CN112514123A - Fuel cell system and method for operating the same - Google Patents
Fuel cell system and method for operating the same Download PDFInfo
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- CN112514123A CN112514123A CN201980051252.8A CN201980051252A CN112514123A CN 112514123 A CN112514123 A CN 112514123A CN 201980051252 A CN201980051252 A CN 201980051252A CN 112514123 A CN112514123 A CN 112514123A
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- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 157
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 144
- 239000012809 cooling fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 117
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002828 fuel tank Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010079 rubber tapping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006200 vaporizer Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/04097—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with recycling of the reactants
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04014—Heat exchange using gaseous fluids; Heat exchange by combustion of reactants
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04701—Temperature
- H01M8/04716—Temperature of fuel cell exhausts
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
- H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/0612—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
- H01M8/0618—Reforming processes, e.g. autothermal, partial oxidation or steam reforming
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
- H01M2008/1293—Fuel cells with solid oxide electrolytes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
- H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02T90/40—Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to a fuel cell system (100) having: at least one fuel cell stack (1) having an anode section (2) and a cathode section (3); an anode supply unit (5) that supplies the reformed anode supply gas from the reformer (4) to the anode unit (2); a reformer (4) for reforming the reformer supply gas; a reformer supply section (14) that supplies a reformer supply gas to the reformer (4); an anode recirculation portion (6) for returning anode off-gas for reuse in the anode portion (2); a heat exchanger (8) having a first fluid flow guide (9) for guiding the anode exhaust gas and a second fluid flow guide (10) for guiding the reformer supply gas, wherein the first fluid flow guide (9) and the second fluid flow guide (10) are at least partially in a heat transfer connection with each other within the heat exchanger (8) for heat transfer between the anode exhaust gas and the reformer supply gas; a fan section (24) downstream of the first fluid guide section (9) and upstream of the second fluid guide section (10), in which fan section a recirculation fan (11) is arranged for guiding anode exhaust gas from the first fluid guide section (9) to the second fluid guide section (10) via the fan section (24); a cooling fluid flow guide (25) for feeding cooling fluid into the fan section (24) upstream of the recirculation fan (11) to cool the anode off-gas in the fan section (24) upstream of the recirculation fan (11); a fuel source (13) arranged upstream of the heat exchanger (8); and an evaporator (12) integrated in the heat exchanger (8) for evaporating fuel from the fuel source (13). The invention further relates to a method for operating a fuel cell system (100) and to a motor vehicle (1000) having a fuel cell system (100).
Description
Technical Field
The present invention relates to a fuel cell system, in particular a SOFC system for mobile applications. The invention further relates to a method for operating a fuel cell system and to a motor vehicle having such a fuel cell system.
Background
This type of fuel cell system has a fuel cell stack including an anode section and a cathode section for generating electric current. An anode off-gas recirculation mechanism for reusing the anode off-gas in the anode portion is known in this type of fuel cell system. For this purpose, a recirculation fan is provided in the recirculation circuit of the fuel cell system, by means of which the anode exhaust gas can be returned from the anode outlet to the anode inlet of the anode section.
A fuel cell system with an anode exhaust gas recirculation mechanism is disclosed by international patent application WO 2017/037197 a 1. According to the fuel cell system shown therein, the anode off-gas is returned from the anode outlet to the anode inlet of the anode section by means of a recirculation fan or pump. The anode off-gas has a temperature of about 500 c in such a fuel cell system. The recirculation fan or the corresponding pump arranged downstream of the anode section must therefore have high-quality, correspondingly heat-resistant component parts. The recirculation fans or pumps used are therefore relatively expensive.
Disclosure of Invention
The task of the present invention is to take at least part the aforementioned problems into account. The object of the invention is, in particular, to provide a fuel cell system and a method for operating the same, in which a recirculation fan with as few thermal protection means as possible and therefore correspondingly inexpensive can be used.
The above task is accomplished by the claims. In particular, the above object is achieved by a fuel cell system according to claim 1, a method according to claim 6 and a motor vehicle according to claim 9. Further advantages of the invention emerge from the dependent claims, the description and the figures. The features and details described in connection with the fuel cell system are also obviously applicable in connection with the method of the invention, the motor vehicle of the invention and vice versa, and therefore the disclosure in connection with the various inventive aspects will always be or can be cross-referenced.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a fuel cell system having: at least one fuel cell stack comprising an anode section and a cathode section, an anode supply section for supplying a reformed anode supply gas from the reformer to the anode section, a reformer for reforming the reformer supply gas, a reformer supply section for supplying the reformer supply gas to the reformer, and an anode recycle section for returning anode off-gas for reuse in the anode section. The fuel cell system also has a heat exchanger, which comprises a first fluid flow guide for guiding the anode exhaust gas and a second fluid flow guide for guiding the reformer supply gas, wherein the first fluid flow guide and the second fluid flow guide are in heat transfer connection with each other within the heat exchanger at least locally for heat transfer between the anode exhaust gas and the reformer supply gas. The fuel cell system further has a fan section downstream of the first fluid flow guide and upstream of the second fluid flow guide, in which fan section a recirculation fan is arranged for guiding anode off-gas from the first fluid flow guide to the second fluid flow guide via the fan section. Further, the fuel cell system has a cooling fluid introduction portion for introducing a cooling fluid into the fan portion upstream of the recirculation fan so as to cool the anode off-gas in the fan portion upstream of the recirculation fan. Furthermore, a fuel source is provided upstream of the heat exchanger, wherein an evaporator for evaporating fuel from the fuel source is integrated in the heat exchanger.
The fuel cell system may include one, two, three or more fuel cell stacks, which may be arbitrarily arranged with respect to each other and other components of the fuel cell system. A fuel cell stack is referred to within the scope of the invention as a galvanic stack.
By means of the cooling fluid flow guide, it is possible to add cooling fluid to the anode exhaust gas in the fan section upstream of the recirculation fan. Thereby, the anode off-gas can be cooled upstream of the recirculation fan. After the cooled anode exhaust gas or the correspondingly conditioned anode exhaust gas cooling fluid mixture has been conveyed further through the second fluid flow portion by the recirculation fan, the anode exhaust gas can be additionally cooled in advance in the first fluid flow portion by the heat exchanger. The first fluid flow guide thus corresponds to the hot side of the heat exchanger, while the second fluid flow guide corresponds to the cold side of the heat exchanger. The anode exhaust gas temperature at the recirculation fan can be reduced from the previous approximately 500 c to 300 c by a two-stage cooling method. In the proposed fuel cell system, therefore, a recirculation fan with correspondingly more advantageous components in terms of the required thermal protection can be employed.
A further advantage of the present fuel cell system is obtained in that the anode off-gas is cooled beforehand in the first fluid conducting portion. The risk of self-ignition, which may occur when the hot anode exhaust gas encounters a cooling fluid, for example provided in the form of ambient air, can thereby be reduced.
Energy is required to vaporize fuel from a fuel source in a vaporizer. That is, in order to vaporize the fuel, heat energy must be supplied to the evaporator. The required thermal energy is drawn at least partially from the evaporator environment and in particular from the heat exchanger. In other words, excess thermal energy is extracted from the anode off-gas and supplied to an evaporator integrated in the heat exchanger to evaporate the fuel. In this process range, the anode exhaust gas is cooled and the evaporator or the fuel in the evaporator is heated. As a result, enthalpy can be used to heat the fuel by an endothermic reaction as the fuel evaporates to lower the exit temperature of the fluid mixture exiting the second fluid guide. Accordingly, the anode exhaust gas which is conducted through the first fluid flow section of the heat exchanger can be cooled by means of the enthalpy as described above. Thereby, a further precooling of the anode off-gas and thus a still lower anode off-gas temperature at the recirculation fan may be achieved. It is thus possible to use recirculation fans which are also less expensive and have correspondingly low thermal protection requirements.
By the system arrangement of the present invention, it is possible to heat or evaporate the fuel and cool the anode off-gas in an efficient manner. This efficiency results in a very compact design of the component assembly.
It is obvious that the anode exhaust gas temperature can be lowered by the structure of the present invention to 150 c at the inlet of the recirculation fan at maximum. It is thus possible to achieve such a low temperature at the fluid outlet of the recirculation fan that the anode exhaust gas-cooling fluid mixture does not condense any more in this region. This also results in better fuel cell system operation.
Further advantages are obtained in the system configuration of the invention, since it is not necessary to convey fuel past the recirculation fan during operation of the fuel cell system. If fuel is delivered through the recirculation fan, the oxygen to carbon ratio (O/C ratio) upstream of the recirculation fan is not at the desired ratio. This may lead to carbon deposition in the anode supply. Here, the evaporation in the heat exchanger takes place downstream of the recirculation fan. There, the desired amount of air or oxygen is already present, and thus the desired O/C ratio.
The evaporator is configured to mix fuel evaporated therein into the anode exhaust-cooling fluid mixture. The fluid composition also has a reformer supply gas, i.e., anode exhaust gas, a cooling fluid, especially in the form of ambient air, and vaporized fuel.
The expression "evaporator is integrated into the heat exchanger" can mean that the heat exchanger is formed integrally with the evaporator or that both are designed as a common structural unit. The evaporator need not be designed as an internal part of the heat exchanger or as a part which is completely surrounded by the heat exchanger. The fuel source is preferably designed as a separate fuel tank. That is, the fuel source is preferably not provided as part of the fuel recycle line, but rather is provided as a separate fuel source. The fuel tank is in particular designed for pure or high-purity hydrocarbon-containing liquid fuels. Between the fuel source and the evaporator or upstream of the evaporator and downstream of the fuel source, a pump or metering device is preferably provided for supplying the fuel to the evaporator.
As previously mentioned, ambient air or other low temperature oxygen-containing fluid may be used as the cooling fluid. A cooling fluid flow guide may thus be understood as an air flow guide for sending air, in particular ambient air or other oxygen-containing gas, to the fan section upstream of the recirculation fan.
The first fluid guide and the second fluid guide are arranged parallel or substantially parallel to each other with respect to a flow direction through the fluid guide for heat transfer. In this way, the heat transport from the hot anode exhaust gas in the first fluid flow guide towards the cooler anode exhaust gas-cooling fluid mixture and the reverse heat transport can be performed in the heat exchanger over as long a path as possible, and a correspondingly efficient cooling effect for the anode exhaust gas in the first fluid flow guide is obtained.
The second fluid guide is preferably arranged immediately downstream of the recirculation fan and immediately upstream of the reformer. The recirculation fan means a gas recirculation unit for recirculation or for assisting in the recirculation of the anode off-gas for reuse in the anode portion. Accordingly, the recirculation fan can also be designed as a return pump. In this case, the fan section may also be understood as a pump section.
For heat transfer between the anode off-gas and the reformer supply gas, the first fluid flow and the second fluid flow are at least partially directly or indirectly heat-conductively connected to each other within the heat exchanger. The direct heat transfer connection can be realized in such a way that the first line section wall of the first fluid guide directly contacts the second line section wall of the second fluid guide. In indirect heat transfer connections, air gaps and/or fixed heat-conducting material sections can also be provided between the pipe section walls.
In order to feed the cooling fluid to the fan section upstream of the recirculation fan, it is preferable to provide a confluence section upstream of the recirculation fan for simply merging the anode off-gas with the cooling fluid.
The second fluid guide is designed to at least partially guide the reformer supply gas. The reformer supply gas is guided in particular in a rear section of the second fluid flow guide, wherein the rear section of the second fluid flow guide is located downstream of the front section of the second fluid flow guide. The front section of the second fluid guide is designed in particular for guiding the anode exhaust gas-cooling fluid mixture.
The heat exchanger is preferably designed as a plate heat exchanger. This configuration has proven to be a particularly space-saving heat exchanger variant which can be integrated well in the system.
According to a further embodiment of the invention, it is possible in a fuel cell system to provide a cathode gas fan upstream of the cooling fluid guide for feeding cooling fluid in the form of cathode supply gas into the cooling fluid guide. The cathode supply gas preferably means air, in particular ambient air or another oxygen-containing fluid, which is fed to the cathode portion by means of a cathode gas fan during operation of the fuel cell system. Thus, the cathode gas fan can be operated in a dual function. On the one hand, it feeds the cathode supply gas to the cathode section of the fuel cell stack, and on the other hand, it feeds a cooling fluid in the form of the cathode supply gas, in particular ambient air, to the cooling fluid flow guide to cool the anode exhaust gas. A particularly space-saving system configuration can thereby be achieved for the fuel cell system.
In addition, it is possible in the fuel cell system according to the invention for the second fluid flow guide to have a first fluid inlet for feeding the returned anode exhaust gas and/or cooling fluid into the second fluid flow guide, a second fluid inlet for feeding the evaporated fuel into the second fluid flow guide, and a fluid outlet for discharging a fluid mixture in the form of a reformer supply gas composed of the returned anode exhaust gas, cooling fluid and/or evaporated fuel, wherein a porous separation layer is provided within the second fluid flow guide through which the evaporated fuel can flow for mixing with the returned anode exhaust gas and/or cooling fluid. The evaporated fuel can thus be mixed very homogeneously with the anode exhaust gas cooling fluid mixture within the second fluid guide during operation of the fuel cell system by simple structural measures.
According to a further variant embodiment of the invention, it is possible for the first fluid flow section and the second fluid flow section to be at least partially designed so as to be counter-current to one another within the heat exchanger in order to guide the anode exhaust gas and the reformer supply gas counter-current to one another. By means of the convection arrangement, a particularly space-saving provision of the fluid line system within the fuel cell system is possible. In addition, hydrodynamic advantages can be obtained by the convective arrangement. The first fluid flow guide and the second fluid flow guide are arranged in a countercurrent manner in such a way that the anode exhaust gas in the first fluid flow guide and the anode exhaust gas cooling fluid mixture and/or the reformer supply gas or the reformer supply fluid in the second fluid flow guide flow within the heat exchanger in mutually opposite directions or at least in directions running obliquely to one another during operation of the fuel cell system.
It is also advantageous in the fuel cell system of the present invention to provide a bifurcation within the anode recirculation portion for diverting a portion of the anode exhaust gas to the first fluid flow guide and another portion of the anode exhaust gas to the afterburner of the fuel cell system. In the case of the use of a branching off, the anode exhaust gas can be used in a simple manner not only for the recirculation mentioned for reuse in the anode section, but also for combustion in the afterburner and thus for temperature regulation of the fuel cell system or of selected components thereof. The bifurcation may be referred to as a suitable three-way valve. Or a T-piece may advantageously be provided whereby the anode off-gas is diverted in accordance with the negative pressure caused by the anode recirculation fan. By arranging the bifurcation upstream of the first fluid flow guide, only a portion of the anode exhaust gas is cooled at the recuperator. The portion that is sent to the afterburner is maintained at an initial high temperature level. Thereby a very advantageous temperature management is obtained. During operation of the fuel cell system, about 35% of the anode exhaust gas may be directed to the first fluid flow guide and about 65% of the anode exhaust gas may be directed to the afterburner via the bifurcation. However, the split flow is in principle dependent on the fuel used and/or the operating point, and therefore it may also be different, for example also 50%: 50%, or 70%: 30%, or 40%: 60%, or any other setting may be used. The branching off is preferably arranged immediately downstream of the anode part and immediately upstream of the first fluid conducting part of the heat exchanger.
According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a method of operating a fuel cell system as described above, wherein anode off-gas is drawn in through the first fluid flow guide by means of a recirculation fan or a corresponding pump, and subsequently is directed to the reformer through the second fluid flow guide by means of the recirculation fan, while cooling fluid is directed to the reformer through the second fluid flow guide by means of the recirculation fan. The method of the invention therefore brings about the same advantages as those explicitly described in connection with the fuel cell system of the invention. In particular, the previously described extended cooling function can be used within the scope of the method for cooling the line section upstream of the recirculation fan. In the method, the fuel is evaporated by means of an evaporator integrated in the heat exchanger, while the anode exhaust gas is fed to the reformer through the second fluid flow guide by means of a recirculation fan.
In a further variant of the invention, the cooling fluid can be fed from the environment of the fuel cell system to the cooling fluid leadthrough in the form of ambient air by means of a cathode gas fan. Ambient air is convenient to use and has a desired oxygen content for the necessary operating processes within the fuel cell system. In the case of the use of ambient air, this method can be implemented particularly easily and inexpensively. Tests within the scope of the invention have shown that very good operating results are obtained when ambient air is supplied at a temperature in the range of 40 ℃ to 80 ℃, in particular at about 60 ℃. Ambient air, typically below 40 c, can be efficiently raised to the desired temperature by compressing it by means of a cathode gas fan.
It is also possible in the process according to the invention to supply the evaporator with fuel from a fuel source, the fuel having predominantly hydrocarbon-containing fuel, in particular more than 80%. That is, the present fuel cell system preferably operates on pure fuel or substantially pure fuel, rather than, for example, a fuel-water mixture as is accomplished in other heterogeneous fuel cell systems. Supplying a pure fuel or a high purity fuel can be achieved relatively simply compared to supplying a fuel mixture. By "predominantly hydrocarbon containing fuel" is meant that the fuel has more than 50% hydrocarbon containing.
According to a further aspect of the invention, a motor vehicle is proposed, which has a fuel cell system for providing electrical energy as described in detail above and at least one electric motor for driving the motor vehicle using the electrical energy provided by the fuel cell system at least at times. The fuel cell system is here also configured and designed for carrying out the method as described above. The motor vehicle according to the invention therefore also offers the same advantages as those explicitly described above. The motor vehicle can be designed as a land craft, a water craft, a rail vehicle, an aircraft and/or other mobile units, such as for example robots.
Drawings
Further measures for improving the invention result from the following description of different embodiments of the invention as schematically shown in the figures. All features and/or advantages from the claims, the description or the figures, together with details of construction and spatial arrangement, can be essential to the invention, both individually and in various combinations. Respectively schematically showing:
figure 1 shows a block diagram of a portion of a fuel cell system for illustrating the present invention,
figure 2 shows a part of a heat exchanger according to the invention,
figure 3 shows a block diagram for illustrating a fuel cell system of the present invention,
fig. 4 shows a motor vehicle with the fuel cell system of the present invention installed therein.
Components having the same function and operation are provided with the same reference numerals in fig. 1-4, respectively.
Detailed Description
Fig. 1 schematically shows the important components of the present invention of a fuel cell system 100 according to a preferred embodiment. The illustrated fuel cell system 100 has: one or more fuel cell stacks 1 comprising an anode section 2 and a cathode section 3, an anode supply 5 for supplying reformed anode supply gas from a reformer 4 to the anode section 2, a reformer 4 for reforming reformer supply gas, a reformer supply 14 for supplying reformer supply gas to the reformer 4, and an anode recycle 6 for returning anode exhaust gas for reuse in the anode section 2.
The fuel cell system further has a heat exchanger 8 having a first fluid flow guide 9 for guiding the anode exhaust gas and a second fluid flow guide 10 for guiding the reformer supply gas, wherein the first fluid flow guide 9 and the second fluid flow guide 10 are at least partially in heat transfer connection with each other within the heat exchanger 8 for heat transfer between the anode exhaust gas and the reformer supply gas. The first fluid flow guide corresponds to the hot side of the heat exchanger 8 and the second fluid flow guide 10 corresponds to the cold side of the heat exchanger 8.
In addition, the fuel cell system 100 has a fan portion 24 downstream of the first fluid guiding portion 9 and upstream of the second fluid guiding portion 10, in which fan portion a recirculation fan 11 for guiding anode off-gas from the first fluid guiding portion 9 to the second fluid guiding portion 10 via the fan portion 24 is arranged, and a cooling fluid guiding portion 25 for feeding cooling fluid into the fan portion 24 upstream of the recirculation fan 11 to cool the anode off-gas within the fan portion 24 upstream of the recirculation fan 11.
Upstream of the cooling fluid flow guide 25 a cathode gas fan 7 is arranged for feeding cooling fluid in the form of cathode supply gas or ambient air into the cooling fluid flow guide 25. Upstream of the heat exchanger 8 a fuel source 13 in the form of a fuel tank is provided. Furthermore, an evaporator 12 for evaporating fuel from a fuel source 13 is integrated in the illustrated heat exchanger 8.
A branch 16 is provided in the anode recirculation portion 6 for branching off a part of the anode off-gas to the first fluid flow guide 9 and another part of the anode off-gas to an afterburner 17 of the fuel cell system 100. A merging portion 15 for merging the anode off-gas and the cooling fluid (in the fan portion 24) is provided upstream of the cathode gas fan 7.
With reference to fig. 2, a preferred embodiment of a part of the heat exchanger 8 is described subsequently. In the illustrated detail of the heat exchanger 8, the second fluid flow guide 10 has a first fluid inlet 18 for feeding the returned anode exhaust gas and/or cooling fluid into the second fluid flow guide 10, a second fluid inlet 19 for feeding the evaporated fuel into the second fluid flow guide 10, and a fluid outlet 20 for discharging a fluid mixture of the returned anode exhaust gas, cooling fluid and/or evaporated fuel in the form of a reformer supply gas. A porous separator layer 21 is formed within the second fluid conducting portion 10, through which the evaporated fuel can flow to mix with the returning anode exhaust gas and/or cooling fluid. The first fluid guide 9 has an anode off-gas inlet 22 and an anode off-gas outlet 23. As is apparent from fig. 1 and in particular from fig. 2, the first fluid flow guide 9 and the second fluid flow guide 10 are at least partially formed in a mutually countercurrent manner within the heat exchanger 8 in order to guide the anode exhaust gas and the reformer supply gas in a mutually countercurrent manner.
The heat exchanger 8 shown in fig. 2 is designed in the form of a convective heat exchanger, in particular in the form of a convective plate heat exchanger. By this configuration, an effective heat transfer between the first fluid guide 9 and the second fluid guide 10 can be achieved. Instead of the variant shown, a recuperator is also conceivable. In this case, the anode gas inlet 22 and the anode gas outlet 23 may be arranged interchangeably. It is also possible that the heat exchanger 8 is designed as a cross-flow heat exchanger. In the case of cross-flow heat exchangers, the fluid streams mentioned run perpendicular to one another and are not mixed laterally in the flow direction in comparison with parallel-flow heat exchangers, respectively. In addition, a modified design of the heat exchanger 8 in the form of a cross-flow heat exchanger can be realized. This can be achieved by combining a plurality of plate members in an overlapping manner. For this purpose, the respective fluid flow needs to be correspondingly interrupted. The increased construction costs can then be justified by a particularly efficient heat exchange.
Referring to fig. 1, a method for operating the illustrated fuel cell system 100 will be described subsequently. During operation of the fuel cell system 100, anode off-gas from the anode section 2 is led via the anode recirculation section 6 and the branch 16 provided therein to the first fluid guiding section 9 of the heat exchanger 8. This is at least sometimes performed by means of a recirculation fan 11. By means of the recirculation fan 11, the anode exhaust gas is also guided by the fan section 24 further via the collecting flow section 15 to the second fluid conducting section 10 of the heat exchanger 8. At the same time, the cooling fluid in the form of ambient air is fed to the reformer 4 through the second fluid guiding portion 10 by means of the cathode gas fan 7 and via the merging portion 15 and the recirculation fan 11. The inlet region at the recirculation fan 7 is initially cooled beforehand by the cooling fluid. At and within the recirculation fan 11, further cooling takes place in such a way that the cooling fluid in the region of the second fluid guide 10 also cools the anode exhaust gas in the first fluid guide 9, whereby the anode exhaust gas, after having been precooled beforehand, comes to the junction 15.
Additionally, during operation of the fuel cell system 100, pure or substantially pure fuel is delivered to the evaporator 12 of the heat exchanger 8 in the form of a hydrocarbon-containing fluid, such as ethanol or diesel. Since the fuel evaporation takes place endothermically, the corresponding heat absorption in the second fluid flow guide 10 can be used to further cool the first fluid flow guide 9 or the anode exhaust gas therein. Thereby, the anode off-gas temperature at the recirculation fan 11 can be reduced to about 150 ℃. The reformer supply gas produced in the second fluid guide 10 has, respectively, anode exhaust gas, cooling fluid in the form of ambient air and evaporated fuel. During operation of the fuel cell system 100, the reformer supply gas reformed in the reformer 4 is further sent to the anode section 2 through the anode supply section 6 so that it can be reused there.
Fig. 3 shows the functional components of the fuel cell system 100 shown in fig. 1 in a general view. The fuel cell system 100 shown is designed in the form of a SOFC system. The integration of the functional components shown in fig. 1 into the overall system can be seen in particular in fig. 3. The fuel cell system 100 shown in fig. 3 has two fuel cell stacks 1 each having an anode section 2 and a cathode section 3. Downstream of the reformer 4, a further heat exchanger 26 is provided for heating the reformed anode supply gas. That is, the fluid outlet of the anode supply 5 or reformer 4 is in fluid communication with the cold side of another heat exchanger 26. The cold side of the other heat exchanger 26 or the respective fluid outlet of the other heat exchanger 26 is in fluid communication with the anode portion 2 of the fuel cell stack 1.
A heat exchanger 27 is also provided downstream of the afterburner 17 for heating the cathode supply gas using the heating fluid from the afterburner 17. That is, the fluid outlet of the afterburner 17 is in fluid communication with the hot side of the heat exchanger 27. The further heat exchanger 27 is arranged downstream of the heat exchanger 27. Specifically, the fluid outlet of the heat exchanger 27 and the hot side of the other heat exchanger 26 are in fluid communication through a corresponding fluid inlet of the other heat exchanger 26. The hot side of the other heat exchanger 26 or the corresponding fluid outlet of the other heat exchanger 26 is in fluid communication with the cathode portion 2 of the fuel cell stack 1.
Upstream of the cathode gas fan 7, an additional cooling unit 28 for cooling the ambient air is provided in a further cooling fluid flow which extends at least partially parallel to the cooling fluid flow 25. By means of the cooling unit, the cooled ambient air or other cooled oxygen-containing fluid can be fed directly to the recirculation fan 11 arranged downstream of the cooling unit 28. For this purpose, a cooling fluid fan is provided in the further cooling fluid tapping downstream of the cooling unit 28 and upstream of the recirculation fan 11. By means of the cooling unit 28 and the ambient air supplied thereby, the recirculation fan 11 can be cooled particularly effectively as required.
As can additionally be seen in fig. 3, the fuel source 13 is arranged upstream of the afterburner 17 and is respectively in fluid communication therewith for supplying fuel. According to the illustrated embodiment, fuel may be supplied to the afterburner 17 from the fuel source 13 via the start-up burner 29.
Instead of separately arranging the reformer 4 and the afterburner 17 as shown in fig. 3, a coupling configuration of these two components can be realized. It may be particularly advantageous for the reformer 4 to be thermally coupled to the afterburner 17. For this purpose, the reformer 4 and the afterburner 17 can be arranged alongside one another, in particular in direct mechanical contact. Particularly preferably, the afterburner 17 can be arranged annularly around the reformer 4.
By the illustrated and described anode off-gas recirculation, the water in the form of steam contained in the anode off-gas is led to the reformer 4. That is, the reformer 4 may be supplied with water by anode off-gas recirculation. The separate water supply to the reformer 4 can thereby be correspondingly reduced or at least sometimes be completely dispensed with.
Fig. 4 shows a motor vehicle 1000 with a fuel cell system 100 as described above. The fuel cell system 100 generates electric power required inside the motor vehicle 1000. The motor vehicle 1000 also has an electric motor 200 for driving the motor vehicle 1000, at least at times, using the electrical energy generated by the fuel cell system 100. The fuel cell system 100 of the motor vehicle 100 is configured and designed for carrying out the method described with reference to fig. 1. The vehicle 1000 may be provided not only as a pure electric vehicle 1000 but also as a hybrid vehicle having an internal combustion engine.
The invention also allows other design principles than the embodiment shown. That is, the present invention should not be considered as being limited to the embodiments described with reference to the drawings.
List of reference numerals
1 fuel cell stack
2 anode part
3 cathode part
4 reformer
5 Anode supply part
6 anode recirculation part
7 cathode gas fan
8 heat exchanger
9 first fluid conducting part
10 second fluid conducting part
11 recirculation fan
12 evaporator
13 fuel source
14 reformer supply section
15 confluence part
16 crotch part
17 afterburning device
18 first fluid inlet
19 second fluid inlet
20 fluid outlet
21 porous separator layer
22 anode exhaust gas inlet
23 anode exhaust gas outlet
24 Fan section
25 cooling fluid guide
26 heat exchanger
27 heat exchanger
28 Cooling unit
29 start-up burner
100 fuel cell system
Claims (9)
1. A fuel cell system (100) having:
-at least one fuel cell stack (1) having an anode section (2) and a cathode section (3),
-an anode supply (5) for supplying reformed anode supply gas from a reformer (4) to the anode section (2),
-the reformer (4) for reforming the reformer supply gas,
a reformer supply (14) for supplying the reformer supply gas to the reformer (4),
-an anode recirculation section (6) for returning anode off-gas for reuse in the anode section (2),
-a heat exchanger (8) having a first fluid flow guide (9) for guiding an anode off-gas and a second fluid flow guide (10) for guiding a reformer supply gas, wherein the first fluid flow guide (9) and the second fluid flow guide (10) are in heat transfer connection with each other at least partially for heat transfer between the anode off-gas and the reformer supply gas within the heat exchanger (8), and
-a fan section (24) downstream of the first fluid flow guide (9) and upstream of the second fluid flow guide (10), in which fan section a recirculation fan (11) is arranged for guiding anode off-gas from the first fluid flow guide (9) via the fan section (24) to the second fluid flow guide (10),
-a cooling fluid flow guide (25) for feeding cooling fluid into the fan section (24) upstream of the recirculation fan (11) for cooling anode exhaust gas in the fan section (24) upstream of the recirculation fan (11),
-a fuel source (13) arranged upstream of the heat exchanger (8), and
-an evaporator (12) integrated in the heat exchanger (8) for evaporating fuel from the fuel source (13).
2. A fuel cell system (100) according to claim 1, characterized in that a cathode gas fan (7) for feeding cooling fluid in the form of cathode supply gas into the cooling fluid flow guide (25) is arranged upstream of the cooling fluid flow guide (25).
3. A fuel cell system (100) according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the second fluid conducting portion (10) has: a first fluid inlet (18) for feeding recirculated anode exhaust gas and/or cooling fluid into the second fluid guide (10), a second fluid inlet (19) for feeding evaporated fuel into the second fluid guide (10), and a fluid outlet (20) for discharging a fluid mixture in the form of a reformer feed gas, consisting of recirculated anode exhaust gas, cooling fluid and/or evaporated fuel, wherein a porous separating layer (21) is designed within the second fluid guide (10) through which the evaporated fuel can flow for mixing with the recirculated anode exhaust gas and/or cooling fluid.
4. A fuel cell system (100) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first fluid flow guide (9) and the second fluid flow guide (10) are designed within the heat exchanger (8) to be at least partially counter-current to each other in order to guide the anode exhaust gas and the reformer supply gas counter-current to each other.
5. A fuel cell system (100) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a branching (16) is provided in the anode recirculation portion (6) for branching a part of the anode exhaust gas to the first fluid conducting portion (9) and a further part of the anode exhaust gas to an afterburner (17) of the fuel cell system (100).
6. A method of operating a fuel cell system according to one of the preceding claims, wherein anode exhaust gas is taken in via the first fluid flow guide (9) by means of the recirculation fan (11) and subsequently fed to the reformer (4) via the second fluid flow guide (10) by means of the recirculation fan (11), while cooling fluid is fed to the reformer (4) via the second fluid flow guide (10) by means of the recirculation fan (11).
7. A method according to claim 6, characterized in that the cooling fluid is fed from the environment of the fuel cell system (100) to the cooling fluid conducting portion (25) in the form of ambient air by means of the cathode gas fan (7).
8. Method according to one of claims 6 to 7, characterized in that the evaporator (12) is supplied with fuel from the fuel source (13), which fuel mainly comprises hydrocarbon-containing fuel, in particular more than 80%.
9. A motor vehicle (1000) having a fuel cell system (100) according to one of claims 1 to 5 for providing electrical energy and at least one electric motor (200) for driving the motor vehicle (1000) at least at times with the electrical energy provided by the fuel cell system (100), wherein the fuel cell system (100) is configured and designed for carrying out the method according to one of claims 6 to 8.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATA50717/2018 | 2018-08-23 | ||
| ATA50717/2018A AT521650B1 (en) | 2018-08-23 | 2018-08-23 | Fuel cell system and method of operating the same |
| PCT/AT2019/060268 WO2020037347A1 (en) | 2018-08-23 | 2019-08-23 | Fuel cell system and method for operating the same |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN112514123A true CN112514123A (en) | 2021-03-16 |
Family
ID=67777032
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201980051252.8A Pending CN112514123A (en) | 2018-08-23 | 2019-08-23 | Fuel cell system and method for operating the same |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN112514123A (en) |
| AT (1) | AT521650B1 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR112021000687A2 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE112019004208A5 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2020037347A1 (en) |
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| US20080182141A1 (en) * | 2006-10-03 | 2008-07-31 | Juergen Rechberger | Device and a method for operation of a high temperature fuel cell |
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| DE102006055198A1 (en) * | 2006-11-21 | 2008-05-29 | J. Eberspächer GmbH & Co. KG | vehicle |
| EP3050148B1 (en) * | 2013-09-23 | 2017-08-02 | Convion Oy | A recirculation arrangement and method for a high temperature cell system |
| DE102014218726A1 (en) * | 2014-09-18 | 2016-04-07 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Fuel cell device with improved anode gas processor |
-
2018
- 2018-08-23 AT ATA50717/2018A patent/AT521650B1/en active
-
2019
- 2019-08-23 BR BR112021000687-7A patent/BR112021000687A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2019-08-23 CN CN201980051252.8A patent/CN112514123A/en active Pending
- 2019-08-23 WO PCT/AT2019/060268 patent/WO2020037347A1/en active Application Filing
- 2019-08-23 DE DE112019004208.4T patent/DE112019004208A5/en active Pending
Patent Citations (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102004002337A1 (en) * | 2004-01-16 | 2005-08-11 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag | An energy conversion device and method of operating the energy conversion device |
| US20060263657A1 (en) * | 2005-05-20 | 2006-11-23 | Kelly Sean M | Anode tail gas recycle cooler and re-heater for a solid oxide fuel cell stack assembly |
| US20080182141A1 (en) * | 2006-10-03 | 2008-07-31 | Juergen Rechberger | Device and a method for operation of a high temperature fuel cell |
| US20080141590A1 (en) * | 2006-10-27 | 2008-06-19 | Haltiner Karl J | Method and apparatus for vaporizing fuel for a catalytic hydrocarbon fuel reformer |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AT521650A1 (en) | 2020-03-15 |
| BR112021000687A2 (en) | 2021-04-13 |
| DE112019004208A5 (en) | 2021-05-27 |
| AT521650B1 (en) | 2020-09-15 |
| WO2020037347A1 (en) | 2020-02-27 |
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