CN112487692B - Method for estimating body core temperature from forehead temperature and application thereof - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of body temperature measurement, and particularly discloses a method for estimating body core temperature from forehead temperature and application thereof. The invention establishes a finite element heat transfer model of human forehead 'intracranial-skull-skin and soft tissue-air' based on a pennes biological heat transfer model, adopts a finite element analysis method to analyze the corresponding relation between the ambient temperature and the forehead temperature, simultaneously considers the influence of a human body temperature regulating system on the blood flow and the temperature of skin and soft tissue, establishes a calculation model of body core temperature, and can convert the forehead temperature into the body core temperature under different ambient temperatures by adopting the calculation model. The invention overcomes the defect that the traditional forehead measurement method can not accurately reflect the body core temperature, can estimate the body core temperature through the forehead temperature under high temperature and low temperature environments, and has great significance for calculating the body core temperature through the forehead temperature and non-contact infrared temperature measurement in epidemic prevention and control.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of body temperature measurement, in particular to a method for estimating body core temperature from forehead temperature and application thereof.
Background
Body temperature is a necessary condition for metabolism and normal life activities, and is one of important indexes reflecting the health condition of human body. Humans are warm-blooded animals that maintain a relatively stable body temperature under varying ambient temperatures, ranging from 36.2 ℃ to 37.5 ℃ for healthy adults, and 37 ℃ for normal average body temperature. Human body temperature is one of the important bases for clinical diagnosis and prognosis of certain diseases because of the close relationship between certain diseases and body temperature. The human body is relatively complex in structure and the difference in structure between the parts is large, and the temperature of the peripheral tissues of the human body, i.e., the surface layers, including the skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscle, etc., is called the body surface temperature (shell temperature) and the temperature of the deep part of the body (heart, lung, brain, abdominal viscera, etc.) is called the core temperature (core temperature). In colder environment, the temperature distribution area of the body core is reduced, the temperature gradient is mainly concentrated between the head and the viscera of chest and abdomen, and obvious temperature gradient exists between the body surface and the body core, and in hot environment, the temperature of the body core can be expanded to the four limbs.
Body surface temperature is often greatly affected by the environment, so body temperature measurements on humans are often in the armpits, mouth, forehead, rectum, groin, back shoulder blade area, neck, eardrum, etc. Depending on the measurement location, commonly used measuring tools are mercury thermometers, electronic thermometers, infrared thermometers, thermal infrared imagers, and the like. In the above body temperature measurement method, the measured value of the body surface temperature cannot represent the body core temperature due to the influence of factors such as external environment temperature and humidity, air convection and the like of the subject. Therefore, the direct measurement value of the body surface temperature is greatly different from the actual body core temperature.
The human head is a complex system, the central nervous system in the head has high metabolism level, and related documents show that the head heat production amount accounts for 10% of the total heat production amount of the human body, and the heat production amount per unit mass of the brain is 6 times higher than the average heat production amount of other parts of the human body during rest. Meanwhile, the head has rich blood vessels and more and thicker sweat pores, so the head is also a high heat dissipation area of a human body and is a main body for heat dissipation of the human body. In daily life, the forehead is one of the common in-vitro temperature measurement parts of a human body, but is influenced by the ambient temperature earlier, and is generally greatly different from the body core temperature.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above-mentioned drawbacks of the prior art, the present invention aims to provide a method for estimating body core temperature from forehead temperature and application thereof, which overcomes the defect that the conventional forehead measurement method cannot accurately reflect body core temperature, and can estimate body core temperature through forehead surface temperature in high temperature and low temperature environments, and has important significance in calculating body core temperature through forehead temperature and non-contact infrared temperature measurement in epidemic prevention and control.
To achieve the above and other related objects, a first aspect of the present invention provides a method for estimating a body core temperature from a forehead temperature, comprising the steps of:
(1) Layering is carried out on the human forehead tissue structure, and the human forehead tissue structure is divided into three layers from outside to inside, namely: forehead skin tissue, forehead bone and brain tissue; let the thickness of forehead skin tissue H 1 The thickness of the forehead bone tissue is H 2 The air temperature represents the ambient temperature, and the internal temperature of brain tissue is the body core temperature;
(2) Assuming that the forehead skin tissue, the forehead bone and the brain tissue are all uniform tissues, carrying out finite element modeling analysis on the forehead layered structure by adopting a pennes model, wherein the mathematical expression of the pennes model is as follows:
wherein omega b (kg/m 3 )、c[(j/kg·k)]K (w/m.k) is the density, specific heat and thermal conductivity of the tissue, respectively;
(3) Finite element modeling analysis parameters: dividing the forehead tissue structure layering model by adopting a free surface body grid, and setting boundary conditions: the temperature of brain tissue is 37 ℃ and the air temperature range is-40 ℃ to 50 ℃;
(4) Let the difference between the body core temperature and the forehead temperature be deltaT, the ambient temperature be T, and through finite element analysis software, the corresponding relation between the ambient temperature and deltaT is established by least square fitting:
Δt=f (T) (2)
(5) Considering the influence of the human body temperature regulating system on the blood flow of skin tissues, correcting the formula (2), wherein the influence is g (T), and obtaining the corresponding relation of the ambient temperature to T and delta T by adopting a finite element analysis method and correcting the human body temperature regulating system, wherein the corresponding relation is as follows:
Δt=f (T) +g (T) formula (3)
(6) Assuming that the body core temperature is close to the sublingual temperature value, measuring the forehead temperature and the sublingual temperature of N groups of people at different air temperatures, and calculating the difference delta T between the measured forehead temperature and the sublingual temperature N And (3) obtaining the compound of the formula:
g N (T)＝ΔT N -f N (T) type (4)
(7) Using least square method to pair g N Performing curve fitting to obtain g (T), and substituting the g (T) into the formula (3) to obtain a model for estimating the core temperature through the frontal temperature;
(8) The step of estimating the body core temperature through the forehead temperature is as follows: measuring ambient temperature T and forehead temperature T Forehead (forehead) The core temperature is: t (T) Nuclear ＝T Forehead (forehead) +f(T)+g(T)。
Further, in the step (2), thermal performance parameters of each tissue are as follows:
air: constant pressure heat capacity 1.004[ j/(kg. K)]Density of 1.29[ kg/m ] 3 ]Thermal conductivity 0.37[ W/(m.K)]；
Forehead skin tissue: constant pressure heat capacity 3391[ j/(kg. K)]Density 1109[ kg/m ] 3 ]Thermal conductivity 0.37[ W/(m.K)]；
Forehead bone: constant pressure heat capacity 1313[ j/(kg. K)]Density 1908[ kg/m ] 3 ]Thermal conductivity 0.32[ W/(m.K)]；
Brain tissue: constant pressure heat capacity 4200[ j/(kg. K)]Density 1000[ kg/m ] 3 ]Thermal conductivity 0.62[ W/(m.K)]。
Further, in the step (3), when the forehead tissue layered model is divided by adopting the free surface body grid, the grid size is 1mm, the minimum unit size is 0.5mm, the maximum unit growth rate is 0.5, and the curvature factor is 0.6.
Further, in the steps (6) and (8), the forehead temperature measurement method adopts a thermal infrared method.
Further, in the steps (6) and (8), the measuring device is an infrared thermometer and/or an infrared imager. When the infrared thermal imager is used for measuring, the maximum value is the forehead temperature, and the measuring device is not limited to the two devices.
In the step (6), the measuring device for sublingual temperature is a mercury thermometer, but the measuring device is not limited to a mercury thermometer.
A second aspect of the present invention provides the use of the method for estimating body core temperature from forehead temperature according to the first aspect in measurement of body core temperature of a human body.
As described above, the method for estimating the body core temperature from the forehead temperature and the application thereof of the present invention have the following beneficial effects:
the invention establishes a finite element heat transfer model of human forehead 'intracranial-skull-skin and soft tissue-air' based on a pennes biological heat transfer model, adopts a finite element analysis method to analyze the corresponding relation between the ambient temperature and the forehead temperature, simultaneously considers the influence of a human body temperature regulating system on the blood flow and the temperature of skin and soft tissue, establishes a calculation model of body core temperature, and can convert the forehead temperature into the body core temperature under different ambient temperatures by adopting the calculation model.
The invention overcomes the defect that the traditional forehead measurement method can not accurately reflect the body core temperature, can estimate the body core temperature through the forehead temperature under high temperature and low temperature environments, and has great significance for calculating the body core temperature through the forehead temperature and non-contact infrared temperature measurement in epidemic prevention and control.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a hierarchical view of a forehead tissue structure according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of finite element analysis in an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the fit of the ambient temperature to T (ambient temperature) and DeltaT (difference between the body core temperature and the forehead temperature) in an embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
Other advantages and effects of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following disclosure, which describes the embodiments of the present invention with reference to specific examples. The invention may be practiced or carried out in other embodiments that depart from the specific details, and the details of the present description may be modified or varied from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
The human head is a complex system, the central nervous system in the head has high metabolism level, and related documents show that the head heat production amount accounts for 10% of the total heat production amount of the human body, and the heat production amount per unit mass of the brain is 6 times higher than the average heat production amount of other parts of the human body during rest. Meanwhile, the head has rich blood vessels and more and thicker sweat pores, so the head is also a high heat dissipation area of a human body and is a main body for heat dissipation of the human body. The forehead is one of the common in-vitro temperature measurement sites of a human body, but is influenced by ambient temperature earlier, and is usually different from the temperature of a human body nucleus.
The invention establishes a finite element heat transfer model of human forehead 'intracranial-skull-skin and soft tissue-air' based on a pennes biological heat transfer model, adopts a finite element analysis method to analyze the corresponding relation between the ambient temperature and the forehead temperature, simultaneously considers the influence of a human body temperature regulating system on the blood flow and the temperature of skin and soft tissue, establishes a calculation model of body core temperature, and can convert the forehead temperature into the body core temperature under different ambient temperatures by adopting the calculation model.
The invention overcomes the defect that the traditional forehead measurement method can not accurately reflect the body core temperature, can estimate the body core temperature through the forehead temperature under high temperature and low temperature environments, and has great significance for calculating the body core temperature through the forehead temperature and non-contact infrared temperature measurement in epidemic prevention and control.
The method for estimating the body core temperature from the forehead temperature comprises the following steps of:
(1) As shown in FIG. 1, a forehead layered structure comprising air, forehead skin tissue, forehead bone, brain tissue (including meninges) is constructed according to human anatomy and heat transfer relationship with the environment.
(2) Approximate analysis of human forehead structure: the thickness of the forehead skin tissue is H 1 The thickness of the skull tissue is H 2 . The air temperature is represented as the ambient temperature, and the brain tissue internal temperature is the body core temperature.
Description: for convenient simulation, four layers of external air (without boundary), meat (with thickness of H1) outside the forehead part skull, skull thickness (with thickness of H2) and skull interior (i.e. brain) are added. Wherein air and brain are considered borderless.
(3) Finite element modeling is performed on the layered structure by adopting a pennes model:
the heat transfer of biological tissues is a complex process, and in the research of biological heat transfer application, the Pennes heat conduction equation is the most widely applied, and the mathematical expression is as follows:
wherein delta is 2 Is a second order three differential operator, T, ρ, C, k are the temperature, density, specific heat and thermal conductivity of the tissue, C b Specific heat of blood, W b For blood perfusion rate, q m The metabolic heat generation rate of the tissue is constant, T b For arterial blood temperature, q r Heat is supplied to an external heat source.
(4) Assuming that the forehead skin tissue, the forehead bone and the brain tissue are all uniform tissues, the specific thermal performance parameters of each tissue are as follows:
TABLE 1
(5) The finite element modeling analysis steps are as follows:
a. as shown in fig. 2-a, a 4-layer geometry (air, forehead skin tissue, skull tissue, intracranial brain tissue, respectively) is established for the forehead portion and each layer is considered to be a uniform material/tissue.
b. The grid division is a precondition for finite element analysis and calculation, and the quality of the grid division has the most direct influence on the precision and the calculation efficiency of finite element calculation, and even the convergence of a solution is influenced under the condition of large deformation.
As shown in FIG. 2-B, the forehead model is divided by using a free-face body grid, the size of the grid is 1mm, the minimum unit size is 0.5mm, the maximum unit growth rate is 0.5, and the curvature factor is 0.6.
c. As shown in fig. 2-C, the boundary condition is set: the brain tissue temperature is the body core temperature, and the value is 37 ℃; the air temperature range is-40 ℃ to 50 ℃; the "steady state" approach was used for the study, i.e. the forehead temperature was considered stable at a certain moment.
(6) Let the difference between the body core temperature and the forehead temperature be deltaT, the ambient temperature be T, and through finite element analysis software, the corresponding relation between the ambient temperature and T and deltaT is established by least square fitting:
Δt=f (T) (2)
(7) Considering the influence of the human body temperature regulating system on the blood flow of skin tissues, the formula (2) is modified, and the influence is g (T). The corresponding relation of the ambient temperature to delta T (difference between the body core temperature and the forehead temperature) and T (ambient temperature) is obtained by adopting a finite element analysis method and correcting through a human body temperature regulating system, and is as follows:
Δt=f (T) +g (T) formula (3)
Namely: Δt=Δt 1 +ΔT 2
(8) At different ambient temperatures (i.e. air temperature) (T min ，T max ) The forehead temperature of N groups of people is measured, the measurement method adopts a thermal infrared method (an infrared thermometer or an infrared thermal imager), wherein the maximum value actually measured is taken as the forehead temperature when the infrared thermal imager is used for measurement, and the measurement device is not limited to the two devices.
(9) The intracranial temperature and sublingual temperature values are assumed to be close, both being body core temperatures. The sublingual temperature of the mercury thermometer is adopted, and the temperature value represents the body core temperature, and the measuring device is not limited to the mercury thermometer. Calculating the measurement in the step (8)The difference between the forehead temperature and the sublingual temperature measured in step (9), calculated as DeltaT N And (3) obtaining the compound of the formula:
g N (T)＝ΔT N -f N (T) type (4)
(10) Fitting g by least square method N And (T) performing curve fitting to obtain g (T), and substituting the g (T) into the formula (3) to obtain a model for estimating the body core temperature through the frontal temperature: Δt=f (T) +g (T).
(11) The step of estimating the body core temperature through the forehead temperature is as follows:
a. measuring the ambient temperature T;
b. measuring forehead temperature T by using temperature measuring device Forehead (forehead) The core temperature is: t (T) Nuclear ＝T Forehead (forehead) +f(T)+g(T)。
The above embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles of the present invention and its effectiveness, and are not intended to limit the invention. Modifications and variations may be made to the above-described embodiments by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is intended that all equivalent modifications and variations of the invention be covered by the claims, which are within the ordinary skill of the art, be within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.
Claims (5)
1. A method of estimating body core temperature from forehead temperature, comprising the steps of:
(1) Layering modeling is carried out on the forehead tissue structure of a person, and the forehead layering structure is divided into three layers from outside to inside, namely: forehead skin tissue, forehead bone and brain tissue; the thickness of the forehead skin tissue is H 1 The thickness of the forehead bone tissue is H 2 The air temperature represents the ambient temperature, and the internal temperature of brain tissue is the body core temperature;
(2) Assuming that the forehead skin tissue, the forehead bone and the brain tissue are all uniform tissues, carrying out finite element modeling analysis on the forehead layered structure by adopting a pennes model, wherein the mathematical expression of the pennes model is as follows:
wherein ρ (kg/m) 3 )、c[(j/kg·k)]K (w/m.k) is the density, specific heat and thermal conductivity of the tissue, respectively;
the thermal performance parameters of each tissue are as follows:
air: constant pressure heat capacity 1.004[ j/(kg. K)]Density of 1.29[ kg/m ] 3 ]Thermal conductivity 0.37[ W/(m.K)]；
Forehead skin tissue: constant pressure heat capacity 3391[ j/(kg. K)]Density 1109[ kg/m ] 3 ]Thermal conductivity 0.37[ W/(m.K)]；
Forehead bone: constant pressure heat capacity 1313[ j/(kg. K)]Density 1908[ kg/m ] 3 ]Thermal conductivity 0.32[ W/(m.K)]；
Brain tissue: constant pressure heat capacity 4200[ j/(kg. K)]Density 1000[ kg/m ] 3 ]Thermal conductivity 0.62[ W/(m.K)]；
(3) Finite element modeling analysis parameters: dividing a forehead tissue structure layered model by adopting a free surface body grid, wherein the size of the grid is 1mm, the size of a minimum unit is 0.5mm, the growth rate of the maximum unit is 0.5, the curvature factor is 0.6, and setting boundary conditions: the temperature of brain tissue is 37 ℃ and the air temperature range is-40 ℃ to 50 ℃; (4) Let the difference between the body core temperature and the forehead temperature be deltaT, the ambient temperature be T, and through finite element analysis software, the corresponding relation between the ambient temperature and deltaT is established by least square fitting:
Δt=f (T) (2)
(5) Considering the influence of the human body temperature regulating system on the blood flow of skin tissues, correcting the formula (2), wherein the influence is g (T), and obtaining the corresponding relation of the ambient temperature to T and delta T by adopting a finite element analysis method and correcting the human body temperature regulating system, wherein the corresponding relation is as follows:
Δt=f (T) +g (T) formula (3)
(6) Assuming that the body core temperature is close to the sublingual temperature value, measuring the forehead temperature and the sublingual temperature of N groups of people at different air temperatures, and calculating the difference delta T between the measured forehead temperature and the sublingual temperature N And (3) obtaining the compound of the formula:
g N (T)＝ΔT N -f N (T) A method for producing a composite material(4)
(7) Using least square method to pair g N Performing curve fitting to obtain g (T), and substituting the g (T) into the formula (3) to obtain a model for estimating the core temperature through the frontal temperature;
(8) The step of estimating the body core temperature through the forehead temperature is as follows: measuring ambient temperature T and forehead temperature T Forehead (forehead) The core temperature is: t (T) Nuclear ＝T Forehead (forehead) +f(T)+g(T)。
2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the steps (6) and (8), the forehead temperature measuring method adopts a thermal infrared method.
3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that: in the steps (6) and (8), the measuring device is an infrared thermometer and/or an infrared imager.
4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (6), the measuring device of the sublingual temperature is a mercury thermometer.
5. Use of the method for estimating a body core temperature from a forehead temperature according to any one of claims 1-4 in a body core temperature measurement of a human body.
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