CN112462285A - Battery impedance online measurement device and method based on pseudorandom signal - Google Patents
Battery impedance online measurement device and method based on pseudorandom signal Download PDFInfo
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- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/382—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC
- G01R31/3842—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC combining voltage and current measurements
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/392—Determining battery ageing or deterioration, e.g. state of health
Abstract
The invention discloses a battery impedance online measurement device and method based on a pseudorandom signal, a simple battery impedance test platform is built through common electronic instruments, the cost is low, a pseudorandom binary excitation signal PRBS is adopted to replace a sinusoidal signal, the online rapid measurement of the battery impedance can be realized, and the frequency domain impedance characteristic of a battery can be measured more accurately and completely.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of new energy electric vehicles, relates to an impedance online measuring device of an automobile power battery, in particular to a battery impedance online measuring device based on a pseudorandom signal, and further relates to an online measuring method based on the device, which is used for early warning of possible faults of the electric vehicle battery.
Background
With the increasing environmental problems and energy crisis, new energy electric vehicles have become one of the main transportation means in recent years due to their environmental-friendly characteristics. The battery is a main energy source of the electric automobile, and battery parameters reflect the currently available performance, health state and the like, so that the safe and stable operation of the electric automobile is ensured.
The performance of a battery is related to many factors, such as temperature, capacity, voltage, state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH). The impedance characteristics of a battery are the primary means of describing the battery performance as a function of corresponding SOC, SOH and temperature. However, the battery is an electrochemical system with typical nonlinear characteristics, and only the current and the terminal voltage of the battery can be directly measured, and parameters such as battery impedance and the like are difficult to directly measure. Therefore, the accurate impedance measurement method becomes the key for the research and development of the battery monitoring system of the electric automobile. It has been analyzed in many documents that the change in battery impedance is related to factors such as the state of charge, the state of health, or the aging of the battery. The change of the internal impedance of the battery generally reflects the important performance such as the cycle life, and the measurement of the internal impedance is currently considered as one of the important methods for studying the quality of the battery.
In recent years, the common battery impedance measurement methods are classified into on-line measurement and off-line measurement, and mainly include a density method, an open circuit voltage method, a direct current discharge method, a heat loss method, an alternating current injection method, an electrochemical impedance spectrum, and the like. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is one of the most common methods for measuring battery impedance, but is not a practical method for on-line measurement due to its slow speed and complex process. The alternating current injection test method is mostly used in the field of on-line measurement, has the characteristics of safety, reliability and high precision, and is often used as a means for monitoring the performance of the power battery in the running process of the vehicle. The principle of the AC injection method is that an AC signal excitation source is adopted to inject dozens of milliamperes of current into a battery, and response voltage on a battery pole is measured. However, this method is particularly critical for the selection of the injected ac signal, which is usually sinusoidal, and has the major disadvantage that only one frequency can be tested at a time.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects in the prior art and provides a battery impedance online measurement device and method based on a pseudorandom signal.
In order to solve the above technical problem, the present invention provides an online battery impedance measuring device based on a pseudorandom signal, comprising: a signal generator, a Holland current pump and an oscilloscope;
the input end of the signal generator receives the pseudo-random binary signal, the output end of the signal generator is connected with the Holland current pump, the output end of the Holland current pump is connected with the tested battery system, and the output end of the Holland current pump and the output end of the tested battery system are respectively connected with the oscilloscope;
a signal generator for generating a pseudo-random voltage test signal;
the Holland current pump is used for converting the voltage test signal into a current excitation signal and inputting the current excitation signal into the tested battery system;
and the oscilloscope is used for acquiring the current excitation signal and the terminal voltage output by the battery system to be tested, and calculating to obtain the battery impedance according to the current excitation signal and the battery output voltage.
Further, the pseudo-random signal is generated using GALOIS software.
Further, the Holland current pump adjusts the linear relationship between the input voltage and the output current, so that the frequency of the output current is equal to that of the input voltage, the phase of the output current is equal to that of the input voltage, and the amplitude of the output current is in a linear relationship.
Furthermore, the battery system is connected by adopting a four-wire method, four end wires are led out from the battery to be tested, two of the end wires are used as input ends of the battery system and are connected with a Holland current pump to inject excitation signals; and the other two terminal wires are used as the output ends of the battery system and are connected with a load to measure the voltage of the output end of the battery.
Correspondingly, the invention also provides a battery impedance online measurement method based on the pseudo-random signal, which comprises the following steps:
generating a pseudo-random binary signal;
generating a voltage test signal according to the pseudo-random binary signal sequence;
converting the voltage test signal into a current excitation signal, and inputting the current excitation signal into the tested battery system;
and acquiring the current excitation signal and the terminal voltage output by the battery system to be tested, and calculating to obtain the battery impedance according to the current excitation signal and the battery output voltage.
Further, the pseudo random signal is 11-bit PRBS, and the clock frequency of the pseudo random signal is 5kHz and the sampling frequency of the pseudo random signal is 250 kHz.
Further, the calculating the battery impedance according to the current excitation signal and the battery output voltage includes:
performing moving average filtering on the current excitation signal and the battery terminal voltage;
fourier transform is carried out on the filtered voltage and current to respectively obtain frequency spectrums of the voltage and the current;
and calculating to obtain the battery impedance according to the frequency spectrums of the voltage and the current.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects: by building a simple battery test platform and adopting a battery impedance measurement method based on a pseudorandom signal, the method can realize quick online measurement, can accurately test the battery impedance under the condition of changing the amplitude of an excitation signal, the ambient temperature, the aging degree of the battery and the type of the battery, has universality, is expected to be suitable for monitoring the state of the battery in the running process of a real vehicle, and can perform early warning on possible battery faults.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method of measuring battery impedance in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a 4-bit PRBS sequencer;
FIG. 3 is a 4-bit PRBS sequence;
FIG. 4 is an autocorrelation function of a PRBS;
FIG. 5 is a power spectrum of a PRBS;
FIG. 6 is a Nyquist plot of battery impedance;
FIG. 7 is a second order equivalent circuit model of a battery;
FIG. 8 shows the results of cell impedance measurements at room temperature;
FIG. 9 shows the measurement of battery impedance at different excitation signal amplitudes;
FIG. 10 shows the measurement results of battery impedance at different ambient temperatures;
FIG. 11 shows the measurement of cell impedance for different degrees of aging;
fig. 12 shows the measurement results of the lithium battery impedance at normal temperature.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The following examples are only for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention more clearly, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereby.
The invention conception of the invention is as follows: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is one of the common methods capable of accurately reflecting the impedance characteristics of the battery at present, but because precise experimental measurement equipment is required and the price is high, the measurement is usually completed in a laboratory in an off-line manner, and the on-line measurement cannot be realized. The battery impedance online measurement method based on the pseudorandom signal can effectively solve the problem, a simple battery impedance online test platform is built by adopting common instruments, the cost is low, a sinusoidal signal is replaced by a Pseudo Random Binary Sequence (PRBS) excitation signal, the battery impedance online measurement method has the characteristics of high speed and easiness in implementation, and the complete characteristic of the battery impedance can be rapidly measured.
Based on the characteristics of high speed of pseudo-random signals and small influence on a system, the online measurement of the power battery of the electric automobile is realized, the state parameters of the battery are estimated in real time, and the early warning is carried out on the possible faults of the battery.
Example 1
The invention relates to a battery impedance online measurement method based on a pseudorandom signal, which is shown in figure 1 and comprises the following steps:
step 1, generating a current excitation signal by adopting a pseudo-random binary signal.
It is known to inject a current excitation signal into the battery system and measure the corresponding battery terminal voltage, and the battery impedance may be determined by calculation of the current and voltage. The selection of the excitation signal is particularly important, and in the present invention, the current signal is used as the excitation signal, and the output voltage of the battery system is used as the response signal.
To analyze the system in the frequency domain requires a suitable excitation signal, and a Pseudo Random Binary Sequence (PRBS) is a pulse sequence with periodicity and amplitude of only two levels, which occur randomly, but only within its period, as shown in fig. 2 and 3, which are a signal generator and a generated sequence of a 4-bit PRBS, respectively. The pulse sequence of the PRBS can be predetermined, can be repeatedly generated and copied, has random statistical characteristics, and can adopt an averaging technique to increase the signal-to-noise ratio and improve the measurement accuracy. The autocorrelation function of the PRBS is similar to white noise, and as shown in fig. 4, the autocorrelation function of the PRBS has a white noise property, can ensure better identification accuracy, is a good identification input signal, and is easy to implement in engineering. And injecting the excitation signal into the system to be tested, measuring the corresponding output response, and obtaining the frequency response of the system by using fast Fourier transform.
PRBS is actually an M-sequence, i.e. the one with the longest period resulting from the shift register and xor gate combination with linear feedback. The number of shift registers determines the sequence length, and the number of shift registers is N, the sequence length is N, and since all the shift register states cannot be 0 at the same time, N ^ 2^ N-1. PRBS is not completely random and repeats every N number of bits, but the sequence is random in each cycle. Increasing the number of bits in the shift register brings the autocorrelation function of the PRBS closer to white noise, but also increases the test time. Wide spectrum range of PRBS, number of bits n and clock frequency fcThe usable range of the PRBS can be determined, as shown in FIG. 5, which is the power spectrum of the PRBS, and is usually taken as fc/n～fc/3。
And selecting a PRBS with a proper number of bits, generally taking n as 8-14, taking the PRBS signal as a current signal to excite a battery system, and measuring the actual current and the response voltage of the battery to be used for subsequent impedance measurement. The PRBS broadband signal replaces a common sinusoidal signal, so that the measuring time can be obviously shortened, the complexity is reduced, and the online real-time measurement is realized.
Step 2, injecting a current excitation signal into the battery system to measure the corresponding battery terminal voltage;
step 3, performing Moving Average Filtering (MAF) on the current excitation signal and the battery terminal voltage to improve the accuracy of measurement;
and 4, carrying out Fourier transform on the filtered voltage and current to respectively obtain frequency spectrums of the voltage and the current, and further calculating to obtain the battery impedance.
Battery impedance is a transfer function between terminal voltage and current, and is also a complex number related to frequency. The definition of impedance is therefore:
where V (j ω) is the measured and Fourier transformed terminal voltage, I (j ω) is the measured and Fourier transformed current, and ω is the angular frequency. I Z and thetazThe ═ Z (j ω) is the gain and phase, respectively, of the cell impedance at an angular frequency ω. Therefore, there are:
wherein, thetavAnd thetaiThe phases of the voltage and current, respectively.
The real and imaginary parts of the impedance can be calculated by:
Z(jω)real＝|Z(jω)|cosθz(jω)
Z(jω)imag＝|Z(jω)|sinθz(jω)
therefore, the real part and the imaginary part of the impedance of the battery at each frequency can be calculated and are represented on a complex plane diagram, namely a Nyquist diagram. The nyquist plot of the cell impedance, shown in figure 6, typically has three clearly distinguishable regions. Referring to fig. 7, the second-order equivalent circuit model established in the present invention is shown, and the impedance characteristics of the battery can also be obtained by the analysis of the equivalent circuit model. Generally, a semicircular arc line is formed in a middle frequency region and is generated by an RC parallel network in a battery equivalent circuit model, a low frequency region is a slope line with the slope of 45 degrees and is generated by a diffusion resistor in a circuit, and a high frequency region becomes a point which represents the ohmic resistance of a battery. Since a sinusoidal signal is usually used as the excitation signal, the frequency spectrum is only at a specific frequency, so that one test can only calculate the battery impedance at one frequency. The invention selects the PRBS signal, which has wide frequency spectrum, more frequency and wide usable range, can completely measure the battery impedance characteristic in the whole frequency range in one test as long as the clock frequency of the signal is properly selected, and has the advantages of high speed, simple test and accurate result.
Example 2
The experimental platform is a battery testing platform which is independently built by utilizing the existing conditions, and mainly comprises a signal generator, a Holland current pump, a high-precision oscilloscope and the like as shown in figure 1. Because the internal resistance of the battery is in milliohm level, the measurement error is larger by adopting the conventional two-terminal measurement method, and a four-terminal measurement mode is adopted. The experiment platform has the advantages of low cost, simple structure, easy realization and accurate measurement result, and can be widely popularized and used under certain conditions.
On a computer, GALIOS software is adopted to generate an excitation signal PRBS with a proper number of bits, 11-bit PRBS is selected as the excitation signal, the clock frequency is 5kHz, the sampling frequency is 250kHz, the generated PRBS signal sequence is converted into an excel file or a txt file and then is led into a Keysight 33622A arbitrary waveform signal generator, a voltage test signal with a specific clock frequency (5 kHz in the invention) is generated, and the voltage test signal is input into a Holland current pump.
The Holland current pump converts the voltage test signal into a current excitation signal, the linear relation between the input voltage and the output current can be adjusted by selecting proper current pump parameters, the output current and the input voltage are equal in frequency and phase in theory, and the amplitude is in a linear relation.
Applying a current excitation signal output by the Holland current pump to a battery system to be tested, connecting the battery by adopting a four-wire method, namely leading out four end wires from the battery to be tested, wherein two end wires are used as input ends of the battery system, are connected with the Holland current pump, and inject the excitation signal; and the other two terminal wires are used as the output ends of the battery system and are connected with a load to measure the voltage of the output end of the battery. The current and terminal voltage of the battery are measured by a high-precision oscilloscope, so that the measurement data of the voltage and current of the battery under a certain specific frequency can be obtained, and the data is stored and used for subsequent analysis and measurement. Subsequently, the collected current excitation signal and the battery terminal voltage data are subjected to Moving Average Filtering (MAF), so that the measurement accuracy is improved; and then respectively carrying out Fourier transform on the filtered voltage and current to obtain frequency spectrums of the voltage and the current, so that the battery impedance can be obtained through calculation.
Example 3
The battery impedance measuring method based on the pseudo-random binary sequence is adopted, the amplitude of an excitation signal, the ambient temperature, the aging degree of the battery and the battery type are changed, the change characteristics of the battery impedance under different conditions are analyzed, and the universality of the battery impedance measuring method based on the pseudo-random binary sequence can be verified.
Most experimental verification in the invention adopts the lead-acid battery as a research object. In the invention, an 11-bit (n is 11) binary bidirectional PRBS signal is selected as an excitation signal to be injected into a battery system, and at normal temperature (20 ℃), a bandwidth which is large enough to ensure that the impedance characteristic of the battery can be completely described is selected, so that in the invention, the clock frequency of the signal is selected to be 5kHz, the sampling frequency is 250kHz, and the measurement result is shown in FIG. 8. On the basis, factors influencing the battery impedance are respectively considered, and the universality and the accuracy of the testing method are verified.
(1) Varying excitation signal amplitude
When the battery impedance is tested by using the ac injection method, the amplitude of the input signal should be as small as possible to avoid having a large influence on the battery system, and is usually below 10 mV. However, a larger current input can increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the signal, and the excitation signal needs to be large enough to cause a change in the battery terminal voltage to be successfully detected. Due to the non-linear characteristics of the battery system, the impedance may also vary due to the different amplitudes of the excitation signal. Therefore, in the present invention, the amplitude of the excitation signal PRBS is selected to be 20mV, 50mV and 100mV respectively for the comparison experiment. As shown in fig. 9, the results of the test of the impedance of the battery at room temperature are respectively the results of the test of the impedance of the battery when the amplitude of the PRBS excitation signal is 20mV, 50mV and 100mV, and the ohmic resistance of the battery can be obtained according to the data table of the purchased lead-acid battery, so that it can be experimentally proved that the accuracy of the measurement of the impedance of the battery is high when the amplitude is 20 mV.
(2) Changing ambient temperature
The ambient temperature is also an important parameter that affects the performance of batteries and electric vehicles. When the battery discharges at the ambient temperature of between 0 ℃ and 30 ℃, the internal resistance of the battery is reduced along with the increase of the temperature, the electrolyte of the battery has good conductivity, and the diffusion process in the electrolyte is accelerated, so that the concentration polarization effect is reduced, and the electrode reaction speed is accelerated, and vice versa. However, when the ambient temperature is lower than 0 ℃, the internal resistance is significantly increased. At this temperature, the effect of electrochemical polarization becomes large, and the battery capacity is significantly reduced, so that the effective internal resistance increases. In the present invention, the impedance test was carried out at three temperatures of-15 deg.C, 4 deg.C and 20 deg.C, respectively. The experimental results are shown in fig. 10, which are the results of the battery impedance test at three different temperatures of-15 ℃, 4 ℃ and 20 ℃, respectively, and show that as the temperature decreases, the real part and the imaginary part of the battery impedance increase, and the ohmic resistance also increases significantly in the low temperature range.
(3) Changing the degree of battery aging
The influence of comprehensive factors such as temperature, charge-discharge rate, charge-discharge depth and the like accelerates the charge-discharge cycle of the available battery and the attenuation rate of the cycle of the battery material. It is necessary to predict the aging condition of the battery in advance, determine whether to replace or repair the battery, and make relevant strategies to reduce the occurrence of safety accidents. However, it is difficult to predict the degree of aging of the battery based on a simple model. But the change of the health condition of the battery can be judged through the impedance characteristic of the battery. Therefore, the invention respectively adopts the new and the old lead-acid batteries with the same model for comparison, and the amplitude of the injected excitation signal is 20mV at the room temperature of 20 ℃. Experimental results referring to fig. 11, it can be seen from the experimental results that the ohmic resistance of the old battery significantly increases as the battery ages.
(4) Changing battery type
At present, lithium batteries gradually become mainstream power sources of power batteries of electric automobiles due to the advantages of environmental friendliness, high energy ratio, long service life, high rated voltage, low self-discharge rate and the like. The lithium battery can be used as a research object, the impedance of the battery is tested by injecting a PRBS signal with the excitation signal amplitude of 20mV at the room temperature of 20 ℃, the experimental result is shown in figure 12, and the ohmic resistance of the lithium battery is 60m omega according to a data sheet of the purchased lithium battery, so that the PRBS-based battery impedance testing method is also suitable for the measurement of the lithium battery, and can obtain a more accurate test result.
As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, embodiments of the present application may be provided as a method, system, or computer program product. Accordingly, the present application may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. Furthermore, the present application may take the form of a computer program product embodied on one or more computer-usable storage media (including, but not limited to, disk storage, CD-ROM, optical storage, and the like) having computer-usable program code embodied therein.
The present application is described with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the application. It will be understood that each flow and/or block of the flow diagrams and/or block diagrams, and combinations of flows and/or blocks in the flow diagrams and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, embedded processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart flow or flows and/or block diagram block or blocks.
These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable memory that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture including instruction means which implement the function specified in the flowchart flow or flows and/or block diagram block or blocks.
These computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide steps for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart flow or flows and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, several modifications and variations can be made without departing from the technical principle of the present invention, and these modifications and variations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. A battery impedance on-line measuring device based on a pseudorandom signal is characterized by comprising: a signal generator, a Holland current pump and an oscilloscope;
the input end of the signal generator receives the pseudo-random binary signal, the output end of the signal generator is connected with the Holland current pump, the output end of the Holland current pump is connected with the tested battery system, and the output end of the Holland current pump and the output end of the tested battery system are respectively connected with the oscilloscope;
a signal generator for generating a pseudo-random voltage test signal;
the Holland current pump is used for converting the voltage test signal into a current excitation signal and inputting the current excitation signal into the tested battery system;
and the oscilloscope is used for acquiring the current excitation signal and the terminal voltage output by the battery system to be tested so as to calculate and obtain the battery impedance according to the current excitation signal and the battery output voltage.
2. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pseudo-random signal is generated by GALOIS software.
3. The device of claim 1, wherein the Holland current pump adjusts the linear relationship between the input voltage and the output current, so that the output current and the input voltage have the same frequency, the same phase and the linear relationship between the amplitude.
4. The device for on-line measurement of battery impedance based on pseudorandom signal of claim 1, wherein the battery system is connected by "four-wire method", four end wires are led out from the battery to be measured, two of the end wires are used as input ends of the battery system, and are connected with Holland current pump to inject excitation signal; and the other two terminal wires are used as the output ends of the battery system and are connected with a load to measure the voltage of the output end of the battery.
5. A battery impedance online measurement method based on a pseudorandom signal is characterized by comprising the following steps:
generating a pseudo-random binary signal;
generating a voltage test signal according to the pseudo-random binary signal sequence;
converting the voltage test signal into a current excitation signal, and inputting the current excitation signal into the tested battery system;
and acquiring the current excitation signal and the terminal voltage output by the battery system to be tested, and calculating to obtain the battery impedance according to the current excitation signal and the battery output voltage.
6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the pseudo-random signal is 11-bit PRBS with a clock frequency of 5kHz and a sampling frequency of 250 kHz.
7. The method for measuring the battery impedance on line based on the pseudorandom signal as claimed in claim 5, wherein the step of calculating the battery impedance according to the current excitation signal and the battery output voltage comprises:
performing moving average filtering on the current excitation signal and the battery terminal voltage;
fourier transform is carried out on the filtered voltage and current to respectively obtain frequency spectrums of the voltage and the current;
and calculating to obtain the battery impedance according to the frequency spectrums of the voltage and the current.
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