CN112521190A - Composting device and composting method - Google Patents

Composting device and composting method Download PDF

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Publication number
CN112521190A
CN112521190A CN202011506514.6A CN202011506514A CN112521190A CN 112521190 A CN112521190 A CN 112521190A CN 202011506514 A CN202011506514 A CN 202011506514A CN 112521190 A CN112521190 A CN 112521190A
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composting
reactor
positive electrode
electrode
composting apparatus
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唐家桓
付涛
上官华媛
曾建雄
周顺桂
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Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
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Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F3/00—Fertilisers from human or animal excrements, e.g. manure
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
    • C05F17/30—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation using irradiation, e.g. solar or nuclear radiation; using electric or magnetic fields
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
    • C05F17/90—Apparatus therefor
    • C05F17/964—Constructional parts, e.g. floors, covers or doors
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
    • C05F17/90—Apparatus therefor
    • C05F17/993—Arrangements for measuring process parameters, e.g. temperature, pressure or humidity
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Fertilizers (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a composting device and a composting method, relating to the composting technology, wherein the device comprises: the reactor comprises a reactor, a heat-insulating layer wrapped on the outer side of the reactor, a positive electrode arranged at the bottom of the inner side of the reactor, a negative electrode arranged above the positive electrode of the reactor, and a direct-current power supply respectively connected with the positive electrode and the negative electrode; wherein both sides of the positive electrode are provided with bipolar membranes, wherein both of the bipolar membranes are arranged in such a manner that an anion exchange layer approaches the positive electrode. The composting device of the invention can reduce the corrosion of the electrode in the electric field composting process, prolong the service life of the electrode, reduce the emission of ammonia gas, quickly improve the composting temperature, shorten the composting period and simultaneously improve the maturity of the compost.

Description

Composting device and composting method
Technical Field
The invention relates to a composting technology, in particular to a composting device and a composting method.
Background
The organic solid waste mainly comprises three main types of agricultural organic waste (straws, livestock and poultry manure and the like), industrial organic waste (high-concentration organic wastewater, organic waste residues and the like), and municipal organic waste (landscaping waste, municipal sludge, kitchen waste and the like). With the rapid development of economy in China, the total amount of organic solid wastes is increased explosively, pollution events are increased year by year, and resource waste is serious, so that the organic solid wastes become the focus of public attention. The organic solid waste has the characteristics of pollution, resource, harmfulness and the like. The common treatment method of the organic solid waste mainly comprises the following steps: land landfill, burning reduction, aerobic composting, pyrolysis and the like. The aerobic composting technology has the advantages of low cost, simple operation, secondary utilization of the treated subsequent products as organic fertilizers and the like, and is widely applied.
The basic process and principle of aerobic composting are as follows: uniformly mixing organic solid waste and a conditioner, then stacking the organic solid waste and the conditioner together, and rapidly degrading organic matters in the materials by using microorganisms under the aerobic condition to form a product rich in humus; meanwhile, along with the release of a large amount of heat, high temperature is generated to kill pathogenic bacteria, ova and the like, so that the organic waste is stabilized. In the traditional aerobic composting, the temperature of most of the compost is lower, generally below 65 ℃; and the uniformity is poor, and the temperature difference of different areas in the same stack is large. Thereby causing the disadvantages of long composting period, incomplete killing of pathogenic microorganisms, poor decomposing effect and the like. Moreover, the aerobic fermentation process requires a large amount of aeration for a long time, and most of the oxygen is difficult to dissolve in water, so that the oxygen is directly volatilized and lost without being utilized by microorganisms, so that the large amount of aeration is ineffective aeration, and the energy consumption cost, odor diffusion, heat loss, nitrogen loss and the like are increased.
The related technology adopts a direct current method to act in the composting. Because the compost materials have high salinity and large temperature change in the material fermentation process; a large amount of ammonia gas is generated in the composting process, so that the pH value of the material is changed greatly, and the electrode plate is corroded seriously. And noble metal electrodes such as platinum and iridium tantalum are expensive. The method for preventing the electrode plate from being corroded mainly comprises the following steps: electrode plate surface coatings, sacrificial anodes, and the like. However, neither of these methods is suitable for aerobic composting of organic waste. For this purpose, suitable, economical electrode protection measures have to be found.
Disclosure of Invention
To solve at least one of the above-mentioned technical problems, the present invention is directed to: a composting apparatus and a composting method are provided which extend the life of electrodes of the composting apparatus while achieving composting efficiencies approaching those of the prior art.
In a first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides:
a composting apparatus comprising: the reactor comprises a reactor, a heat-insulating layer wrapped on the outer side of the reactor, a positive electrode arranged at the bottom of the inner side of the reactor, a negative electrode arranged above the positive electrode of the reactor, and a direct-current power supply respectively connected with the positive electrode and the negative electrode;
wherein both sides of the positive electrode are provided with bipolar membranes, wherein both of the bipolar membranes are arranged in such a manner that an anion exchange layer approaches the positive electrode.
In some embodiments, an air duct with an aeration head is arranged 5-15 cm above the bottom of the reactor.
In some embodiments, the positive electrode is a stainless steel plate and the negative electrode is a graphite electrode.
In some embodiments, the insulation layer is cotton fiber.
In some embodiments, a temperature sensor is disposed in the reactor.
In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises a controller for controlling the operating state of the dc power supply and recording the temperature detected by the temperature sensor.
In some embodiments, the reactor is a cylindrical reactor having a diameter of 30cm and a height of 50 cm.
In some embodiments, the reactor is a rectangular parallelepiped reactor having a length of 1.2 meters, a width of 1 meter, and a height of 0.6 meter.
In a second aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides:
a composting method comprising the steps of:
mixing the organic solid waste and the bulking agent, adding water, and uniformly stirring to obtain a composting raw material;
and putting the composting raw materials into the composting device for composting.
In some embodiments, the volume ratio of the organic solid waste to the leavening agent is 2-5: 1; the water content of the compost raw material is 70 wt% -75 wt%.
The embodiment of the invention has the beneficial effects that: in the electric field aerobic composting reactor, the cation exchange layer is arranged in a way of being back to the side of the anode, and the anion exchange layer is arranged in a way of being close to the side of the anode. A water dissociation catalyst layer is sandwiched between the bipolar membrane-layered ion exchange polymers. Under the action of an electric field, water dissociation of different solubility, namely H, can occur2O→H++OH-(ii) a Then, H+Through a cation exchange layer, OH-Through the anion exchange layer. OH group-Oxidized to oxygen at the anode and used in aerobic composting process, H+The ammonium ions generated by the degradation of organic matters are neutralized by diffusing the ammonium ions into the compost raw materials, so that the emission of ammonia gas is greatly reduced. Cl-Is the main cause of electrode corrosion in electric field composting, and Cl in composting raw materials is generated due to the action of a cation exchange layer-The anode can not be contacted, so that the corrosion of the electrode is reduced, and therefore, the embodiment of the invention can greatly reduce the corrosion of the electrode and greatly prolong the service life; the discharge amount of ammonia gas is reduced, the nitrogen of the compost product is greatly improved, and the fertility of the product is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a composting apparatus provided by an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an electrode structure of a composting apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a comparative graph of electrode samples of example 1 and comparative example 1 provided in an example of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a comparative graph of electrode samples of example 2 and comparative example 2 provided in an example of the present invention;
fig. 5 is a comparative graph of electrode samples of example 3 and comparative example 3 provided in the examples of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described with reference to the drawings and the specific examples.
Referring to fig. 1 and 2, the present embodiment discloses a composting apparatus comprising: the reactor 9, a heat-insulating layer 10 wrapped on the outer side of the reactor 9, a positive electrode 1 arranged at the bottom of the inner side of the reactor 9, a negative electrode 5 arranged above the positive electrode 3 of the reactor, and a direct current power supply 4 respectively connected with the positive electrode 3 and the negative electrode 5;
wherein, two sides of the positive electrode 1 are provided with bipolar membranes 2 (constituting a composite electrode 3), wherein, two bipolar membranes 2 are arranged in a manner that an anion exchange layer is close to the positive electrode 1. When the reactor 9 is in operation, part of the gas is discharged through the gas outlet 6, and part of the gas is returned to the reactor through the gas return pipe 7. It will be appreciated that a suction fan for drawing gas into conduit 11 may be provided at the top of the reactor to drive the flow of gas.
In some embodiments, an aeration pipeline 8 with an aeration head is arranged 5-15 cm above the bottom of the reactor 9. Typically about 10cm above the base.
In some embodiments, the positive electrode is a stainless steel plate and the negative electrode is a graphite electrode. The voltage of the general DC power supply is 10-15V.
In some embodiments, the insulation layer is cotton fiber. The cotton fiber has low cost, easy acquisition, good heat preservation effect and no environmental pollution.
In some embodiments, a temperature sensor is disposed in the reactor. Temperature sensors are typically used to detect the temperature of the compost center.
In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises a controller for controlling the operating state of the dc power supply and recording the temperature detected by the temperature sensor. A general temperature profile can be used to analyze composting.
In some embodiments, the reactor is a cylindrical reactor having a diameter of 30cm and a height of 50 cm.
In some embodiments, the reactor is a rectangular parallelepiped reactor having a length of 1.2 meters, a width of 1 meter, and a height of 0.6 meter.
The embodiment discloses a composting method, which comprises the following steps:
step 1, mixing organic solid waste and a bulking agent, adding water, and uniformly stirring to obtain a composting raw material;
and 2, putting the composting raw materials into the composting device for composting.
In some embodiments, the volume ratio of the organic solid waste to the leavening agent is 2-5: 1; the water content of the compost raw material is 70 wt% -75 wt%.
The basic principle of the invention is as follows:
in the electric field aerobic composting reactor, the cation exchange layer is arranged in a way of being back to the side of the anode, and the anion exchange layer is arranged in a way of being close to the side of the anode. A water dissociation catalyst layer is sandwiched between the bipolar membrane-layered ion exchange polymers. Under the action of an electric field, water dissociation of different solubility, namely H, can occur2O→H++OH-(ii) a Then, H+Through a cation exchange layer, OH-Through the anion exchange layer. OH group-Oxidized into oxygen at the anode and can be used for aerobic composting. H+The ammonium ions generated by the degradation of organic matters are neutralized by diffusing the ammonium ions into the compost raw materials, so that the emission of ammonia gas is greatly reduced. Cl-Is the main cause of electrode corrosion in electric field composting, and Cl in composting raw materials is generated due to the action of a cation exchange layer-The positive electrode cannot be contacted, thereby reducing the corrosion of the electrode.
Thus, the effect of the present electrode configuration is: the electrode corrosion is greatly reduced, and the service life is greatly prolonged; the discharge amount of ammonia gas is reduced, the nitrogen of the compost product is greatly improved, and the fertility of the product is improved.
The technical effect of this solution will be described below by specific experiments.
Example 1:
1) designing a composting reactor:
using a cylindrical composting reactor: the total volume is 50L, the diameter is 30cm, and the height is 50 cm. The bottom of the reactor is provided with an anode made of a stainless steel electrode with the diameter of 30cm, and the outside of the electrode is wrapped with a bipolar membrane. On the upper part of the reactor, a graphite rod was placed as the negative electrode (5 cm below the compost material). An aeration pipeline with an aeration head (for auxiliary aeration) is arranged at the bottom of the composting reactor (10 cm above the anode). The outer wall of the reactor is wrapped with cotton fiber for heat preservation of the reactor. Meanwhile, an online thermometer is arranged in the barrel to record the temperature change of the compost in real time.
2) Compost raw materials and proportion thereof:
the chicken manure is used as a main compost material, the rice hull is used as an auxiliary material, and the mixture ratio is as follows: 4:3. Uniformly stirring the raw materials and the ingredients to ensure that the water content is 70%; connecting with a direct current power supply to carry out aerobic composting.
3) The operation parameters are as follows:
composting is carried out at room temperature. The power supply was set to 10V.
Example 2:
1) designing a composting reactor:
using a cylindrical composting reactor: the total volume is 50L, the diameter is 30cm, and the height is 50 cm. The bottom of the reactor is provided with an anode made of a stainless steel electrode with the diameter of 30cm, and the outside of the electrode is wrapped with a bipolar membrane. On the upper part of the reactor, a graphite rod was placed as the negative electrode (5 cm below the compost material). An aeration pipeline with an aeration head (for auxiliary aeration) is arranged at the bottom of the composting reactor (10 cm above the anode). The outer wall of the reactor is wrapped with cotton fiber for heat preservation of the reactor. Meanwhile, an online thermometer is arranged in the barrel to record the temperature change of the compost in real time.
2) Compost raw materials and proportion thereof:
the chicken manure is used as a main compost material, the rice hull is used as an auxiliary material, and the mixture ratio is as follows: 4:3. Uniformly stirring the raw materials and the ingredients to ensure that the water content is 70%; connecting with a direct current power supply to carry out aerobic composting.
3) The operation parameters are as follows:
composting is carried out at room temperature. The power supply was set to 15V.
Example 3:
1) designing a composting reactor:
a strip-shaped composting reactor with the length of 1.2 meters, the width of 1 meter and the height of 0.6 meter is adopted. A stainless steel electrode with the specification of 100cm x 80cm is placed at the bottom, and a bipolar membrane is wrapped outside the electrode. A steel tube (100cm long, 3cm diameter) was placed as the negative electrode at the top of the reactor and buried 5cm below the compost material.
2) Compost raw materials and proportion thereof:
cow dung is used as a main composting material, rice hulls are used as auxiliary materials, and the mixture ratio is as follows: 4:3. Uniformly stirring the raw materials and the ingredients to ensure that the water content is 70%; connecting with a direct current power supply to carry out aerobic composting.
3) The operation parameters are as follows:
composting is carried out at room temperature. The power supply was set to 10V.
Comparative example 1:
the bipolar membrane electrode is not arranged, the conventional stainless steel is used as the anode of the electric field composting, and the device and the composting raw materials which are the same as those in the embodiment 1 are used for performing conventional aerobic composting treatment except the electrode.
Comparative example 2:
a bipolar membrane electrode is not arranged, conventional stainless steel is used as a positive electrode of electric field composting, an aeration device is additionally arranged except the electrode, and the same device and composting raw materials as those in example 2 are used for conventional aerobic composting.
Comparative example 3:
the bipolar membrane electrode was not provided, and conventional stainless steel was used as the positive electrode for electric field composting, and the same composting materials as in example 3 were used for ordinary composting except for the electrode.
And (3) composting effect:
the composting effects of example 1 and comparative example 1 are as follows:
in the electro-composting with the bipolar membrane anode, the maximum temperature of the pile body is 82.5 ℃, which is 9.3 ℃ higher than the electro-composting temperature (73.2 ℃) of a common stainless steel electrode. This shows that after the bipolar membrane protective electrode is added, the temperature of the electric compost can be further increased, the decomposition of the compost can be accelerated, the composting period can be shortened, and the like.
Meanwhile, the products obtained by the two methods through composting are tested by verifying the germination index of the seeds. The germination index GI of seeds of a product obtained by conventional electro-aerobic composting is 115 percent; and the germination index GI of the seeds of the electric field compost product protected by the bipolar membrane is 123%, which is 8% higher than that of the conventional electric aerobic compost product. This is mainly because the positive electrode is protected and the effect of the electric field on the composting is prolonged.
Meanwhile, after the composting is finished, the electrode plate is analyzed, and as shown in fig. 3, it can be known that the anode protected by the bipolar membrane is basically not corroded, while the anode protected by the common stainless steel is seriously corroded.
The composting effects of example 2 and comparative example 2 were as follows:
from the results, it is known that the maximum temperature of the electric compost with the bipolar membrane anode is 78.1 ℃, the temperature of the common electric compost is 74.2 ℃, and the temperature of the electric compost protected by the bipolar membrane anode is 4.9 ℃ higher than that of the conventional electric field aerobic compost. The germination index GI of seeds of a product obtained by conventional electric field aerobic composting is 101 percent; the germination index GI of the electric field compost product protected by the bipolar membrane anode is 119%, and the germination index GI of the common electric field compost product is improved by 18%.
Meanwhile, after the composting is finished, the electrode plate is analyzed, and as shown in fig. 4, it can be known that the anode protected by the bipolar membrane is basically not corroded, while the anode protected by the common stainless steel is seriously corroded.
The composting effects of example 3 and comparative example 3 are as follows:
cow dung is used as a raw material for composting, the maximum temperature in the electric composting with the bipolar membrane anode is 76.5 ℃, the aerobic composting temperature in a conventional electric field is 72.7 ℃, and the temperature of the electric composting fertilizer protected by the bipolar membrane anode is 3.8 ℃ higher than that of the conventional aerobic composting temperature in the electric field. The germination index GI of seeds of a product obtained by conventional electric field aerobic composting is 121%; the germination index GI of the electric field compost product protected by the bipolar membrane anode is 142%, which is 21% higher than that of the conventional electric field aerobic compost product.
Meanwhile, after the composting is finished, the electrode plate is analyzed, and as shown in fig. 5, it can be known that the anode protected by the bipolar membrane is basically not corroded, while the anode protected by the common stainless steel is seriously corroded.
As can be seen from the above examples, the electrode designed by the invention is used in aerobic composting, and the composting temperature is higher than that of the aerobic composting in the electric field of the conventional stainless steel electrode. This is because: OH produced in bipolar membranes-And the oxygen is oxidized to oxygen at the positive electrode, so that the oxygen can be used for an aerobic composting process. At the same time, because of Cl-Is the main cause of electrode corrosion in electric field composting, and Cl in composting raw materials is generated due to the action of a cation exchange layer-The positive electrode cannot be contacted, thereby reducing the corrosion of the electrode. The service life of the electrode is prolonged, so that the effect of the electric field on the compost is ensured, the temperature of the compost is increased, and the decomposition of the compost is promoted.
The step numbers in the above method embodiments are set for convenience of illustration only, the order between the steps is not limited at all, and the execution order of each step in the embodiments can be adapted according to the understanding of those skilled in the art.
While the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims (10)

1. A composting apparatus comprising: the reactor comprises a reactor, a heat-insulating layer wrapped on the outer side of the reactor, a positive electrode arranged at the bottom of the inner side of the reactor, a negative electrode arranged above the positive electrode of the reactor, and a direct-current power supply respectively connected with the positive electrode and the negative electrode;
wherein both sides of the positive electrode are provided with bipolar membranes, wherein both of the bipolar membranes are arranged in such a manner that an anion exchange layer approaches the positive electrode.
2. The composting apparatus of claim 1 wherein an aeration conduit with an aeration head is positioned 5-15 cm above the bottom of the reactor.
3. The composting apparatus of claim 1 wherein the positive electrode is a stainless steel plate and the negative electrode is a graphite electrode.
4. The composting apparatus of claim 1 wherein the insulation is cotton fiber.
5. The composting apparatus of claim 1 wherein a temperature sensor is disposed in the reactor.
6. The composting apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a controller for controlling the operating state of the dc power source and recording the temperature sensed by the temperature sensor.
7. The composting apparatus of claim 1 wherein the reactor is a cylindrical reactor having a diameter of 30cm and a height of 50 cm.
8. A composting apparatus as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the reactor is a rectangular parallelepiped reactor, the reactor having a length of 1.2 metres, a width of 1 metre and a height of 0.6 metres.
9. A composting method comprising the steps of:
mixing the organic solid waste and the bulking agent, adding water, and uniformly stirring to obtain a composting raw material;
composting the composting material in a composting apparatus as claimed in any of claims 1-8.
10. A composting method as claimed in claim 9, characterised in that the volume ratio of organic solid waste to leavening agent is 2-5: 1; the water content of the compost raw material is 70 wt% -75 wt%.
CN202011506514.6A 2020-12-18 2020-12-18 Composting device and composting method Pending CN112521190A (en)

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Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN108892553A (en) * 2018-04-02 2018-11-27 福建农林大学 A kind of device and method of electrochemistry auxiliary organic solid waste aerobic compost

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN108892553A (en) * 2018-04-02 2018-11-27 福建农林大学 A kind of device and method of electrochemistry auxiliary organic solid waste aerobic compost

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