CN112469886A - 具有一种带有增强粘合的结构增强件的涡轮叶片 - Google Patents

具有一种带有增强粘合的结构增强件的涡轮叶片 Download PDF

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CN112469886A
CN112469886A CN201980049395.5A CN201980049395A CN112469886A CN 112469886 A CN112469886 A CN 112469886A CN 201980049395 A CN201980049395 A CN 201980049395A CN 112469886 A CN112469886 A CN 112469886A
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blade
leading edge
structural reinforcement
elastic polymer
turbine engine
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文森特·朱登
弗兰克·伯纳德·利昂·瓦林
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Safran Aircraft Engines SAS
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12—Blades
    • F01D5/28—Selecting particular materials; Particular measures relating thereto; Measures against erosion or corrosion
    • F01D5/282—Selecting composite materials, e.g. blades with reinforcing filaments
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12—Blades
    • F01D5/14—Form or construction
    • F01D5/147—Construction, i.e. structural features, e.g. of weight-saving hollow blades
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/02—Selection of particular materials
    • F04D29/023—Selection of particular materials especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/26—Rotors specially for elastic fluids
    • F04D29/32—Rotors specially for elastic fluids for axial flow pumps
    • F04D29/321—Rotors specially for elastic fluids for axial flow pumps for axial flow compressors
    • F04D29/324—Blades
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02K—JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02K3/00—Plants including a gas turbine driving a compressor or a ducted fan
    • F02K3/02—Plants including a gas turbine driving a compressor or a ducted fan in which part of the working fluid by-passes the turbine and combustion chamber
    • F02K3/04—Plants including a gas turbine driving a compressor or a ducted fan in which part of the working fluid by-passes the turbine and combustion chamber the plant including ducted fans, i.e. fans with high volume, low pressure outputs, for augmenting the jet thrust, e.g. of double-flow type
    • F02K3/06—Plants including a gas turbine driving a compressor or a ducted fan in which part of the working fluid by-passes the turbine and combustion chamber the plant including ducted fans, i.e. fans with high volume, low pressure outputs, for augmenting the jet thrust, e.g. of double-flow type with front fan
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2220/00—Application
    • F05D2220/30—Application in turbines
    • F05D2220/36—Application in turbines specially adapted for the fan of turbofan engines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2230/00—Manufacture
    • F05D2230/20—Manufacture essentially without removing material
    • F05D2230/23—Manufacture essentially without removing material by permanently joining parts together
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2240/00—Components
    • F05D2240/20—Rotors
    • F05D2240/30—Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor
    • F05D2240/303—Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor related to the leading edge of a rotor blade
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2250/00—Geometry
    • F05D2250/70—Shape
    • F05D2250/75—Shape given by its similarity to a letter, e.g. T-shaped
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/10—Metals, alloys or intermetallic compounds
    • F05D2300/13—Refractory metals, i.e. Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W
    • F05D2300/133—Titanium
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/40—Organic materials
    • F05D2300/43—Synthetic polymers, e.g. plastics; Rubber
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/40—Organic materials
    • F05D2300/43—Synthetic polymers, e.g. plastics; Rubber
    • F05D2300/431—Rubber
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/40—Organic materials
    • F05D2300/43—Synthetic polymers, e.g. plastics; Rubber
    • F05D2300/437—Silicon polymers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/40—Organic materials
    • F05D2300/44—Resins
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
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    • F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/50—Intrinsic material properties or characteristics
    • F05D2300/501—Elasticity
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/60—Properties or characteristics given to material by treatment or manufacturing
    • F05D2300/603—Composites; e.g. fibre-reinforced
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    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T50/00—Aeronautics or air transport
    • Y02T50/60—Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft

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  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
  • Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种涡轮发动机叶片，其包括以下气动表面(12)：其沿第一方向在前缘(18)和后缘之间，以及沿基本垂直于第一方向的第二方向在叶片根部和叶片尖端之间延伸，所述气动表面由纤维增强的有机基质复合材料制成；涡轮发动机叶片还包括通过粘合接头(38)接合到前缘的金属结构增强件(30)，所述金属结构增强件遵循所述前缘的形状，并且在其整体高度上具有基本V形的截面，所述V形截面的底部(34)延伸有两个横向侧翼(36A、36B)，所述横向侧翼在指向后缘的自由端具有变薄的轮廓；通过引入弹性聚合物(40)在横向侧翼的自由端局部地补充该粘合接头，所述弹性聚合物(40)以固体颗粒(42)形式引入到粘合接头并在聚合阶段粘合到气动表面和/或横向侧翼的自由端。

Description

具有一种带有增强粘合的结构增强件的涡轮叶片
背景技术
本发明的领域是涡轮发动机，更具体地，由纤维增强的有机基质复合材料制成的风扇叶片的领域，所述风扇叶片的前缘包括金属结构增强件，并且本发明更具体地涉及一种将该金属结构增强件附接到所述叶片的复合材料叶片的工艺。
应该记得，前缘对应于翼型的前部，所述翼型面对气流并将气流划分成下部气流和上部气流。相比之下，后缘对应于翼型的后部，上部气流和下部气流在所述后缘相遇。
涡轮发动机叶片，特别地风扇叶片，受到相当大的应力，特别是机械应力。同样，如本申请的申请人提交的申请EP1908919所提及的，由复合材料制成的风扇叶片配备有金属结构增强件是众所周知的，所述增强件在翼型的全部高度上延伸并遵循前缘的形状。这种金属结构增强件在异物(例如在起飞或着陆过程中的鸟、冰雹甚至石头)对鼓风机的撞击过程中保护该复合材料叶片。
常规地，金属结构增强件是一种由从简单的金属棒获得的预制件制成并由一系列的锻造步骤制成的钛合金金属部件，特别地如同样由本申请的申请人提交的申请FR2961866中所述，所述钛合金金属部件然后使用环氧粘合接头((adhesive joint))接合到风扇叶片的前缘，所述环氧粘合接头在23℃下的性质如下：杨氏模量1Gpa<E<5Gpa；断裂应力σb>10MPa；断裂应变εb<10％。
然而，这些撞击与叶片上的机械载荷相对应，并通过边缘效应在位于金属结构增强件的端部下部的粘合剂中产生应力集中，这有助于脱粘的开始，所述脱粘然后将在金属结构增强件的下部更广泛地传播。这些脱粘也可能在其他撞击过程中或在振动疲劳载荷下继续传播，所述振动疲劳载荷通过纤维/基质分离导致分层、纤维断裂或损坏的风险。
受损的风扇叶片必须在维修操作过程中维修或甚至替换，这对集成有所述的涡轮发动机的飞行器的可用性造成重大影响。
发明内容和概述
在这种情况下，本发明旨在通过提出一种涡轮发动机叶片补偿当前接合的结构增强件的上述缺点，所述涡轮发动机叶片包括金属结构增强件，当异物撞击风扇时，所述金属结构增强件的端部脱粘明显地减少。
通过一种涡轮发动机叶片实现了该目的，所述涡轮发动机叶片具有以下气动表面：其沿第一方向在前缘和后缘之间，以及沿基本垂直于所述第一方向的第二方向在叶片根部和叶片尖端之间延伸，以及所述涡轮发动机叶片具有金属结构增强件，所述气动表面由纤维增强的有机基质复合材料制成，所述金属结构增强件通过粘合接头接合到所述前缘，所述金属结构增强件遵循所述前缘的形状，并且在其整体高度上具有基本V形的截面，所述V形截面的底部延伸有两个横向侧翼，所述横向侧翼在指向所述后缘的自由端处具有变薄轮廓，其特征在于，通过引入弹性聚合物在所述横向侧翼的所述自由端局部地补充所述粘合接头，所述弹性聚合物以固体颗粒形式引入到所述粘合接头并在聚合阶段粘合到所述气动表面和/或所述横向侧翼的所述自由端。
因此，通过软化在增强件端部的粘合接缝(adhesive bond)，弹性聚合物的添加避免了与现有技术方案中存在的刚性接缝相关联的脱粘。
有利地，所述弹性聚合物在23℃下具有以下性质：杨氏模量E≈10MPa；断裂应力σb>10MPa；断裂应变εb>80％。
优选地，在从每个所述横向侧翼的每个的所述自由端的总长度的0％到25％的长度上存在所述弹性聚合物。
根据所考虑的实施方式，所述弹性聚合物可粘合到所述气动表面和横向侧翼的所述自由端，替换所述粘合接头，或可以颗粒的形式引入到所述粘合接头。
本发明还涉及包括至少一个这种叶片的任何涡轮发动机。
附图简要说明
参考附图，本发明的其他特征和优点将从以下进行的描述中显而易见，所述附图图示了一种没有任何限制性特性的示例实施方式，并且在所述附图上：
-图1表示涡轮发动机风扇叶片的侧视图；
-图2示出了图1叶片的局部截面，其示出了根据本发明的接合到复合材料叶片的前缘的金属结构增强件；以及
-图3、4A、4B、4C和5示出了将叶片连接到金属结构增强件的弹性聚合物的组件结构的几种不同示例实施方式
具体实施方式
图1是叶片的侧视图，例如涡轮发动机(未示出)的风扇叶片，其具有根据本发明的前缘金属结构增强件。
叶片10包括与叶片根部14集成在一起的气动表面或叶身(blade)12，其沿第一轴向方向16在前缘18和后缘20之间，以及沿基本垂直于第一方向16的第二径向方向22在叶片的该根部14和尖端24之间延伸。将前缘18连接到后缘20的叶身12的横向表面构成叶片的上表面26和下表面28。
通常，叶身12由纤维增强的有机基质复合材料制成。例如，所使用的复合材料可由一种编织碳纤维和环氧树脂基质的组件组成，该整体借助于树脂传递模塑(RTM)类型的树脂喷射工艺通过模塑形成。
叶片10还具有结构增强件30，结构增强件30接合到叶片的前缘18并且沿第一方向16延伸超出该前缘，并且沿第二方向22在叶片根部14和尖端24之间延伸。
如图2所示，结构增强件30遵循叶片10的叶身12的前缘18的形状，结构增强件30延伸以形成叶片的前缘32。常规地，该结构增强件30有利地为一种整体部件，其包括一种具有底部或鼻端34的近似V形截面，所述底部或鼻端34的外部轮廓形成叶片的前缘32，并且圆形内部轮廓能够遵循叶身12的前缘18的圆形形状。该底座延伸有两个横向侧翼或翼片36A和36B，所述横向侧翼或翼片36A和36B遵循叶片的下表面26和上表面28并且在指向叶片后缘的自由端37A、37B处具有锥形或变薄轮廓。结构增强件30为金属并且优选地基于TA6V型钛。事实上，该材料具有很高的撞击能量吸收能力。
如图2还示出：结构增强件30通过本申请前序部分中所述的具有已知性质的粘合接头38接合到叶身12，根据本发明，在聚合阶段，粘合到叶片和/或这些自由端的弹性聚合物40的翼片36A、36B的自由端37A、37B局部地补充所述粘合接头，所述弹性聚合物40在23℃下具有以下的性质：杨氏模量E≈10MPa；断裂应力σb>10MPa；断裂应变εb>80％。这种弹性聚合物的一种示例已知为ITC公司的23HP90。
作为粘合接头的全部替换或除粘合接头之外，可在这些自由端获得额外粘合剂。如果没有粘合接接头，在接受粘合底漆之前对增强件的表面或复合材料的表面进行脱脂和打磨。然后，在其硫化(或聚合)过程中，弹性体在本身已知的特定加工中，例如在180℃的温度在3巴的压力下粘合到表面上60分钟。如果存在粘合接头，可以使用相同的聚合工艺将所有的元件(增强件、复合材料、弹性体和粘合接头)粘合在一起。也可以在增强件上或在复合材料上聚合该弹性体，然后通过插入该粘合接头将增强件布置在复合材料上，然后聚合由此形成的组件。
弹性聚合物可存在于从其自由端的翼片总长度的0％到25％的长度上。本领域技术人员知晓如何根据位于叶片的给定高度的区域的临界性对其调节。这可以根据需要使粘合接头具有通过区域优化的机械性质，例如用常规的复合材料所实现的。事实上，由于弹性聚合物通常具有很低的刚度，与常规的环氧粘合剂相比，明显地降低了在弹性聚合物中由边缘效应所引起的应力的强度和奇异性。此外，弹性聚合物具有随撞击速度而增加的很高断裂应变和断裂应力。在翼片末端添加弹性聚合物因此可确保以下的双重功能：i)削弱在该临界区域产生的应力；ii)在不损害自身的情况下耗散撞击的机械能。
图3在组件结构的细节上示出了弹性聚合物40，其通过聚合作用粘合到叶身12和翼片末端37A、37B上，并且在该位置(即局部地)替换在该叶身和这些翼片末端之间的粘合接头。
图4A在组件结构的细节上示出了形成均匀层的弹性聚合物40，在该层和叶身12之间施加粘合接头38之前，例如通过在翼片的末端37A、37B上喷射熔融颗粒施加所述层。在图4B中，设想了该层被施加到叶身12而非翼片的末端，并且在图4C中，设想了该层被施加到叶身12和翼片的末端37A、37B，中间粘合接头38然后确保了在弹性聚合物40A、40B的这两层之间的接合。
最后，图5在组件结构的细节上示出了以固体颗粒42形式引入到粘合剂38中的弹性聚合物。在这种情况下，固体颗粒预先被喷洒到原料粘合剂上，并在聚合阶段中分散在粘合接头的厚度中，所述聚合阶段涉及粘合剂的粘度和蠕变降低。
如果已通过涡轮发动机风扇叶片示出了以上描述，应该注意的是，本发明还适用于制造一种旨在增强任何其他类型的涡轮发动机叶片的前缘的金属结构增强件，无论用于陆地车辆还是飞行器，特别地直升机涡轮轴发动机或飞行器涡轮喷气发动机，而且适用于制造螺旋桨，例如无脉的反转双风扇的螺旋桨。

Claims (6)

1.一种涡轮发动机叶片，其包括以下的气动表面(12)：该气动表面(12)沿第一方向(16)在前缘(18)和后缘(20)之间，以及沿基本垂直于所述第一方向的第二方向(22)在叶片根部(14)和叶片尖端(24)之间延伸的，所述气动表面由纤维增强的有机基质复合材料制成；所述叶片进一步包括通过粘合接头(38)接合到所述前缘的金属结构增强件(30)，所述金属结构增强件遵循所述前缘的形状，并且在其整体高度上具有基本V形的截面，所述V形截面的底部(34)延伸有两个横向侧翼(36A、36B)，所述横向侧翼在指向所述后缘的自由端(37A、37B)具有变薄的轮廓；其特征在于，通过引入弹性聚合物(40)在所述横向侧翼的所述自由端局部地补充所述粘合接头，所述弹性聚合物(40)以固体颗粒(42)形式引入到所述粘合接头并在聚合阶段粘合到所述气动表面和/或所述横向侧翼的所述自由端。
2.根据权利要求1所述的叶片，其特征在于，所述弹性聚合物在23℃下具有以下性质：杨氏模量E≈10MPa；断裂应力σb>10MPa；断裂应变εb>80％。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的叶片，其特征在于，所述弹性聚合物存在于从每个所述横向侧翼的每个所述自由端的总长度的0％到25％的长度上。
4.根据权利要求1至3任一项所述的叶片，其特征在于，所述弹性聚合物粘合到所述气动表面和所述横向侧翼的所述自由端，替换所述粘合接头。
5.根据权利要求1至4任一项所述的叶片，其构成涡轮发动机风扇叶片。
6.一种涡轮发动机，具有至少一个根据权利要求5所述的叶片。
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