CN112505740B - Nuclear radiation detection method and system - Google Patents

Nuclear radiation detection method and system Download PDF

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CN112505740B
CN112505740B CN202011322385.5A CN202011322385A CN112505740B CN 112505740 B CN112505740 B CN 112505740B CN 202011322385 A CN202011322385 A CN 202011322385A CN 112505740 B CN112505740 B CN 112505740B
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CN112505740A (en
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徐守龙
韩永超
邹树梁
赵芳
徐玲
邓骞
杨怀清
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University of South China
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    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01TMEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
    • G01T1/00Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
    • G01T1/02Dosimeters
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01TMEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
    • G01T1/00Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
    • G01T1/16Measuring radiation intensity

Abstract

The invention discloses a nuclear radiation detection method and a nuclear radiation detection system, which are characterized in that continuous multi-frame images of a site are firstly obtained, reference images are obtained according to the multi-frame images, the reference images are images with radiation response signals in the images suppressed, color channel images of the reference images are obtained, pixels with pixel values in a preset interval are respectively selected from the color channel images of the reference images, then for each obtained frame image, response pixels are extracted from the selected pixels, the response pixels are pixels with the difference between the pixel values of the pixels in the frame image and the maximum value of the preset interval in a preset range, and further, detection results about the radiation condition of the site are obtained according to the images with the response pixels. The invention realizes the radiation field detection by using the image acquired on site, has high response speed, low cost and practicability.

Description

Nuclear radiation detection method and system
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of image processing application, in particular to a nuclear radiation detection method and a nuclear radiation detection system.
Background
The construction of the operating capacity of the special nuclear radiation environment is an important guarantee for the smooth development of nuclear facility operation and nuclear-involved tasks, special equipment is needed to assist operation aiming at the radioactive special task operating environment, and the efficiency is the life line of the nuclear-involved tasks and the life line of operators.
In a task of dealing with a large-range unknown strong radiation field environment, nuclear radiation can cause serious radiation damage to personnel, and the speed of nuclear accident treatment and disposal is an important index for controlling nuclear pollution, protecting the environment, protecting national property and personal safety of people. Particularly, when special operation tasks such as nuclear accident emergency, nuclear terrorist attack, nuclear military tests and the like are dealt with, nuclear radiation field monitoring is the first and necessary means for knowing the field situation, making an operation plan and assisting in executing the operation tasks.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of this, the present invention provides a nuclear radiation detection method and system, which implement radiation field detection using an image obtained on site, and have the advantages of fast response speed, low cost and practicability.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a nuclear radiation detection method, comprising:
acquiring continuous multi-frame images of a site, and acquiring a reference image according to the multi-frame images, wherein the reference image is an image in which a radiation response signal in the image is suppressed;
acquiring each color channel image of the reference image, and selecting pixels with pixel values in a preset interval from each color channel image of the reference image respectively;
for each frame of obtained image, extracting a response pixel from the selected pixels, wherein the response pixel is a pixel of which the difference between the pixel value of the pixel in the frame of image and the maximum value of the preset interval is in a preset range;
and obtaining a detection result about the radiation condition of the scene according to the image of the response pixel.
Preferably, the obtaining of the reference image according to the multi-frame image includes:
selecting continuous preset number of frame images from the multi-frame images;
the following processes are performed in order from i = 1: for the selected ith frame image, judging whether F is satisfied i (m, n) > Th and F i±j (m, N) is less than or equal to Th, if yes, the pixel value of the pixel element (m, N) in the image of the ith frame is replaced by the pixel value of the pixel element (m, N) in the image of the ith +/-j frame, the reference image is obtained according to the finally obtained image of the Nth frame, wherein F i (m, n) denotes the pixel value of the image element (m, n) of the i-th frame, F i±j (m, n) represents the pixel value of the image element (m, n) of the ith +/-j frame image, th represents a preset threshold value, the ith +/-j frame image represents the adjacent frame image of the ith frame image, i belongs to [1, N ]],i±j∈[1,N]N denotes selecting N framesAnd (4) an image.
Preferably, obtaining the reference image according to the multi-frame image further includes: and carrying out filtering processing on the obtained reference image.
Preferably, selecting the pixel element with the pixel value in the preset interval from the color channel image of the reference image includes:
dividing the pixel values of the color channel image of the reference image into a plurality of intervals by taking a preset pixel value as an interval width;
and selecting the pixel with the pixel value in a preset interval from the color channel image of the reference image.
Preferably, the pixel value range of the color channel image of the reference image is 0-255, the pixel value 10 is used as a section width, the pixel value of the color channel image of the reference image is divided into 20 sections in sequence from the pixel value 0, and the last section is used as a section width by the pixel value 55.
Preferably, the preset range is that the difference is greater than zero.
Preferably, the method specifically comprises the following steps: for each frame of obtained image, recording data of pixels corresponding to pixels selected from the color channel image of the reference image in the image in a form of "pixel value interval to pixel coordinate-extracted pixel value-background-subtracted pixel value", where "pixel value interval to which the pixel value of the pixel belongs" in the color channel image of the reference image belongs "refers to a pixel value interval to which the pixel value of the pixel belongs," pixel value extracted "refers to the pixel value of the pixel in the frame of image, and" pixel value after background subtraction "refers to a value obtained by subtracting the maximum value of the pixel value interval to which the pixel value of the pixel in the frame of image is subtracted, that is, a difference value between the pixel value of the pixel in the frame of image and the maximum value of the pixel value interval to which the pixel belongs.
Preferably, obtaining a detection result regarding the radiation condition of the scene from the image in which the response pixel appears comprises: and judging whether radiation exists on the spot according to the image frame number occupying ratio of the response pixel.
Preferably, obtaining a detection result regarding the radiation condition of the scene based on the image of the appearing response pixel comprises:
calculating the pixel value average value of the response pixel for the image with the response pixel, and comparing the calculated pixel value average value with a pre-established pixel value average value-radiation dose rate relation table to obtain the on-site radiation dose rate;
or counting the number of response pixels of the image with the response pixels, and comparing the counted number of response pixels with a pre-established relationship table of the number of response pixels and the radiation dose rate to obtain the on-site radiation dose rate;
or counting the frame number occupying rate of the image with the response pixel, and comparing the calculated frame number occupying rate with a pre-established relation table of the frame number occupying rate of the response pixel to generate the radiation dosage rate to obtain the radiation dosage rate of the scene.
A nuclear radiation detection system for performing the above-described nuclear radiation detection method.
According to the technical scheme, the nuclear radiation detection method and the nuclear radiation detection system firstly obtain continuous multi-frame images of a site, obtain reference images according to the multi-frame images, the reference images are images inhibiting radiation response signals in the images, obtain color channel images of the reference images, respectively select pixels with pixel values in a preset interval from the color channel images of the reference images, then extract response pixels from the selected pixels for each obtained frame of image, the response pixels are pixels with pixel values in the frame of image and the maximum value of the preset interval in a preset range, and further obtain detection results about the radiation condition of the site according to the images of the response pixels. The nuclear radiation detection method and the nuclear radiation detection system realize radiation field detection by using the image acquired on site, and have the advantages of high response speed, low cost and practicability.
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In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the embodiments or the prior art descriptions will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and other drawings can be obtained by those skilled in the art without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 is a flowchart of a nuclear radiation detection method according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of a method for obtaining a reference image according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 (a) is a grid diagram of an image before denoising in one embodiment;
FIG. 3 (b) is a grid graph of the image after denoising the image corresponding to FIG. 3 (a);
FIG. 4 is a graph showing a fill ratio distribution of pixel values in an image under different dose rates;
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a response pixel number distribution extracted from each pixel value interval of a frame of image in one embodiment;
FIG. 6 shows an embodiment in which the radiation sources are separately arranged 60 Co and 137 the number of response pixels in the image under Cs radiation changes along with the radiation dose rate.
Detailed Description
In order to make those skilled in the art better understand the technical solutions of the present invention, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Referring to fig. 1, fig. 1 is a flowchart of a nuclear radiation detection method according to an embodiment of the present invention, and as can be seen from the figure, the nuclear radiation detection method includes the following steps:
s10: acquiring continuous multi-frame images of a scene, and acquiring a reference image according to the multi-frame images, wherein the reference image is an image in which a radiation response signal in the image is suppressed.
The image of the field detection area is obtained, and a series of continuous frame images of the field can be obtained by obtaining the video of the field. In practical applications, a camera device may be used to capture the live images. Preferably, the camera device may be provided on a mobile robot, through which various harsh environments can be entered.
The charge created by ionization of nuclear radiation, such as gamma ionizing radiation, in the picture elements of the photosensitive elements randomly creates a cluster of white bright spots in the image, i.e., radiation noise. Because the radiation noise is the response of the photosensitive element to the gamma ray and is not damaged, the spatial distribution and the time distribution of the radiation response noise in the video frame image are the same, the probability that the pixels at the same position continuously generate the radiation response noise is lower, and the quantity is related to the radiation dose rate. Therefore, if the gray level data of the frame image acquired in the radiation environment is directly counted, the noise is definitely counted, and the noise of the image can be reduced by means of the characteristic of the radiation noise, so that the image in which the radiation response signal in the image is suppressed through noise reduction is obtained and is used as a reference image.
Referring to fig. 2, fig. 2 is a flowchart of a method for obtaining a reference image in the present embodiment, including the following steps:
s100: and selecting continuous preset number of frame images from the multi-frame images.
The reference image is obtained by selecting a preset number of continuous frame images from the images acquired in the field, and optionally, the preset number of frame images may be sequentially selected from the first frame image, or the preset number of continuous frame images may be selected from the middle portion or the rear portion.
S101: the following processes are sequentially performed from i = 1: for the selected ith frame image, judging whether F is satisfied i (m, n) > Th and F i±j (m, N) is less than or equal to Th, if yes, the pixel value of the pixel element (m, N) in the image of the ith frame is replaced by the pixel value of the pixel element (m, N) in the image of the ith +/-j frame, the reference image is obtained according to the finally obtained image of the Nth frame, wherein F i (m, n) denotes the pixel value of the image element (m, n) of the i-th frame, F i±j (m, n) represents the pixel value of the image pixel (m, n) of the ith +/-j frame, and Th represents a preset threshold valueThe ith +/-j frame image represents the adjacent frame image of the ith frame image, i E [1, N],i±j∈[1,N]And N represents the selection of N frames of images.
And sequentially processing each pixel of the ith frame image through the process to obtain the ith frame image after replacement processing. In practical applications, j may take the value of 1. If the ith frame image has a previous frame image and a next frame image, the pixel values of the ith frame image are sequentially compared with the previous frame image and the next frame image respectively for replacement processing. And if the ith frame image only exists in the previous frame image or only exists in the next frame image, comparing the pixel value of the ith frame image with the previous frame image only or the next frame image only. When the image of the (i + 1) th frame is compared with the image of the adjacent frame and is subjected to replacement processing, the image of the (i + 1-j) th frame obtained through the replacement processing is used as the image of the frame before the image of the (i + 1) th frame.
Preferably, the reference image obtained after the replacement processing may be subjected to filtering processing. Optionally, the image may be subjected to median filtering or gaussian filtering, or may be subjected to filtering by using other filtering methods.
For example, referring to fig. 3 (a) and fig. 3 (b), fig. 3 (a) is an image grid map before denoising in an embodiment, and fig. 3 (b) is an image grid map after denoising the image corresponding to fig. 3 (a). It can be seen that noise appears in each area of the image before noise reduction, and the lower the background pixel value in the image area, the more obvious the noise is. After the noise reduction processing, the image has no obvious noise.
S11: and acquiring each color channel image of the reference image, and selecting pixel elements with pixel values in a preset interval from each color channel image of the reference image respectively.
And for the obtained reference image, respectively extracting a red channel image, a green channel image and a blue channel image of the reference image, and selecting a radiation sensitive area, namely a pixel with a pixel value in a preset interval from each color channel image of the reference image. Specifically, the grayscale images of the color channel images can be obtained, and the radiation-sensitive region can be extracted according to the pixel values of the grayscale images of the color channel images.
Specifically, the pixel element with the pixel value in the preset interval is selected from the color channel image of the reference image through the following process, including the following steps:
s110: and dividing the pixel values of the color channel image of the reference image into a plurality of intervals by taking a preset pixel value as an interval width.
In practical applications, the interval width may be set according to practical situations, where if the interval width is too large, the accuracy may be reduced, and if the interval width is too small, the calculation amount may be increased.
Preferably, in one embodiment, the pixel values of the color channel images of the reference image range from 0 to 255, the pixel value 10 is used as the interval width, the pixel values of the color channel images of the reference image are divided into 20 intervals in sequence starting from the pixel value 0, and the last interval is used as the interval width by the pixel value 55, that is, the pixel values of each color channel image are divided into the intervals 0 to 10, 11 to 20, 21 to 30, \82308230 \8230;, 191 to 200, 201 to 255 in sequence.
S111: and selecting a pixel with a pixel value in a preset interval from the color channel image of the reference image.
Pixels with pixel values in a preset interval are selected from a red channel image, a green channel image and a blue channel image of a reference image respectively, and a radiation sensitive area is formed by the pixels selected from each color channel image, so that the radiation sensitive area is extracted from the image to detect radiation response from the radiation sensitive area of the image. The method of the embodiment can not only improve the accuracy of radiation detection but also improve the detection efficiency by extracting the radiation sensitive area from the image to detect the radiation response in the radiation sensitive area of the image.
Illustratively, experimental studies on the radiation response have found that the radiation response, which reflects the radiation field information, is distributed mainly in the range of image pixel values 50-150. Referring to fig. 4, fig. 4 is a graph showing a fill ratio distribution of pixel values in an image under different dose rates, and it can be seen that as the dose rate increases, the fill ratio within a range of pixel values 50-150 changes greatly, and increases significantly. Thus, in practice, the pixels having pixel values in the interval 51-60, the interval 61-70, \ 8230 \ 8230;, the interval 141-150, can be selected from the respective color channel images.
S12: and for each frame of obtained image, extracting a response pixel from the selected pixels, wherein the response pixel is a pixel of which the difference between the pixel value of the pixel in the frame of image and the maximum value of the preset interval is in a preset range.
For each frame of image obtained from the field, the response image elements are extracted from the image elements selected in the previous step, i.e. from the selected radiation sensitive area. The response pixel is the pixel of which the difference between the pixel value of the pixel in the image of the frame and the maximum value of the preset interval is in the preset range.
Specifically, for each frame of image obtained from the field, data is recorded in the form of "pixel value interval to which the pixel value of the pixel in the color channel image of the reference image belongs", "pixel value extracted" refers to the pixel value of the pixel in the frame of image ", and" pixel value after background subtraction "refers to the value obtained by subtracting the maximum value of the pixel value interval to which the pixel value of the pixel in the frame of image of the reference image belongs, that is, the difference between the pixel value of the pixel in the frame of image and the maximum value of the pixel value interval to which the pixel belongs. For example, referring to table 1, the pixels (328, 445) belong to the interval 51-60, the pixel value of the pixel (328, 445) in one frame of image is 124, the corresponding pixel value after background subtraction is 64=124-60, and the maximum value of the interval 51-60 is 60.
TABLE 1
Figure GDA0003817982790000081
Then, the response pixel to be extracted is the pixel whose pixel value is in the preset range after the background subtraction. Optionally, the preset range may be that a difference between a pixel value of the pixel in the current frame image and a maximum value of the preset interval is greater than zero, that is, the pixel with the pixel value greater than zero after background subtraction is used as the response pixel. It is to be understood that the preset range is not limited to the above, and in practical applications, the preset range may be set according to practical situations. For example, referring to fig. 5, fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating a response pixel number distribution extracted from each pixel value interval of a frame image in an embodiment, where a pixel with a background-subtracted pixel value greater than zero is used as a response pixel.
S14: and obtaining a detection result about the radiation condition of the scene according to the image of the response pixel.
Optionally, whether radiation exists in the field or not can be judged according to the image frame number occupying ratio of the response image element. Illustratively, when the number of image frames of the response image element appearing in every 50 frames of images is more than 10%, the radiation on the detection site is indicated, and an alarm is started.
Preferably, a relation table of pixel value average value-radiation dose rate, a relation table of response pixel number-radiation dose rate, or a relation table of frame number occupied ratio of response to radiation-generated frame number-radiation dose rate of the response pixel may be established in advance. The average value of the pixel values of the response pixels can be calculated for the image with the response pixels, and the calculated average value of the pixel values is compared with a pre-established relation table between the average value of the pixel values of the response pixels and the radiation dose rate to obtain the radiation dose rate on site. The pixel value average refers to an average of pixel values of the response pixel in the image. Or, the number of response pixels can be counted for the image with the response pixels, and the counted number of response pixels is compared with a pre-established relationship table of the number of response pixels and the radiation dose rate to obtain the on-site radiation dose rate. Or, counting the frame number occupying rate of the image with the response pixel, and comparing the calculated frame number occupying rate with a pre-established relation table of the frame number occupying rate of the response pixel to generate the radiation dose rate to obtain the on-site radiation dose rate.
For example, please refer to FIG. 6, which shows a straight line and a dashed lineAre respectively radioactive sources 60 Co and 137 the response curve obtained by the Cs scale, in the figure, triangles and squares respectively represent the number of response pixels extracted from the color video data under two radioactive sources, and the radioactivity level of a radiation field can be measured according to a radiation response signal extracted from the video data through the relation curve of the number of the response pixels and the radiation dose rate.
The nuclear radiation detection method of the embodiment utilizes the characteristics of high resolution and sampling efficiency, strong radiation resistance and the like of the camera device taking the pixel sensor as the photosensitive element, combines the characteristic that the pixel sensor is sensitive to nuclear radiation rays, and realizes the direct detection of the radioactivity level of the radiation field by utilizing the visible light image acquired by the camera device. The system has the characteristics of high response speed, low manufacturing cost, good equipment stability, rapid and stable data transmission, easiness in processing and disposal and the like, can greatly reduce the nuclear radiation detection cost in serious nuclear accidents, and reduces the generation of secondary wastes. Meanwhile, the method can be combined with the SLAM technology, and is beneficial to improving the inversion efficiency of the radiation field of the major nuclear accident and the source searching precision of the radioactive source.
Correspondingly, the embodiment of the invention also provides a nuclear radiation detection system, which is used for executing the nuclear radiation detection method.
The nuclear radiation detection system of the embodiment first obtains continuous multi-frame images of a site, obtains a reference image according to the multi-frame images, the reference image is an image in which a radiation response signal in the image is suppressed, obtains each color channel image of the reference image, respectively selects a pixel with a pixel value in a preset interval from each color channel image of the reference image, then extracts a response pixel from the selected pixel for each obtained frame image, the response pixel is a pixel in which the difference between the pixel value of the pixel in the frame image and the maximum value of the preset interval is in a preset range, and further obtains a detection result about the radiation condition of the site according to the image in which the response pixel appears. The nuclear radiation detection system of the embodiment realizes radiation field detection by utilizing the image acquired on site, and has the advantages of high response speed, low cost and practicability.
The nuclear radiation detection system may include a camera device for acquiring an image of a scene, the camera device being provided to the mobile robot.
The nuclear radiation detection method and system provided by the invention are described in detail above. The principles and embodiments of the present invention are explained herein using specific examples, which are presented only to assist in understanding the method and its core concepts. It should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, without departing from the principle of the present invention, it is possible to make various improvements and modifications to the present invention, and those improvements and modifications also fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention.

Claims (9)

1. A method of nuclear radiation detection, comprising:
acquiring continuous multi-frame images on site, and performing replacement processing according to the multi-frame images to obtain a reference image, wherein the reference image is an image in which a radiation response signal in the image is suppressed;
acquiring each color channel image of the reference image, and selecting pixel elements with pixel values in a preset interval from each color channel image of the reference image respectively; wherein the pixel of the pixel value in the preset interval is a radiation sensitive area;
for each frame of obtained image, extracting a response pixel from the selected pixels, wherein the response pixel is a pixel of which the difference between the pixel value of the pixel in the frame of image and the maximum value of the preset interval is in a preset range;
obtaining a detection result about the radiation condition of the scene according to the image of the response pixel;
the obtaining of the reference image through the replacement processing according to the multiple frames of images comprises:
selecting continuous preset number of frame images from the multi-frame images;
the following processes are performed in order from i = 1: for the selected ith frame image, judging whether F is satisfied i (m, n) > Th and F i±j (m, N) is less than or equal to Th, if yes, the pixel value of the pixel element (m, N) in the image of the ith frame is replaced by the pixel value of the pixel element (m, N) in the image of the ith +/-j frame, the reference image is obtained according to the finally obtained image of the Nth frame, wherein F i (m, n) denotes the pixel value of the image element (m, n) of the i-th frame, F i±j (m, n) represents the pixel value of the pixel (m, n) of the ith +/-j frame image, th represents a preset threshold value, the ith +/-j frame image represents an adjacent frame image of the ith frame image, and i belongs to [1, N ]],i±j∈[1,N]And N represents the selection of N frames of images.
2. The nuclear radiation detection method of claim 1, wherein obtaining the reference image from the plurality of frame images through the replacement process further comprises: and carrying out filtering processing on the obtained reference image.
3. The nuclear radiation detection method of claim 1, wherein selecting the pixel element with the pixel value in the preset interval from the color channel image of the reference image comprises:
dividing the pixel values of the color channel image of the reference image into a plurality of intervals by taking a preset pixel value as an interval width;
and selecting a pixel with a pixel value in a preset interval from the color channel image of the reference image.
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the pixel value of the color channel image of the reference image is in a range of 0-255, the pixel value of the color channel image of the reference image is divided into 20 intervals in order starting from pixel value 0 with a pixel value of 10 as an interval width, and the last interval is in an interval width of 55 pixel values.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined range is a delta greater than zero.
6. The nuclear radiation detection method according to claim 1, comprising in particular: for each frame of obtained image, recording data of pixels corresponding to pixels selected from the color channel image of the reference image in the image in a form of "pixel value interval to pixel coordinate-extracted pixel value-background-subtracted pixel value", where "pixel value interval to which the pixel value of the pixel belongs" in the color channel image of the reference image belongs "refers to a pixel value interval to which the pixel value of the pixel belongs," pixel value extracted "refers to the pixel value of the pixel in the frame of image, and" pixel value after background subtraction "refers to a value obtained by subtracting the maximum value of the pixel value interval to which the pixel value of the pixel in the frame of image is subtracted, that is, a difference value between the pixel value of the pixel in the frame of image and the maximum value of the pixel value interval to which the pixel belongs.
7. A nuclear radiation detection method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, in which obtaining a detection result regarding radiation conditions in the field from the image in which the response pixel appears comprises: and judging whether radiation exists on the spot or not according to the image frame number occupying ratio of the response pixels.
8. A nuclear radiation detection method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, in which obtaining a detection result regarding radiation conditions in the field from the image in which the response pixel appears comprises:
calculating the average value of the pixel values of the response pixels for the image with the response pixels, and comparing the calculated average value of the pixel values with a pre-established relation table between the average value of the pixel values of the response pixels and the radiation dose rate to obtain the radiation dose rate of a site;
or counting the number of response pixels of the image with the response pixels, and comparing the counted number of response pixels with a pre-established relationship table of the number of response pixels and the radiation dose rate to obtain the radiation dose rate of the site;
or counting the frame number occupying rate of the image with the response pixel, and comparing the calculated frame number occupying rate with a pre-established relation table of the frame number occupying rate of the response pixel to generate the radiation dosage rate to obtain the radiation dosage rate of the scene.
9. A nuclear radiation detection system for performing the nuclear radiation detection method of any one of claims 1-8.
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