogen storage tank is provided with a first opening, the bottom of the liquid nitrogen storage tank is provided with a second opening, and the middle of the other side wall of the liquid nitrogen storage tank is provided with a third opening;
the output end of the second air bath vaporizer is communicated with the first opening through a pipeline, and the input end of the second air bath vaporizer is communicated with the second opening through a pipeline and a seventh stop valve; the third opening is connected with the third pipeline through a pipeline and an infusion valve;
the measurement and control device is specifically used for controlling the second air bath vaporizer to heat the liquid nitrogen entering the second air bath vaporizer from the second opening hole into nitrogen, and sending the nitrogen into the liquid nitrogen storage tank through the first opening hole so as to utilize the pressure of the nitrogen as liquid conveying power.
Optionally, the sensor module includes a temperature sensor, a level gauge and a first pressure sensor disposed in the subcooled liquid nitrogen dewar and a flow meter disposed on the fourth pipe;
the temperature sensor is used for detecting liquid nitrogen temperature parameters in the supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar in real time; the liquid level meter is used for detecting liquid nitrogen liquid level parameters in the supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar in real time; the first pressure sensor is used for detecting liquid nitrogen pressure parameters in the supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar in real time; the liquid nitrogen state parameters in the supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar comprise the liquid nitrogen temperature parameter, the liquid nitrogen liquid level parameter and the liquid nitrogen pressure parameter; the flowmeter is used for detecting the liquid nitrogen flow signal on the fourth pipeline in real time and sending the liquid nitrogen flow signal to the measurement and control device;
the measurement and control module is used for judging whether the refrigerating unit is in fault or not according to a comparison result of the liquid nitrogen temperature parameter and a preset temperature threshold value, a comparison result of the liquid nitrogen liquid level parameter and a preset liquid level threshold value and a comparison result of the liquid nitrogen pressure parameter and a preset pressure threshold value;
the measurement and control device is used for judging whether the liquid nitrogen flow in the cooling circulation pipeline is low or not according to the liquid nitrogen flow signal, if so, the seventh stop valve and the infusion valve are controlled to be switched to corresponding position states, the second air bath vaporizer is started to provide liquid feeding power, and supercooled liquid nitrogen in the liquid nitrogen storage tank is fed into the cooling circulation pipeline for liquid nitrogen supplementation;
the measurement and control device is used for judging whether the liquid nitrogen liquid level in the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar is low or not according to the liquid nitrogen liquid level signal, if so, the throttle valve, the seventh stop valve and the infusion valve are controlled to be switched to corresponding position states, the second air bath type vaporizer is started to provide liquid feeding power, supercooled liquid nitrogen in the liquid nitrogen storage tank is sent to the cooling circulation pipeline, and the supplemented supercooled liquid nitrogen finally enters the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar through the throttle valve and the fifth pipeline to supplement liquid nitrogen.
The embodiment of the invention has at least the following advantages:
the superconducting cable refrigerating system comprises a measurement and control module, a refrigerating main module, a liquid nitrogen circulating pipeline, a refrigerating standby module and a sensing module; the sensing module detects the running state parameter of the main refrigerating module in real time, the measurement and control module responds to the received running state parameter of the main refrigerating module sent by the sensing module, judges whether the main refrigerating module fails, if so, sends an instruction to control the main refrigerating module to stop and control the standby refrigerating module to start, and when a refrigerating unit fails, the superconducting cable does not need to be cut off immediately, so that the power supply reliability of grid-connected running of the superconducting cable system is improved.
Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the detailed description which follows.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings that are required in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly described, it being obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the invention, and that other drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a main structure of a superconducting cable refrigeration system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a specific structure of a superconducting cable refrigeration system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a specific structure of a main cooling module according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a refrigeration standby module according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of a specific structure of a liquid nitrogen circulation pipeline in an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of a specific structure of a liquid nitrogen supplementing device in an embodiment of the invention.
The marks in the figure:
1-a measurement and control module;
the system comprises a main 2-refrigerating module, a 21-refrigerating unit, a 22-supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar, a 23-nitrogen reliquefier, a 24-first heat exchanger and a 25-second heat exchanger;
3-refrigerating standby module, 31-vacuum pump, 32-buffer tank, 33-regulating valve and 34-first air bath vaporizer;
4-liquid nitrogen circulating pipeline, 41-liquid nitrogen inlet, 42-liquid nitrogen outlet, 43-first liquid nitrogen pump, 44-second liquid nitrogen pump;
5-sensing module, 51-liquid level meter;
61-first pipe, 62-second pipe, 63-third pipe, 64-fourth pipe, 65-fifth pipe;
71-first stop valve, 72-second stop valve, 73-third stop valve, 74-fourth stop valve, 75-fifth stop valve, 76-sixth stop valve, 77-seventh stop valve, 78-eighth stop valve;
81-first exhaust valve, 82-second exhaust valve, 83-third exhaust valve, 84-fourth exhaust valve, 85-fifth exhaust valve, 86-sixth exhaust valve, 87-seventh exhaust valve;
91-a first three-way valve, 92-a second three-way valve, 93-a third three-way valve;
101-a first safety valve, 102-a second safety valve, 103-a third safety valve, 104-a fourth safety valve, 105-a fifth safety valve;
11-liquid nitrogen supplementing device, 111-liquid nitrogen storage tank, 112-second air bath vaporizer;
121-throttle valve, 122-filling valve, 123-check valve, 124-infusion valve, 125-bypass valve.
Detailed Description
Various exemplary embodiments, features and aspects of the disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the drawings. In the drawings, like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. Although various aspects of the embodiments are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale unless specifically indicated.
In addition, numerous specific details are set forth in the following examples in order to provide a better illustration of the invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without some of these specific details. In some instances, well known means have not been described in detail in order to not obscure the present invention.
Referring to fig. 1-2, an embodiment of the present invention provides a superconducting cable refrigeration system, which is applied to cooling a superconducting cable, and includes a measurement and control module 1, a refrigeration main module 2, a liquid nitrogen circulation pipeline 4, a refrigeration standby module 3, and a sensing module 5; in fig. 2, for simplifying the structure, a simplified structure of the pipe is shown in fig. 2, and a part of the pipe is shown by a straight line.
Wherein the liquid nitrogen circulation pipe 4 comprises a liquid nitrogen outlet 42 and a liquid nitrogen inlet 41, the liquid nitrogen outlet 42 is used for communicating with an inlet of a liquid nitrogen channel of the superconducting cable, the liquid nitrogen inlet 41 is used for communicating with an outlet of the liquid nitrogen channel of the superconducting cable, and cooling liquid nitrogen circularly flows in the liquid nitrogen circulation pipe 4; it is to be understood that the present embodiment can be applied to various types of superconducting cables; the superconducting cables of any type are provided with liquid nitrogen channels, the cooled liquid nitrogen of the liquid nitrogen cooling circulation system flows out through the liquid nitrogen outlet 42 and is sent to the liquid nitrogen channel inlet of the superconducting cable, and the liquid nitrogen flowing through the liquid nitrogen channels of the superconducting cable needs to flow back to the refrigeration system for cooling again, namely flows out from the liquid nitrogen channel outlet of the superconducting cable and then flows back to the liquid nitrogen inlet 41 through a pipeline.
The main refrigerating module 2 is configured to cool the cooling liquid nitrogen circulating in the liquid nitrogen circulating pipeline 4 by adopting a first refrigerating mode;
the sensing module 5 is at least configured to detect status information of the main cooling module 2 in real time, and send the status information of the main cooling module 2 to the measurement and control module 1;
the measurement and control module 1 is at least configured to receive status information of the main cooling module 2, determine whether the main cooling module 2 fails according to the status information of the main cooling module 2, and control the main cooling module 2 to stop working and control the backup cooling module 3 to cool the cooling liquid nitrogen circulating in the liquid nitrogen circulating pipeline 4 in a second cooling mode when the main cooling module 2 fails.
In the system of the embodiment, the sensing module 5 detects the operation state parameter of the main cooling module 2 in real time, the measurement and control module 1 determines whether the main cooling module 2 fails in response to receiving the operation state parameter of the main cooling module 2 sent by the sensing module 5, if so, the measurement and control module 1 sends an instruction to control the main cooling module 2 to stop and control the standby cooling module 3 to start, and when the refrigerating unit 21 fails, the superconducting cable does not need to be cut off immediately, so that the power supply reliability of the grid-connected operation of the superconducting cable system is improved. Wherein, the cutting of the superconducting cable means that the protection device acts to break the circuit breaker.
Illustratively, referring to fig. 3, the main refrigeration module 2 includes a refrigeration unit 21, a supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar 22, and a circulating liquid nitrogen heat exchanger; the supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar 22 is stored with supercooled liquid nitrogen, and the circulating liquid nitrogen heat exchanger is arranged in the supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar 22; the refrigerating unit 21 is arranged above the supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar 22; the refrigerating unit 21 is used for refrigerating the supercooled liquid nitrogen in the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar 22, and maintaining the supercooled liquid nitrogen in the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar 22 in a target temperature range.
Preferably, the refrigeration unit 21 is composed of 12 AL600 refrigeration units 211.
Specifically, the main refrigeration module 2 further includes a nitrogen reliquefier 23, where the nitrogen reliquefier 23 is disposed above the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar 22 and is in communication with the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar 22; the refrigerating unit 21 is arranged above the nitrogen reliquefier 23; specifically, the nitrogen reliquefier 23 is a housing, and a housing cavity is provided in the housing;
wherein, part of the supercooled liquid nitrogen in the supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar 22 is evaporated into the nitrogen reliquefier 23 after heat exchange; the refrigerating unit 21 is used for condensing the gas entering the nitrogen reliquefier 23 to obtain cooling liquid nitrogen, and the cooling liquid nitrogen obtained by condensation flows back into the supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar 22 under the action of gravity.
Specifically, the refrigeration unit 21 is disposed above the nitrogen reliquefier 23; the cool air of the refrigerating unit 21 is input into the accommodating cavity of the nitrogen reliquefier 23, and since the nitrogen reliquefier 23 is communicated with the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar 22, the cool air can be re-introduced into the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar 22 through the nitrogen reliquefier 23 to cool the liquid nitrogen in the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar 22, so as to maintain the liquid nitrogen in the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar 22 in a target temperature range.
Illustratively, the top of the subcooled liquid nitrogen dewar 22 is provided with a first through hole and a second through hole, the first through hole being disposed away from the circulating liquid nitrogen heat exchanger, the second through hole being disposed close to the circulating liquid nitrogen heat exchanger so that nitrogen enters the cavity of the nitrogen re-liquefier 23 through the second through hole; the bottom of the nitrogen reliquefier 23 is provided with a liquid nitrogen reflux through hole so that condensed liquid nitrogen flows into the supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar 22 under the action of gravity, and the right side wall is provided with a nitrogen inlet hole; the liquid nitrogen backflow through holes are communicated with the first through holes, and are correspondingly arranged up and down with the first through holes; the nitrogen inlet hole is communicated with the second through hole through a pipeline.
Preferably, the liquid nitrogen backflow through hole and the first through hole are both circular holes, and the apertures of the liquid nitrogen backflow through hole and the first through hole are the same; the nitrogen inlet hole and the second through hole are circular holes, and the apertures of the nitrogen inlet hole and the second through hole are the same; the aperture of the second through hole is smaller than that of the first through hole.
It should be noted that, in this embodiment, the problem of liquid nitrogen heat exchange and evaporation occurring in the liquid nitrogen circulation heat exchange process is considered, and the nitrogen reliquefier 23 is designed to condense and liquefy the evaporated nitrogen, and the condensed and liquefied liquid nitrogen returns to the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar 22 for recycling, so that the refrigeration effect of the refrigeration device is improved, the cable temperature can be ensured to be uniform, and the power supply reliability of the grid-connected operation of the superconducting cable system is improved. Illustratively, referring to fig. 4, the refrigeration backup module 3 includes a vacuum pump 31, a buffer tank 32, a regulating valve 33, and a first air-bath vaporizer 34; one end of the vacuum pump 31, the buffer tank 32, the regulating valve 33 and one end of the first air bath vaporizer 34 are sequentially connected through pipelines; a third through hole is formed in the side wall of the supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar 22; the other end of the first air bath vaporizer 34 is communicated with the third through hole through a pipeline;
wherein the vacuum pump 31 is used for providing evacuating power to pump out nitrogen in the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar 22, reducing the pressure in the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar 22, and maintaining supercooled liquid nitrogen in the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar 22 in a target temperature range; the nitrogen enters the buffer tank 32 to buffer the gas in the process of pumping the nitrogen, and the regulating valve 33 is used for the gas flow in the pipeline, so that the buffer tank 32 and the regulating valve 33 together play a role in stabilizing the pumping pressure within a target range; the air bath vaporizer is used to heat the cryogenic nitrogen to room temperature. Because the low temperature environment may damage the vacuum pump 31, the low temperature nitrogen gas is heated to room temperature and then introduced into the vacuum pump 31, it is understood that the nitrogen gas is discharged from the other end of the vacuum pump 31.
Illustratively, referring to FIG. 5, the liquid nitrogen circulation line 4 includes a first line 61, a second line 62, a third line 63, and a fourth line 64; the circulating liquid nitrogen heat exchanger comprises a first heat exchanger 24 and a second heat exchanger 25;
wherein one end of the first pipeline 61 is set as the liquid nitrogen inlet 41, namely an inlet of the reflux liquid nitrogen flowing back from the superconducting cable, and the other end is used for connecting one end of the first heat exchanger 24 so as to send the reflux liquid nitrogen at the outlet of the liquid nitrogen channel of the superconducting cable to the first heat exchanger 24 for carrying out first heat exchange cooling of the reflux liquid nitrogen;
one end of the second pipe 62 is connected to the other end of the first heat exchanger 24 to receive the returned liquid nitrogen cooled by the first heat exchange of the first heat exchanger 24, and the other end of the second pipe 62 is connected to one end of a liquid nitrogen pump;
one end of the third pipe 63 is connected to the other end of the liquid nitrogen pump, and the other end of the third pipe 63 is connected to one end of the second heat exchanger 25, so that the reflux liquid nitrogen after being subjected to the first heat exchange cooling by the first heat exchanger 24 is sent to the second heat exchanger 25 to be subjected to the second heat exchange cooling by the reflux liquid nitrogen;
one end of the fourth pipe 64 is set as the liquid nitrogen outlet 42, and the other end is connected to the other end of the second heat exchanger 25, so as to receive the reflux liquid nitrogen cooled by the second heat exchanger 25 and output the reflux liquid nitrogen to the inlet of the liquid nitrogen channel of the superconducting cable.
Illustratively, the number of liquid nitrogen pumps is 2, a first liquid nitrogen pump 43 and a second liquid nitrogen pump 44, respectively; the liquid nitrogen circulating pipeline 4 structure further comprises a fifth pipeline 65, a first three-way valve 91, a second three-way valve 92, a third three-way valve 93 and a throttle valve 121;
wherein the other end of the second pipe 62 is connected to the first end of the first three-way valve 91;
wherein a second end of the first three-way valve 91 is connected to one end of the first liquid nitrogen pump 43, and the other end of the first liquid nitrogen pump 43 is connected to one end of the third pipeline 63;
wherein a third end of the first three-way valve 91 is connected to one end of the second liquid nitrogen pump 44, and the other end of the second liquid nitrogen pump 44 is connected to one end of the third pipeline 63;
wherein, the second end of the first three-way valve 91 is connected to one end of the first liquid nitrogen pump 43 through the first stop valve 71, and the other end of the first liquid nitrogen pump 43 is connected to the first end of the second three-way valve 92 through the second stop valve 72;
wherein the third end of the first three-way valve 91 is connected to one end of the second liquid nitrogen pump 44 through the second stop valve 72, and the other end of the second liquid nitrogen pump 44 is connected to the third end of the second three-way valve 92 through the fourth stop valve 74;
the first end of the third three-way valve 93 is connected to the second end of the second three-way valve 92, the second end of the third three-way valve 93 is connected to one end of the third pipeline 63, the third end of the third three-way valve 93 is connected to one end of the fifth pipeline 65 through the throttle valve 121, and the other end of the fifth pipeline 65 is led into the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar 22.
Specifically, in the present embodiment, different liquid nitrogen passages can be formed by switching the valve states of the first three-way valve 91 and the second three-way valve 92; the first liquid nitrogen pump 43 and the second liquid nitrogen pump 44 are standby, and can be started simultaneously or independently, and when being independently started, the first three-way valve 91 and the second three-way valve 92 are controlled to be switched to corresponding states, and the corresponding pipelines of the liquid nitrogen pumps which are independently started are conducted; the technical problems that when a single liquid nitrogen pump is adopted, the pumping capacity is insufficient, or the circulating liquid nitrogen flow rate is reduced due to faults, and a good cooling effect cannot be realized can be avoided. Illustratively, the first pipe 61 is provided with a fifth shut-off valve 75 and a first exhaust valve 81, the second pipe 62 is provided with a second exhaust valve 82 and a first safety valve 101, the third pipe 63 is provided with a third exhaust valve 83 and a second safety valve 102, and the fourth pipe 64 is provided with a sixth shut-off valve 76, a fourth exhaust valve 84, and a bypass valve 125; the buffer tank 32 is provided with a fifth exhaust valve 85 and a third safety valve 103; a sixth vent valve 86 and a fourth relief valve 104 are provided at the inlet line of the first air bath vaporizer 34. Illustratively, the superconducting cable refrigeration system further comprises a liquid nitrogen supplementing device 11; referring to fig. 6, the liquid nitrogen replenishing device 11 includes a liquid nitrogen storage tank 111 and a second air bath vaporizer 112, a seventh air vent valve 87, a fifth safety valve 105, a liquid injection valve 122, and a one-way valve 123 are disposed on the liquid nitrogen storage tank 111, and supercooled liquid nitrogen is stored in the liquid nitrogen storage tank 111; a first opening is formed in the top position of one side wall of the liquid nitrogen storage tank 111, a second opening is formed in the bottom position, and a third opening is formed in the middle position of the other side wall of the liquid nitrogen storage tank 111; the liquid nitrogen storage tank 111 is also provided with a liquid injection valve 122 and a one-way valve 123; the liquid injection valve 122 is connected to a check valve 123, and the liquid injection valve 122 is configured to be opened when liquid nitrogen is injected into the liquid nitrogen storage tank 111.
The output end of the second air bath vaporizer 112 is communicated with the first opening through a pipeline, and the input end is communicated with the second opening through a pipeline and a seventh stop valve 77; the third opening is connected to the third pipe 63 through a pipe and an infusion valve 124;
wherein an eighth shut-off valve 78 is provided between the first conduit 61 and the fourth conduit 64;
specifically, the first stop valve 71, the second stop valve 72, the third stop valve 73, the fourth stop valve 74, the fifth stop valve 75, the sixth stop valve 76, the seventh stop valve 77, and the eighth stop valve 78 function to cut off, regulate, and throttle corresponding to different pipe positions;
the first safety valve 101, the second safety valve 102, the third safety valve 103, the fourth safety valve 104 and the fifth safety valve 105 have the functions of relieving pressure when the pressure is too high, so that the safety and the reliability of the refrigerating system are improved;
the first exhaust valve 81, the second exhaust valve 82, the third exhaust valve 83, the fourth exhaust valve 84, the fifth exhaust valve 85, the sixth exhaust valve 86, and the seventh exhaust valve 87 are used for evacuating the system pipeline before filling the cooling liquid nitrogen to blow impurities in the cooling circulation pipeline and precooling the cooling circulation pipeline, and the precooling refers to the precooling by filling the cooling liquid nitrogen into the cooling circulation pipeline until the temperature of the liquid nitrogen in the pipeline reaches a target temperature interval.
The measurement and control device is specifically configured to control the second air-bath vaporizer 112 to heat the liquid nitrogen entering the second air-bath vaporizer 112 from the second opening into nitrogen, and send the nitrogen into the liquid nitrogen storage tank 111 through the first opening, so as to use the pressure of the nitrogen as the liquid-feeding power.
Specifically, when liquid nitrogen replenishment is required, the control device controls the seventh stop valve 77 and the infusion valve 124 to switch to the corresponding state positions, liquid nitrogen enters the second air bath vaporizer 112 through the second opening and the seventh stop valve 77, the second air bath vaporizer 112 heats the liquid nitrogen entering the second air bath vaporizer 112 from the second opening into nitrogen, and the nitrogen is sent into the liquid nitrogen storage tank 111 through the first opening, at this time, the pressure in the liquid nitrogen storage tank 111 is increased to utilize the pressure of the nitrogen as liquid sending force, and the liquid nitrogen in the liquid nitrogen storage tank 111 is sent into the cooling circulation pipeline through the pipeline and the infusion valve 124; after the liquid nitrogen is replenished, the control device controls the seventh stop valve 77 and the infusion valve 124 to switch to the corresponding other state positions, and the liquid nitrogen replenishment is stopped.
Illustratively, the sensor module includes a temperature sensor disposed in the subcooled liquid nitrogen dewar 22, a level gauge 51 and a first pressure sensor, a flow meter disposed on the fourth conduit 64, a second pressure sensor disposed at the inlet of the vacuum pump 31, and a third pressure sensor disposed at the inlet of the first air bath vaporizer 34; a bypass valve 125 is arranged at the flowmeter, and the bypass valve 125 is used for balancing the hydraulic pressure at the flowmeter of the corresponding pipeline;
wherein the temperature sensor is used for detecting liquid nitrogen temperature parameters in the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar 22 in real time; the liquid level meter 51 is used for detecting liquid nitrogen level parameters in the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar 22 in real time; the first pressure sensor is used for detecting liquid nitrogen pressure parameters in the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar 22 in real time; the liquid nitrogen state parameters in the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar 22 include the liquid nitrogen temperature parameter, liquid nitrogen liquid level parameter and liquid nitrogen pressure parameter; the flowmeter is used for detecting the liquid nitrogen flow signal on the fourth pipeline 64 in real time and sending the liquid nitrogen flow signal to the measurement and control device; the second pressure sensor is used for detecting a first pressure value of a pipeline between the vacuum pump 31 and the buffer tank 32 in real time and sending the first pressure value to the measurement and control module 1; the third pressure sensor is used for detecting a second pressure value at the inlet of the air bath vaporizer in real time and sending the second pressure value to the measurement and control module 1.
The measurement and control module 1 is configured to determine whether the refrigerating unit 21 is faulty according to a comparison result of the liquid nitrogen temperature parameter and a preset temperature threshold, a comparison result of the liquid nitrogen liquid level parameter and a preset liquid level threshold, and a comparison result of the liquid nitrogen pressure parameter and a preset pressure threshold;
the measurement and control device is configured to determine whether the flow of liquid nitrogen in the cooling circulation pipeline is low according to the liquid nitrogen flow signal, and if so, control the seventh stop valve 77 and the infusion valve 124 to switch to corresponding position states, and the second air bath vaporizer 112 starts to provide liquid feeding power, so that supercooled liquid nitrogen in the liquid nitrogen storage tank 111 is fed into the cooling circulation pipeline for liquid nitrogen supplementation;
the measurement and control device is configured to determine whether the liquid nitrogen level in the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar 22 is low according to the liquid nitrogen level signal, and if so, control the throttle valve 121, the seventh stop valve 77, and the infusion valve 124 to switch to corresponding position states, and the second air bath vaporizer 112 starts to provide liquid feeding power to send the supercooled liquid nitrogen in the liquid nitrogen storage tank 111 to the cooling circulation pipeline, and the replenished supercooled liquid nitrogen finally enters the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar 22 through the throttle valve 121 and the fifth pipeline 65 to perform liquid nitrogen replenishment.
The measurement and control module 1 is configured to determine whether the refrigeration standby module 3 fails according to the first pressure value and the second pressure value, the comparison result of the first pressure value and the first pressure threshold, the comparison result of the second pressure value and the second pressure threshold, and the comparison result of the difference value of the first pressure value and the second pressure value and the preset difference value, and if the refrigeration standby module 3 fails, control the refrigeration standby module 3 to stop, and send a cutting instruction to a protection device of the superconducting cable to control the protection device to start protection cutting the superconducting cable.
Specifically, when any one of the liquid nitrogen temperature parameter being greater than a preset temperature threshold, the liquid nitrogen liquid level parameter being greater than a preset liquid level threshold, or the liquid nitrogen pressure parameter being greater than a preset pressure threshold is established, the refrigeration unit 21 is judged to be faulty, and the state of the refrigeration unit 21 is monitored from multiple aspects; and when any one of the first pressure value being larger than a first pressure threshold value, the second pressure value being larger than a second pressure threshold value, and the difference value between the first pressure value and the second pressure value being larger than a preset difference value is met, judging that the refrigeration standby module 3 is in fault.
Specifically, the system of the embodiment can monitor the state information of each key position in the whole liquid nitrogen cooling circulation system in real time through the corresponding sensor; the control device is used for controlling the position states of the valves such as the first stop valve 71, the second stop valve 72, the third stop valve 73, the fourth stop valve 74, the fifth stop valve 75, the sixth stop valve 76, the seventh stop valve 77, the first three-way valve 91, the second three-way valve 92, the third three-way valve 93, the first exhaust valve 81, the second exhaust valve 82, the third exhaust valve 83, the fourth exhaust valve 84, the fifth exhaust valve 85, the sixth exhaust valve 86, the seventh exhaust valve 87, the throttle valve 121, the infusion valve 124, the bypass valve 125, the liquid injection valve 122 and the like according to the preset control strategy and the state information, and the starting/closing states of the refrigerating equipment, the liquid nitrogen supplementing device 11, the first liquid nitrogen pump 43 and the second liquid nitrogen pump 44 so as to regulate the flow rate and the flow direction of liquid nitrogen in the circulating pipeline and control the liquid nitrogen refrigeration.
The setting of the preset control strategy is designed according to the cooling requirement of the superconducting cable, so that the temperature, the flow rate and the flow rate of circulating liquid nitrogen in the circulating pipeline meet target requirements, and the setting is particularly related to the cooling requirement of the superconducting cable, and the cooling requirement of the superconducting cable is related to the structure and the length of the superconducting cable.
The foregoing description of embodiments of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, and is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the various embodiments described. The terminology used herein was chosen in order to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application, or the technical improvements in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.
Claims (5)
1. The superconducting cable refrigerating system is applied to cooling of a superconducting cable and is characterized by comprising a measurement and control module, a refrigerating main module, a liquid nitrogen circulating pipeline, a refrigerating standby module, a sensing module and a circulating liquid nitrogen heat exchanger;
the liquid nitrogen circulating pipeline comprises a liquid nitrogen outlet and a liquid nitrogen inlet, the liquid nitrogen outlet is used for being communicated with the inlet of the liquid nitrogen channel of the superconducting cable, the liquid nitrogen inlet is used for being communicated with the outlet of the liquid nitrogen channel of the superconducting cable, and cooling liquid nitrogen circularly flows in the liquid nitrogen circulating pipeline; the liquid nitrogen circulating pipeline comprises a first pipeline, a second pipeline, a third pipeline, a fourth pipeline, a fifth pipeline, a first three-way valve, a second three-way valve, a third three-way valve and a throttle valve; the circulating liquid nitrogen heat exchanger comprises a first heat exchanger and a second heat exchanger; one end of the first pipeline is arranged as the liquid nitrogen inlet, and the other end of the first pipeline is connected with one end of the first heat exchanger so as to send the reflux liquid nitrogen at the outlet of the liquid nitrogen channel of the superconducting cable to the first heat exchanger for carrying out first heat exchange cooling of the reflux liquid nitrogen; one end of the second pipeline is used for being connected with the other end of the first heat exchanger so as to receive the backflow liquid nitrogen subjected to the first heat exchange and cooling by the first heat exchanger, and the other end of the second pipeline is connected with one end of a liquid nitrogen pump; one end of a third pipeline is connected with the other end of the liquid nitrogen pump through the third three-way valve, and the other end of the third pipeline is used for being connected with one end of a second heat exchanger so as to send the reflux liquid nitrogen subjected to the first heat exchange cooling by the first heat exchanger to the second heat exchanger for the second heat exchange cooling of the reflux liquid nitrogen; one end of the fourth pipeline is arranged as the liquid nitrogen outlet, and the other end of the fourth pipeline is connected with the other end of the second heat exchanger so as to receive the reflux liquid nitrogen subjected to the second heat exchange and cooling by the second heat exchanger and output the reflux liquid nitrogen to the inlet of the liquid nitrogen channel of the superconducting cable; the number of the liquid nitrogen pumps is 2, and the first liquid nitrogen pump and the second liquid nitrogen pump are respectively used; the other end of the second pipeline is connected with the first end of the first three-way valve; the second end of the first three-way valve is connected with one end of the first liquid nitrogen pump through a first stop valve, and the other end of the first liquid nitrogen pump is connected with the first end of the second three-way valve through a second stop valve; the third end of the first three-way valve is connected with one end of the second liquid nitrogen pump through a third stop valve, and the other end of the second liquid nitrogen pump is connected with the third end of the second three-way valve through a fourth stop valve; the first end of the third three-way valve is connected with the second end of the second three-way valve, the second end of the third three-way valve is connected with one end of the third pipeline, the third end of the third three-way valve is connected with one end of the fifth pipeline through the throttle valve, and the other end of the fifth pipeline is led into the supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar;
the refrigerating main module is used for cooling the cooling liquid nitrogen circularly flowing in the liquid nitrogen circulating pipeline in a first refrigerating mode; the main refrigerating module comprises a refrigerating unit, a supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar and a circulating liquid nitrogen heat exchanger; the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar is internally provided with supercooled liquid nitrogen, and the circulating liquid nitrogen heat exchanger is arranged in the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar; the refrigerating unit is arranged above the supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar; the refrigerating unit is used for refrigerating the supercooled liquid nitrogen in the supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar and maintaining the supercooled liquid nitrogen in the supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar in a target temperature range; the main refrigerating module further comprises a nitrogen reliquefier, and the nitrogen reliquefier is arranged above the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar and is communicated with the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar; the refrigerating unit is arranged above the nitrogen reliquefier; the partial supercooled liquid nitrogen in the supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar is evaporated into the nitrogen reliquefier after heat exchange; the refrigerating unit is used for condensing the gas entering the nitrogen reliquefier to obtain cooling liquid nitrogen, and the cooling liquid nitrogen obtained by condensation flows back into the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar under the action of gravity; the top of the supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar is provided with a first through hole and a second through hole, the first through hole is far away from the circulating liquid nitrogen heat exchanger, and the second through hole is close to the circulating liquid nitrogen heat exchanger; the bottom of the nitrogen reliquefactor is provided with a liquid nitrogen backflow through hole, and the right side wall is provided with a nitrogen inlet hole; the liquid nitrogen backflow through hole is communicated with the first through hole, and is correspondingly arranged from top to bottom with the first through hole; the nitrogen inlet hole is communicated with the second through hole through a pipeline;
the sensing module is at least used for detecting the state information of the main refrigerating module in real time and sending the state information of the main refrigerating module to the measurement and control module;
and the measurement and control module is at least used for receiving the state information of the main cooling module, judging whether the main cooling module fails according to the state information of the main cooling module, controlling the main cooling module to stop working when the main cooling module fails, and controlling the standby cooling module to cool the cooling liquid nitrogen circulating in the liquid nitrogen circulating pipeline in a second cooling mode.
2. The superconducting cable refrigeration system of claim 1 wherein the refrigeration backup module includes a vacuum pump, a buffer tank, a regulator valve, a first air bath vaporizer; one end of the vacuum pump, the buffer tank, the regulating valve and one end of the first air bath vaporizer are sequentially connected through a pipeline; a third through hole is formed in the side wall of the supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar; the other end of the first air bath vaporizer is communicated with the third through hole through a pipeline;
the vacuum pump is used for providing evacuating power to pump away nitrogen in the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar, reducing the pressure in the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar and maintaining supercooled liquid nitrogen in the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar in a target temperature range; the buffer tank is used for buffering gas in the nitrogen pumping process, the regulating valve is used for regulating the gas flow in the pipeline, and the buffer tank and the regulating valve play a role in stabilizing the pumping pressure within a target range; the air bath vaporizer is used to heat the cryogenic nitrogen to room temperature.
3. The superconducting cable refrigeration system of claim 2 wherein a fifth shut-off valve and a first vent valve are provided on the first conduit, a second vent valve and a first safety valve are provided on the second conduit, a third vent valve and a second safety valve are provided on the third conduit, and a sixth shut-off valve, a fourth vent valve, and a bypass valve are provided on the fourth conduit; a fifth exhaust valve and a third safety valve are arranged on the buffer tank; and a sixth exhaust valve and a fourth safety valve are arranged at the inlet pipeline of the first air bath vaporizer.
4. The superconducting cable refrigeration system of claim 3 further comprising a liquid nitrogen replenishment device; the liquid nitrogen supplementing device comprises a liquid nitrogen storage tank and a second air bath type vaporizer, wherein a seventh exhaust valve, a fifth safety valve, a liquid injection valve and a one-way valve are arranged on the liquid nitrogen storage tank, and supercooled liquid nitrogen is stored in the liquid nitrogen storage tank; the top of one side wall of the liquid nitrogen storage tank is provided with a first opening, the bottom of the liquid nitrogen storage tank is provided with a second opening, and the middle of the other side wall of the liquid nitrogen storage tank is provided with a third opening;
the output end of the second air bath vaporizer is communicated with the first opening through a pipeline, and the input end of the second air bath vaporizer is communicated with the second opening through a pipeline and a seventh stop valve; the third opening is connected with the third pipeline through a pipeline and an infusion valve;
the measurement and control module is specifically used for controlling the second air bath vaporizer to heat the liquid nitrogen entering the second air bath vaporizer from the second opening hole into nitrogen, and sending the nitrogen into the liquid nitrogen storage tank through the first opening hole so as to utilize the pressure of the nitrogen as liquid conveying power.
5. The superconducting cable refrigeration system of claim 4 wherein the sensing module includes a temperature sensor, a level gauge and a first pressure sensor disposed in the subcooled liquid nitrogen dewar and a flow meter disposed on the fourth conduit;
the temperature sensor is used for detecting liquid nitrogen temperature parameters in the supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar in real time; the liquid level meter is used for detecting liquid nitrogen liquid level parameters in the supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar in real time; the first pressure sensor is used for detecting liquid nitrogen pressure parameters in the supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar in real time; the liquid nitrogen state parameters in the supercooled liquid nitrogen Dewar comprise the liquid nitrogen temperature parameter, the liquid nitrogen liquid level parameter and the liquid nitrogen pressure parameter; the flowmeter is used for detecting the liquid nitrogen flow signal on the fourth pipeline in real time and sending the liquid nitrogen flow signal to the measurement and control module;
the measurement and control module is used for judging whether the refrigerating unit is in fault or not according to a comparison result of the liquid nitrogen temperature parameter and a preset temperature threshold value, a comparison result of the liquid nitrogen liquid level parameter and a preset liquid level threshold value and a comparison result of the liquid nitrogen pressure parameter and a preset pressure threshold value;
the measurement and control module is used for judging whether the liquid nitrogen flow in the liquid nitrogen circulating pipeline is low or not according to the liquid nitrogen flow signal, if so, the seventh stop valve and the infusion valve are controlled to be switched to corresponding position states, the second air bath vaporizer is started to provide liquid feeding power, and supercooled liquid nitrogen in the liquid nitrogen storage tank is fed into the liquid nitrogen circulating pipeline for liquid nitrogen supplementation;
the measurement and control module is used for judging whether the liquid nitrogen liquid level in the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar is low according to the liquid nitrogen liquid level signal, if so, the throttle valve, the seventh stop valve and the infusion valve are controlled to be switched to corresponding position states, the second air bath type vaporizer is started to provide liquid feeding power, supercooled liquid nitrogen in the liquid nitrogen storage tank is sent to the liquid nitrogen circulating pipeline, and the supplemented supercooled liquid nitrogen finally enters the supercooled liquid nitrogen dewar through the throttle valve and the fifth pipeline to supplement liquid nitrogen.
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