CN112520737A - Preparation method of chitosan-based layered porous carbon material and application of chitosan-based layered porous carbon material in gallium recovery - Google Patents
Preparation method of chitosan-based layered porous carbon material and application of chitosan-based layered porous carbon material in gallium recovery Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a preparation method of a chitosan-based layered porous carbon material and application of the chitosan-based layered porous carbon material in gallium recovery. The technical scheme is as follows: the chitosan-based layered porous carbon material is prepared by taking green biomass material chitosan as a carbon source, selecting potassium hydroxide as an activating agent and skillfully combining hydrothermal carbonization and chemical activation methods. The preparation method is rapid, simple and convenient, the reaction condition is mild, the green and pollution-free effects are achieved, the prepared composite material not only keeps abundant carbon content, structural diversity and a large number of functional groups on the surface in the raw materials, but also can solve the problem that the composite material is easily dissolved and inapplicable as an adsorbent under an acidic condition. The prepared chitosan-based layered porous carbon material has a high specific surface area, so that the adsorption performance of the chitosan-based layered porous carbon material on rare metal gallium ions is effectively improved, and the chitosan-based layered porous carbon material has practical applicability.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of preparation of effective recovery materials of gallium, and particularly relates to a preparation method of a chitosan-based layered porous carbon material and application of the chitosan-based layered porous carbon material in gallium recovery.
Background
With the rapid development of scientific technology and the increasing improvement of the living standard of people, the demand of China on rare metal gallium is increased sharply every day, however, a specific extracting agent of gallium is not researched at home and abroad, and a method for efficiently recovering gallium from waste is researched urgently because the proportion of the quantity of the recovered and utilized gallium to the total reserves is small. The method frequently used for extracting gallium at present has poor effect on recycling, is easy to cause environmental pollution and uses expensive reagents. In contrast, adsorption is consistently considered to be the most efficient method for extracting metals from wastewater due to its low cost, low equipment requirements, versatility, simplicity of operation, and high reusability. The adsorbents widely used by people at present generally comprise biomass materials, silicon-based materials, zeolites and the like.
Chitin is the second most common polymer next to cellulose on earth, and is found in the shells of crustaceans such as crabs and shrimps. Chitosan is a natural aminopolysaccharide extracted from chitin, is considered to be one of the most abundant organic materials in nature, and is widely applied to the field of adsorption due to natural sources and unique characteristics of biocompatibility, biodegradability, nontoxicity, chelation of metal ions and the like. And when the green biomass material chitosan is selected as a carbon source, the hydrothermal carbonization and chemical activation method is ingeniously combined, so that the three-dimensional layered porous carbon material with high specific surface area can be prepared, the abundant carbon content, structural diversity and a large number of functional groups on the surface in the raw materials are reserved, and the problem that the chitosan is easily dissolved and is inapplicable as an adsorbent under an acidic condition can be solved. However, the prepared microporous carbon material has low pore utilization rate and can increase the desorption difficulty after micropore adsorption.
Disclosure of Invention
The method is characterized in that green biomass material chitosan is used as a carbon source, potassium hydroxide is used as an activating agent, and a hydrothermal carbonization and chemical activation method is ingeniously combined to prepare the three-dimensional layered porous carbon material with high specific surface area. As a renewable natural biomass material, chitosan has the advantages of low cost, high yield, environmental protection, large amount of functional groups on the surface and the like, and is often utilized by people. However, chitosan, a substance that is easily dissolved in an acidic solution, limits its application in water treatment, etc., and carbon materials, which have the advantages of high specific surface area, chemical stability, excellent adsorptivity, etc., are often used as an adsorption material in water treatment. The carbonaceous material prepared by taking chitosan as a raw material has excellent chemical stability, can solve the problem that the carbonaceous material is easy to dissolve and is not suitable for use in an acidic environment, and therefore, the layered porous carbon material with high specific surface area is prepared and is applied to adsorption of scattered metal gallium in an aqueous solution.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme: the chitosan-based layered porous carbon material is a three-dimensional layered porous carbon material with a high specific surface area, which is prepared by using a green biomass material chitosan as a carbon source, selecting potassium hydroxide as an activating agent and adopting hydrothermal carbonization and chemical activation methods.
The preparation method of the chitosan-based layered porous carbon material comprises the following steps:
1) adding distilled water and chitosan, adding acetic acid after fully stirring, continuously stirring until a uniform viscous solution is formed, putting the solution into a reaction kettle for hydrothermal carbonization, taking out a product, washing and drying the product overnight;
2) taking the carbon sample powder obtained in the step 1), mixing with potassium hydroxide powder, grinding uniformly, placing in a nickel crucible for carbonization, washing with dilute hydrochloric acid and deionized water to be neutral, and drying overnight to obtain the chitosan-based layered porous carbon material.
In the preparation method, step 1), the hydrothermal carbonization is kept at a constant temperature of 200 ℃ for 2 hours.
In the step 2), the carbonization is performed for 2 hours under the nitrogen atmosphere of 600-800 ℃.
In the preparation method, in the step 2), the ratio by mass of the carbon sample powder to the potassium hydroxide powder is 1: 1-5.
The application of the chitosan-based layered porous carbon material in gallium recovery.
The application and the method are as follows: adding the hydroxyl-modified three-dimensional carbon nanosheet of the tremella type, which is modified by the hydroxyl group, into a solution containing 1000mg/L of gallium ions, performing shaking adsorption for 24 hours at the temperature of 30 ℃, filtering and drying.
The application comprises an elution step, namely adding an eluent into the dried chitosan-based layered porous carbon material adsorbed with gallium ions, shaking for 24 hours at 30 ℃, taking out and filtering.
In the application, the solid-to-liquid ratio of the hydroxyl-modified three-dimensional tremella carbon nanosheet to the eluent is 10 mg: 10 mL.
In the above application, the eluent has a concentration of 0.5 mol.L-1～2mol·L-1NaOH, or 0.5 mol. L-1～2mol·L-1HCl of (g).
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1) the invention prepares high specific surface area 2997.127m2 g-1The three-dimensional grading porous carbon material not only can keep abundant carbon content, structural diversity and a large number of functional groups on the surface in the raw materials, but also can solve the problem that the carbon material is easy to dissolve and is not suitable for use as an adsorbent under an acidic condition.
2) In the invention, H in oxygen-containing groups on the surface of the chitosan-based layered porous carbon material+And Ga (OH)2+、Ga(OH)2 +、Ga3+The cation exchange reaction is carried out between the two to achieve the purpose of absorbing gallium ions. The method is rapid, simple and convenient, has mild reaction conditions, large adsorption capacity to the gallium element and practical applicability.
3) After six times of adsorption-desorption experiments, the recovery rate of gallium of the chitosan-based layered porous carbon material prepared by the invention can still reach more than 90 percent, and the chitosan-based layered porous carbon material has better recycling capacity and practical applicability.
4) In the mixed solution containing Ge (IV), Zn (II), Al (III), Cu (II) and other coexisting ions, the adsorption rate of the chitosan-based layered porous carbon material to Ga (III) can still reach 92.1 percent, which shows that the other coexisting ions have small interference to the chitosan-based layered porous carbon material.
5) When the pH value of the chitosan-based layered porous carbon material prepared by the invention is 3, the adsorption rate of the chitosan-based layered porous carbon material to Ga (III) can almost reach 96.07%, and the maximum saturated adsorption quantity is 129.83mg g-1。
In conclusion, the chitosan-based layered porous carbon material prepared by the invention can effectively adsorb rhenium ions, is quick, simple and convenient to prepare, green and environment-friendly, and high in adsorption rate, and has practical practicability.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the synthesis of chitosan-based layered porous carbon (CS-800).
FIG. 2 is a scanning electron micrograph of chitosan-based layered porous carbon (CS-800), wherein A is CS-600, B is CS-700, C is CS-800, and D is CS-ZnCl2800, E is CS-FeCl3-800。
FIG. 3 is N of chitosan-based layered porous carbon (CS-800)2Adsorption-desorption and pore size distribution profile. Where A is the adsorption isotherm of the adsorbent and B is the pore size distribution profile of the adsorbent.
FIG. 4 is a graph of the analysis of the gallium adsorption performance of chitosan-based layered porous carbon (CS-800) at different acidity, where A is the analysis of the gallium adsorption performance of CS, CS-600, CS-700 and CS-800 at different acidity, and B is CS-800, CS-ZnCl2800 and CS-FeCl3-800 graph of gallium adsorption performance analysis at different acidity.
FIG. 5 is an adsorption isotherm of chitosan-based layered porous carbon (CS-800) for gallium at pH 3, wherein A is the adsorption isotherm of CS-800 for Ga (III), and B is CS-ZnCl2Adsorption isotherm of Ga (III) adsorption of 800, C is CS-FeCl3Adsorption isotherms for Ga (III) adsorption of 800.
FIG. 6 is the selective recovery of gallium from chitosan-based layered porous carbon (CS-800) in a mixed system.
FIG. 7 shows the elution experiment and the cycle experiment of chitosan-based layered porous carbon (CS-800) loaded with gallium, wherein a, b, c and d in A are respectively 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mol.L-1NaOH, e, f, g, h are 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mol.L respectively-1Elution experiment with HCl as eluent, B is 1.5 mol.L-1Six cycles of adsorption elution experiments with HCl as eluent.
Detailed Description
In order that those skilled in the art may more fully understand the present invention, the invention is more particularly described by the following non-limiting examples or comparative examples, which are not intended to limit the invention in any way.
EXAMPLE 1 preparation of Chitosan-based layered porous carbon Material (CS-800)
Preparation of
1) Adding 55mL of distilled water and 2g of chitosan into a beaker, fully stirring, adding 15mL of acetic acid, continuously stirring until a uniform viscous solution is formed, putting the solution into a reaction kettle for hydrothermal carbonization, namely keeping the temperature at 200 ℃ for 2 hours, taking out a product, washing and drying the product overnight;
2) taking the carbon sample powder obtained in the step 1) and potassium hydroxide powder according to the mass ratio of 1: 3, placing the mixture in a nickel crucible after uniformly mixing and grinding the mixture, carbonizing the mixture for 2 hours at 800 ℃ in a nitrogen atmosphere, washing the mixture to be neutral by using dilute hydrochloric acid and deionized water, and drying the mixture overnight to obtain the carbon material adsorbent named as CS-800.
EXAMPLE 2 preparation of Chitosan-based layered porous carbon Material (CS-600)
Adding 55ml of distilled water and 2g of chitosan into a beaker, adding 15ml of acetic acid after fully stirring, continuously stirring until a uniform viscous solution is formed, putting the solution into a reaction kettle for hydrothermal carbonization, namely keeping the temperature at 200 ℃ for 2 hours, taking out a product, washing and drying the product overnight. Mixing the obtained powder with potassium hydroxide powder in a mass ratio of 1: 3, placing the mixture in a nickel crucible after uniformly mixing and grinding the mixture, carbonizing the mixture for 2 hours at 600 ℃ in a nitrogen atmosphere, washing the mixture to be neutral by using dilute hydrochloric acid and deionized water, and then drying the mixture overnight to obtain the carbon material adsorbent named as CS-600.
EXAMPLE 3 preparation of Chitosan-based layered porous carbon Material (CS-700)
Adding 55ml of distilled water and 2g of chitosan into a beaker, adding 15ml of acetic acid after fully stirring, continuously stirring until a uniform viscous solution is formed, putting the solution into a reaction kettle for hydrothermal carbonization, namely keeping the temperature at 200 ℃ for 2 hours, taking out a product, washing and drying the product overnight. Mixing the obtained powder with potassium hydroxide powder in a mass ratio of 1: 3, placing the mixture in a nickel crucible after uniformly mixing and grinding the mixture, carbonizing the mixture for 2 hours at 700 ℃ in a nitrogen atmosphere, washing the mixture to be neutral by using dilute hydrochloric acid and deionized water, and then drying the mixture overnight to obtain the carbon material adsorbent named as CS-700.
Comparative example 1 preparation of Chitosan-based layered porous carbon Material (CS-ZnCl)2-800)
1g of chitosan, 30ml of distilled water and 1ml of 2% acetic acid solution are added into a beaker, 3g of zinc chloride and 10ml of distilled water are added into another beaker, and the solutions in the two beakers are rapidly mixed and vigorously stirred under ultrasonic conditions, so that a gel-like chitosan-zinc complex is rapidly formed at room temperature. Then the complex is put in a drying oven with the temperature of 160 ℃ for hydro-thermal synthesis for 6 hours, the obtained black product is carbonized for 2 hours in the nitrogen atmosphere with the temperature of 800 ℃, the obtained product is stirred by dilute hydrochloric acid solution to remove the residual zinc ions, and then the obtained product is washed and dried by deionized water to obtain the adsorbent which is named as CS-ZnCl2-800。
Comparative example 2 preparation of Chitosan-based layered porous carbon Material (CS-FeCl)3-800)
Adding into a beaker1g of chitosan, 30ml of distilled water and 1ml of 2% acetic acid solution, adding 325mg of ferric chloride hexahydrate and 5ml of distilled water into the other beaker, mixing and stirring the liquids in the two beakers, placing the mixture in a drying oven at 160 ℃ for hydrothermal synthesis for 6 hours, carbonizing the obtained black product for 2 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere at 800 ℃, stirring the obtained finished product by using a dilute hydrochloric acid solution to remove iron particles, centrifuging the obtained product by using deionized water and ethanol, washing and drying the obtained product to obtain the adsorbent named as CS-FeCl, and obtaining the adsorbent named as CS-FeCl3-800。
Example 4 detection
Scanning electron microscope and N2Adsorption-desorption analysis: carbon materials CS-600, CS-700, CS-800, CS-ZnCl 2800 and CS-FeCl3The scanning electron microscope results of-800 are shown in FIG. 2. As can be seen from the figure, the surface morphologies of several carbon materials do not differ much, and a typical three-dimensional layered honeycomb structure formed by connecting bent nanocarbon sheets can be seen, and it can be inferred that the carbonization temperature and the difference of the activating agent do not affect the surface morphology of the material. Meanwhile, the surfaces of the honeycomb carbon materials are provided with a plurality of macropores which are randomly distributed, the sizes of the pores are different from hundreds of nanometers to microns, and the pores have good connection effects. And can be found in P/P from FIG. 30When the carbon material is more than 0.3, an obvious hysteresis loop appears, which indicates that the prepared carbon material also has a large amount of mesoporous structures, and the pore size distribution of the carbon material obtained at different carbonization temperatures is different.
Example 5 adsorption Effect of Chitosan-based layered porous carbon on gallium at different acidity
The method comprises the following steps: 10mg of chitosan-based layered porous carbon prepared in examples 1 to 3 and comparative examples 1 and 2 were weighed, respectively, and added to 10mL of chitosan-based layered porous carbon with a concentration of 20 mg. L-1The Ga (III) solution of (2) is subjected to shaking adsorption at 30 ℃ for 24 hours while the pH values of the solution are adjusted to 1, 2, 3 and 10, respectively. The results are shown in FIG. 4.
As can be seen from fig. 4, when the pH values of the solution are 1, 2, 3 and 10, the adsorption performance of the adsorbent for ga (iii) shows a tendency of increasing and then decreasing. Furthermore, the adsorption rate of CS-800 to Ga (III) at pH 3 can reach 96.07%. When the pH value of the gallium solution is 4-9, gallium is mainly in the form of white precipitate, so that the gallium is not considered in the range of experiments.
Example 6 adsorption isotherm of Chitosan-based layered porous carbon (CS-800) adsorbing Ga (III)
The method comprises the following steps: 10. + -. 0.2mg of the chitosan-based hierarchical porous carbon prepared in example 1 and comparative examples 1 and 2 were weighed, respectively, placed in Ga (III) solutions having different volumes at a pH of 3 and a concentration of 50ppm, and then shaken at 30 ℃ for 24 hours, and then the concentration of Ga (III) in the solutions at equilibrium and the concentration of the stock solutions were measured. The results are shown in FIG. 5.
As can be seen from FIG. 5, the maximum saturated adsorption capacity of the adsorbent CS-800 to gallium ions is maximum, and can reach 129.83mg g-1. As can be seen from the linear correlation coefficient, the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model best conforms to the experimental data, and the adsorption of the rhenium by the CS-800 belongs to monolayer adsorption.
Comparative example 3 Chitosan-based layered porous carbon (CS-ZnCl)2-800、CS-FeCl3-800) adsorption isotherms for Ga (III) adsorption
As can be seen from FIG. 5, the adsorbent CS-ZnCl2-800、CS-FeCl3Maximum saturated adsorption amounts of-800 to gallium ions of 97.41mg g, respectively-1And 86.09mg g-1This corresponds to the tendency of increase and decrease in the specific surface area and pore diameter as compared with the maximum saturated adsorption amount of CS-800. It can be concluded that CS-800 has the best adsorption performance for Ga (III).
Example 7 Selective recovery of gallium from Chitosan-based layered porous carbon in Mixed System
The method comprises the following steps: 10mg of chitosan-based layered porous carbon prepared in example 1 was weighed and added to 10mL of chitosan-based layered porous carbon with a concentration of 20 mg. L-1The solutions of Ge (IV), Zn (II), Al (III), Cu (II) and Ga (III) of (1), 2 and 3 are adjusted in pH respectively, and are subjected to shaking adsorption for 24 hours at 30 ℃. The results are shown in FIG. 6.
It can be seen that, at the acidity pH of 1 and 2 of the solution, the adsorption rate of CS-800 to other coexisting ions ge (iv), zn (ii), al (iii), and cu (ii) is very small, and the adsorption rate does not increase significantly with increasing pH, but does not increase by more than 25% until the acidity pH of the solution is pH 3. The adsorption rate of the adsorbent to the target ion gallium ion is gradually increased along with the increase of the pH value of the mixed ion solution, when the pH value of the solution is increased to 3, the adsorption effect of CS-800 to Ga (III) is the best, and the adsorption rate can be as high as 92.1%. It is shown that there is competitive adsorption between the coexisting ions Al (III), Zn (II), Ge (IV), Cu (II) and the target ion Ga (III), but there is less interference.
Example 8 elution Effect of different eluents on gallium-adsorbing Chitosan-based layered porous carbon
The method comprises the following steps: 150mg of CS-800 prepared in example 1 was weighed, added to 150mL of a 50ppm Ga (III) solution, and subjected to adsorption at 30 ℃ for 24 hours under shaking, followed by filtration, and samples were taken out to measure the concentration of gallium ions in the stock solution and the filtrate, respectively. Then, 10mg of gallium-loaded adsorbent CS-800 was weighed, 10mL of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide with different concentrations were added for elution, and the gallium ion concentration was determined after shaking for 24 hours at constant temperature under 303K, with the result shown in fig. 7.
In FIG. 7, a, b, c and d are respectively 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2mol L-1NaOH, e, f, g, h are 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mol.L respectively-1HCl, concentration 1.5 mol. L-1The HCl (hydrochloric acid) has the best elution effect on the CS-800 adsorbing gallium, and the elution effect can reach 95.78%. And 1.5mol L is selected-1The elution rate of HCl used as eluent for six times of cycle adsorption-elution experiments can still reach more than 90%.
Claims (10)
1. The chitosan-based layered porous carbon material is characterized in that the chitosan-based layered porous carbon material is a three-dimensional layered porous carbon material with a high specific surface area, which is prepared by taking green biomass material chitosan as a carbon source, selecting potassium hydroxide as an activating agent and adopting hydrothermal carbonization and chemical activation methods.
2. A method for producing a chitosan-based layered porous carbon material according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:
1) adding distilled water and chitosan, adding acetic acid after fully stirring, continuously stirring until a uniform viscous solution is formed, putting the solution into a reaction kettle for hydrothermal carbonization, taking out a product, washing and drying the product overnight;
2) taking the carbon sample powder obtained in the step 1), mixing with potassium hydroxide powder, grinding uniformly, placing in a nickel crucible for carbonization, washing with dilute hydrochloric acid and deionized water to be neutral, and drying overnight to obtain the chitosan-based layered porous carbon material.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the hydrothermal carbonization is maintained at a constant temperature of 200 ℃ for 2 hours in the step 1).
4. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the carbonization in step 2) is performed under a nitrogen atmosphere at 600-800 ℃ for 2 hours.
5. The preparation method according to claim 4, wherein in the step 2), the mass ratio of the carbon sample powder to the potassium hydroxide powder is 1: 1-5.
6. Use of a chitosan-based layered porous carbon material according to claim 1 for recovering gallium.
7. Use according to claim 6, characterized in that the method is as follows: adding the hydroxyl-modified three-dimensional carbon nanosheet of the tremella type, which is modified by the hydroxyl group, into a solution containing 1000mg/L of gallium ions, performing shaking adsorption for 24 hours at the temperature of 30 ℃, filtering and drying.
8. The use according to claim 7, which comprises an elution step of adding an eluent to the dried chitosan-based layered porous carbon material adsorbed with gallium ions, shaking the mixture at 30 ℃ for 24 hours, taking out the mixture, and filtering the mixture.
9. The use according to claim 8, wherein the hydroxyl-modified three-dimensional carbon nanosheets and the eluting solution have a solid to liquid ratio of 10 mg: 10 mL.
10. Use according to claim 9, wherein the eluent is at a concentration of 0.5 mol-L-1～2mol·L-1NaOH, or 0.5 mol. L-1～2mol·L-1HCl of (g).
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