CN112411615B - Design method of assembled debris flow drainage groove retaining wall - Google Patents

Design method of assembled debris flow drainage groove retaining wall Download PDF

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Publication number
CN112411615B
CN112411615B CN202011228482.8A CN202011228482A CN112411615B CN 112411615 B CN112411615 B CN 112411615B CN 202011228482 A CN202011228482 A CN 202011228482A CN 112411615 B CN112411615 B CN 112411615B
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retaining wall
debris flow
drainage groove
pile
plate
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CN112411615A (en
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屈永平
肖进
贺建华
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Sichuan College of Architectural Technology
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Sichuan College of Architectural Technology
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
    • E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
    • E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
    • E02D29/0258—Retaining or protecting walls characterised by constructional features
    • E02D29/0266—Retaining or protecting walls characterised by constructional features made up of preformed elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
    • G06F30/10—Geometric CAD
    • G06F30/13—Architectural design, e.g. computer-aided architectural design [CAAD] related to design of buildings, bridges, landscapes, production plants or roads
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D2300/00—Materials
    • E02D2300/0004—Synthetics
    • E02D2300/0018—Cement used as binder
    • E02D2300/002—Concrete
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D2600/00—Miscellaneous
    • E02D2600/20—Miscellaneous comprising details of connection between elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F2119/00—Details relating to the type or aim of the analysis or the optimisation
    • G06F2119/14—Force analysis or force optimisation, e.g. static or dynamic forces

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for designing an assembled debris flow drainage groove retaining wall, which comprises the following steps: s1, determining mudA stone flow site related parameter; s2, determining the designed depth of the debris flow on the central line of the drainage groove and the designed depth of the retaining wall of the drainage groove; s3, obtaining the designed flow depth h according to the stress characteristics of the retaining wall of the drainage groove and the active soil pressure characteristics of the retaining wall1A pressure formula when retaining the wall; s4, according to the shear strength tau that retaining wall board and retaining wall stake were designed, confirm the design thickness D of retaining wall board and retaining wall stake: s5, determining the buried depth of the retaining wall pile foundation and the cross-sectional area of the pile foundation; and S6, assembling the retaining wall plate and the retaining wall pile into the debris flow drainage channel retaining wall through the retaining wall pile foundation and the connecting assembly. The invention solves the problems that the existing integrated debris flow drainage groove retaining wall is easy to cause the failure of debris flow blocking function, and has long construction period, high construction cost, low safety and high later maintenance cost.

Description

Design method of assembled debris flow drainage groove retaining wall
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of debris flow prevention and control engineering, in particular to a design method of an assembled debris flow drainage groove retaining wall.
Background
China is a country with frequent debris flow geological disasters, particularly in rainy seasons, and surface runoff with a certain flow depth is formed in debris flow channels under the catchment condition under the strong rainfall condition, so loose solid matters in debris flow areas are eroded, and the debris flow process is induced. Debris flow disasters bring serious threats to urban construction of ditches, traffic engineering and life and property safety of residents.
China is a country with mountainous and hilly areas, and with the continuous development of national economy, the construction of traffic networks and cities in mountainous and hilly areas of China is gradually improved. In order to protect the economic construction of mountainous and hilly areas, the requirements and challenges for geological disaster prevention and control projects such as debris flow are increasingly severe. At present, the prevention and control mode of debris flow is mainly 'blocking, blocking and discharging', wherein a drainage and guide groove is a main prevention and control project of the prevention and control mode of debris flow 'discharging' in mountainous areas in China.
At present, the debris flow drainage groove design mainly comprises debris flow drainage groove retaining wall and kerve, and wherein, debris flow drainage groove retaining wall's structure formula structure as an organic whole structure is mainly including cast-in-place formula reinforced concrete structure, grout stone masonry structure, reinforcing bar gabion structure. The designed service life of the debris flow drainage groove is generally 30-50 years, the integral debris flow drainage groove retaining wall has undercutting damage of a retaining wall base, pulling crack damage of uneven settlement of the wall body, inclined damage of the wall body and block stone collision damage of the wall body, so that the integral debris flow drainage groove retaining wall is failed, the construction period of the existing debris flow drainage groove retaining wall prevention project is long, and the investment cost is relatively high.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for designing a retaining wall of an assembled debris flow drainage groove, which solves the problems that the existing integral retaining wall of the debris flow drainage groove is easy to cause the failure of debris flow blocking function, and has long construction period, high construction cost, low safety and high later maintenance cost.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a design method of an assembled debris flow drainage groove retaining wall comprises the following steps:
s1, determining the volume weight gamma and unit KN/m of the debris flow through the on-site actual measurement of the debris flow3(ii) a Determining the width of the debris flow channel according to the field survey of the debris flow channel; determining the gradient beta of the debris flow channel in unit degree through field measurement of the debris flow channel;
s2, determining the design flow depth h of the debris flow at the position of the drainage guide groove according to the design flow of the debris flow1And the designed flow depth h of the retaining wall of the debris flow drainage groove is equal to (h)1+h2) The unit m; h is2Is the buried depth of the retaining wall in the unit of m.
S3, obtaining the designed flow depth h according to the stress characteristics of the retaining wall of the drainage groove and the active soil pressure characteristics of the retaining wall1Pressure formula when retaining wall:
Figure GDA0003337333060000021
in the formula, P1The active soil pressure is the unit of the active soil pressure of the inviscid soil; p2The unit is the active pressure of cohesive soil, namely kPa; ka is the coefficient of active earth pressure, gammasatTo design the flow depth h1Saturation volume weight of time, unit KN/m3(ii) a Gamma is the designed flow depth and the upper accumulation thickness is h2Natural volume weight of hour, unit KN/m3；
Figure GDA0003337333060000022
The internal friction angle of the earth filled behind the retaining wall is unit degree;
s4, according to the shear strength tau that retaining wall board and retaining wall stake were designed, confirm the design thickness D of retaining wall board and retaining wall stake, unit m:
F/P＝(τD)/P＝1.3
wherein the shear-resistant safety coefficient of the retaining wall plate and the retaining wall pile is set to be 1.3; when the earth filling behind the retaining wall is non-cohesive soil, P is P1(ii) a When the earth filling behind the retaining wall is cohesive soil, P is P2；
S5, determining the buried depth of the retaining wall pile foundation, the unit m and the cross-sectional area of the pile foundation, and the unit m according to the retaining wall plate, the retaining wall pile and the dead weight of the retaining wall cast-in-place foundation2；
And S6, assembling the retaining wall plate and the retaining wall pile into the debris flow drainage channel retaining wall through the retaining wall pile foundation and the connecting assembly.
Further, the debris flow drainage groove retaining wall comprises a retaining wall plate, a retaining wall pile foundation and a connecting assembly;
the retaining wall pile is vertically fixed in the retaining wall pile foundation, and the retaining wall pile foundation is arranged below the groove beds on two sides in the debris flow channel;
the retaining wall plate is arranged between two adjacent retaining wall piles, two ends of the retaining wall plate are detachably connected with the two retaining wall piles through connecting components respectively, and a plurality of retaining wall plates are arranged from top to bottom to form a retaining wall;
retaining wall board and retaining wall pile are the prefab, the retaining wall pile foundation forms for cast in situ.
The retaining wall plate and the retaining wall pile of the debris flow drainage groove are of a non-integrated structure, and are assembled by adopting the retaining wall pile foundation and the connecting assembly, and the retaining wall pile foundation and the connecting assembly can be disassembled, namely the whole retaining wall of the debris flow drainage groove is designed in a segmented mode through the prefabricated retaining wall pile, so that when one retaining wall is damaged, only the damaged retaining wall is required to be maintained, when one retaining wall is damaged, the damaged retaining wall is only required to be replaced, the whole retaining wall is not influenced, the later maintenance is facilitated, and the problem that the function of blocking debris flow is easy to lose efficacy due to the existing integrated retaining wall of the debris flow drainage groove is solved.
Meanwhile, the retaining wall plate and the retaining wall pile are both made of prefabricated parts, so that the construction period of the retaining wall of the debris flow drainage groove can be effectively shortened.
In conclusion, the construction period of the retaining wall of the debris flow drainage groove can be effectively shortened, the service life of the retaining wall of the drainage groove is prolonged under the condition of the same debris flow design flow, and the later maintenance cost is reduced. The method is suitable for designing the debris flow gully channel drainage groove, is simple and efficient to apply, and can meet the requirement of preventing geological disasters.
Further, the connecting assembly comprises a connecting rod, a clamping plate and a fixing ring;
the retaining wall plate and the retaining wall pile are respectively provided with a first transverse through hole and a second transverse through hole which correspond to each other, and the connecting rod is inserted into the first transverse through hole and the second transverse through hole and is used for connecting the retaining wall plate and the retaining wall pile;
the clamping plate is arranged at the end part of the connecting rod, and the length direction of the connecting rod is vertical to the axial direction of the connecting rod;
the fixing ring is arranged at least one end part of the connecting rod;
still include fixing pin, fixing pin is used for connecting a plurality of solid fixed rings on the vertical direction.
First horizontal through-hole and second horizontal through-hole both can regard as the mounting hole, can regard as the hole for hoist again, the cardboard can realize avoiding the connecting rod to move in the horizontal direction to the ascending location of connecting rod in the horizontal direction, fixed bolt can realize avoiding the connecting rod to move in the vertical side to the ascending location of connecting rod in the vertical side.
The coupling assembling of above-mentioned setting not only can realize the detachable connection of retaining wall board, retaining wall stake, and stable in structure.
Further, the tip of connecting rod is provided with the draw-in groove, the cardboard can imbed in the draw-in groove.
Further, the length of cardboard is greater than the external diameter of connecting rod.
Further, the connecting rod is a metal rod.
The strength and the corrosion resistance of the metal rod can meet the requirements, and the service life of the metal rod can be prolonged.
Further, the outer wall of retaining wall stake is provided with the spacing groove with cardboard complex.
The cardboard can be embedded in the draw-in groove, improves the cardboard to the spacing stability of connecting rod.
Furthermore, the transverse section of the retaining wall pile is of an I-shaped structure, and the end part of the retaining wall plate can be embedded into the concave cavity of the I-shaped structure.
Above-mentioned detachable connection of realizing retaining wall stake and retaining wall board that sets up, and structural stability is good.
Further, the tip of retaining wall board is provided with the arch, the arch can be imbedded in the cavity of "worker" font structure, a lateral wall of retaining wall board flushes with a lateral wall of retaining wall stake.
Furthermore, retaining wall pile foundation is reinforced concrete structure, retaining wall board and retaining wall pile are reinforced concrete board.
The reinforced concrete material is good in impact resistance and wear resistance, and the service life of the debris flow drainage groove retaining wall can be prolonged.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:
1. the retaining wall plate and the retaining wall pile of the debris flow drainage groove are of a non-integrated structure, and are assembled by adopting the retaining wall pile foundation and the connecting assembly, and the retaining wall pile foundation and the connecting assembly can be disassembled, namely the whole retaining wall of the debris flow drainage groove is designed in a segmented mode through the prefabricated retaining wall pile, so that when one retaining wall is damaged, only the damaged retaining wall is required to be maintained, when one retaining wall is damaged, the damaged retaining wall is only required to be replaced, the whole retaining wall is not influenced, the later maintenance is facilitated, and the problem that the function of blocking debris flow is easy to lose efficacy due to the existing integrated retaining wall of the debris flow drainage groove is solved.
2. The retaining wall plate and the retaining wall pile are both made of prefabricated parts, so that the construction period of the retaining wall of the debris flow drainage groove can be effectively shortened.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the embodiments of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiment(s) of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a top view of an assembled debris flow drainage channel retaining wall;
FIG. 2 is a longitudinal sectional view of the assembled debris flow discharge chute retaining wall;
FIG. 3 is a top view of the connection assembly;
FIG. 4 is a side view of the connection assembly;
fig. 5 is a transverse sectional view of a retaining wall pile foundation;
fig. 6 is a vertical sectional view of a retaining wall pile foundation;
fig. 7 is a transverse sectional view of a retaining wall pile;
fig. 8 is a vertical sectional view of a retaining wall pile;
FIG. 9 is a transverse cross-sectional view of a retaining wall panel;
FIG. 10 is a vertical cross-sectional view of a retaining wall panel;
fig. 11 is a schematic view showing an application of the prefabricated debris flow discharge chute retaining wall.
Reference numbers and corresponding part names in the drawings:
the retaining wall comprises, by weight, 1-retaining wall plate, 2-retaining wall pile, 3-retaining wall pile foundation, 4-connecting assembly, 21-limiting groove, 41-connecting rod, 42-clamping plate, 43-fixing ring and 5-fixing bolt.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail below with reference to examples and accompanying drawings, and the exemplary embodiments and descriptions thereof are only used for explaining the present invention and are not meant to limit the present invention.
Example 1:
as shown in fig. 1 to 11, a method for designing a retaining wall of an assembled debris flow drainage groove includes the steps of:
s1, determining the volume weight gamma and unit KN/m of the debris flow through the on-site actual measurement of the debris flow3(ii) a Determining the width of the debris flow channel according to the field survey of the debris flow channel; determining the gradient beta of the debris flow channel in unit degree through field measurement of the debris flow channel;
s2, determining the design flow depth h of the debris flow at the position of the drainage guide groove according to the design flow of the debris flow1And the designed flow depth h of the retaining wall of the debris flow drainage groove is equal to (h)1+h2) The unit m; h is2Is the buried depth of the retaining wall in m.
S3, obtaining the designed flow depth h according to the stress characteristics of the retaining wall of the drainage groove and the active soil pressure characteristics of the retaining wall1Pressure formula when retaining wall:
Figure GDA0003337333060000041
in the formula, P1The active soil pressure is the unit of the active soil pressure of the inviscid soil; p2The unit is the active pressure of cohesive soil, namely kPa; ka is the coefficient of active earth pressure, gammasatTo design the flow depth h1Saturation volume weight of time, unit KN/m3(ii) a Gamma is the designed flow depth and the upper accumulation thickness is h2Natural volume weight of hour, unit KN/m3；
Figure GDA0003337333060000051
The internal friction angle of the earth filled behind the retaining wall is unit degree;
s4, according to the shear strength tau that retaining wall board 1 and retaining wall pile 2 designed, confirm retaining wall board 1 and retaining wall pile 2' S design thickness D:
F/P＝(τD)/P＝1.3
wherein the shear-resistant safety factor of the retaining wall plate 1 and the retaining wall pile 2 is set to be 1.3; when the earth filling behind the retaining wall is non-cohesive soil, P is P1(ii) a When the earth is filled with cohesive soil behind the retaining wall, P＝P2；
S5, determining the buried depth of a retaining wall pile foundation 3 and the cross-sectional area of the pile foundation according to the self weight of the retaining wall board 1, the retaining wall pile 2 and the retaining wall cast-in-place foundation;
and S6, assembling the retaining wall board 1 and the retaining wall piles 2 into the debris flow drainage channel retaining wall through the retaining wall pile foundation 3 and the connecting assembly 4.
In this embodiment, the debris flow drainage groove retaining wall includes a retaining wall plate 1, a retaining wall pile 2, a retaining wall pile foundation 3 and a connecting assembly 4;
the retaining wall pile 2 is vertically fixed in the retaining wall pile foundation 3, and the retaining wall pile foundation 3 is arranged below the groove beds on two sides in the debris flow channel;
keep off the native wallboard 1 and arrange in between two adjacent retaining wall stake 2, the both ends of retaining wall wallboard 1 are connected with two retaining wall stake 2 are detachable through coupling assembling 4 respectively, 1 from the top down of retaining wall wallboard is provided with a plurality ofly, specifically:
the connecting assembly 4 comprises a connecting rod 41, a clamping plate 42 and a fixing ring 43;
the retaining wall plate 1 and the retaining wall pile 2 are respectively provided with a corresponding first transverse through hole and a corresponding second transverse through hole, and the connecting rod 41 is inserted into the first transverse through hole and the second transverse through hole and is used for connecting the retaining wall plate 1 and the retaining wall pile 2;
the clamping plate 42 is arranged at the end of the connecting rod 41, specifically, a clamping groove is arranged at the end of the connecting rod 41, the clamping plate 42 can be embedded into the clamping groove, the length direction of the connecting rod 41 is perpendicular to the axial direction of the connecting rod 41, the connecting rod 41 is a metal rod, and the length of the clamping plate 42 is greater than the outer diameter of the connecting rod 41;
the fixing ring 43 is provided at least one end of the connecting rod 41;
the fixing device also comprises a fixing bolt 5, wherein the fixing bolt 5 is used for connecting a plurality of fixing rings 43 in the vertical direction;
retaining wall panel 1 and retaining wall pile 2 are the prefab, retaining wall pile foundation 3 forms for cast in place, retaining wall pile foundation 3 is reinforced concrete structure, retaining wall panel 1 and retaining wall pile 2 are reinforced concrete earth plate.
Example 2:
as shown in fig. 1 to 11, in the present embodiment, based on embodiment 1, the outer wall of the retaining wall pile 2 is provided with a limiting groove 21 engaged with a clamping plate 42; the transverse section of retaining wall pile 2 is "worker" font structure, the tip of retaining wall board 1 is provided with the arch, protruding cavity that can imbed "worker" font structure, a lateral wall of retaining wall board 1 flushes with a lateral wall of retaining wall pile 2.
The above-mentioned embodiments are intended to illustrate the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention in further detail, and it should be understood that the above-mentioned embodiments are merely exemplary embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.

Claims (8)

1. A design method of an assembled debris flow drainage groove retaining wall is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, determining the volume weight R of the debris flow in unit KN/m through the actual measurement on the site of the debris flow3(ii) a Determining the width of the debris flow channel in a unit of m according to the field survey of the debris flow channel; determining the gradient beta of the debris flow channel in unit degree through field measurement of the debris flow channel;
s2, determining the design flow depth h of the debris flow at the position of the drainage guide groove according to the design flow of the debris flow1And the designed flow depth h, h ═ h (h) of the retaining wall of the debris flow drainage groove1+h2) The unit m; h is2The unit is the buried depth of the retaining wall;
s3, obtaining the designed flow depth h according to the stress characteristics of the retaining wall of the drainage groove and the active soil pressure characteristics of the retaining wall1The pressure formula of the time retaining wall:
Figure FDA0003337333050000011
in the formula, P1The active soil pressure is the unit of the active soil pressure of the inviscid soil; p2The unit is the active soil pressure of cohesive soil, and the unit is kPa; kaIs the coefficient of active earth pressure, gammasatTo design the flow depth h1Saturation volume weight of time, unit KN/m3(ii) a Gamma is the buried depth h of the retaining wall2Natural bulk density of soil at the location, unit KN/m3；
Figure FDA0003337333050000012
An internal friction angle of earth filled behind the retaining wall;
s4, determining the design thickness D of the retaining wall board (1) and the retaining wall pile (2) according to the shear strength tau designed by the retaining wall board (1) and the retaining wall pile (2), wherein the unit m is:
F/P＝(τD)/P＝1.3
wherein the shear-resistant safety factor of the retaining wall plate (1) and the retaining wall pile (2) is set to be 1.3; when the earth filling behind the retaining wall is non-cohesive soil, P is P1(ii) a When the earth filling behind the retaining wall is cohesive soil, P is P2；
S5, determining the buried depth of the retaining wall pile foundation (3), unit m and the cross-sectional area of the pile foundation according to the self weights of the retaining wall plate (1), the retaining wall pile (2) and the retaining wall pile foundation2；
S6, assembling the retaining wall board (1) and the retaining wall pile (2) into the debris flow drainage groove retaining wall through the retaining wall pile foundation (3) and the connecting assembly (4):
the lower end of the retaining wall pile (2) is vertically fixed in the retaining wall pile foundation (3), and the retaining wall pile foundation (3) is arranged below the groove beds on two sides in the debris flow channel;
the retaining wall plate (1) is arranged between two adjacent retaining wall piles (2), and two ends of the retaining wall plate (1) are detachably connected with the two retaining wall piles (2) through connecting components (4) respectively; a plurality of retaining wall boards (1) are arranged from top to bottom;
the retaining wall plate (1) and the retaining wall pile (2) are both prefabricated parts, and the retaining wall pile foundation (3) is formed by casting in situ;
the connecting assembly (4) comprises a connecting rod (41), a clamping plate (42) and a fixing ring (43);
the retaining wall plate (1) and the retaining wall pile (2) are respectively provided with a corresponding first transverse through hole and a corresponding second transverse through hole, and the connecting rod (41) is inserted into the first transverse through hole and the second transverse through hole and is used for connecting the retaining wall plate (1) and the retaining wall pile (2);
the clamping plate (42) is arranged at the end part of the connecting rod (41), and the length direction of the clamping plate (42) is vertical to the axial direction of the connecting rod (41);
the fixing ring (43) is arranged on a clamping plate (42) at least one end part of the connecting rod (41);
the fixing device further comprises a fixing bolt (5), and the fixing bolt (5) is used for connecting a plurality of fixing rings (43) in the vertical direction.
2. The design method of an assembled debris flow drainage groove retaining wall according to claim 1, wherein the end of the connecting rod (41) is provided with a clamping groove, and the clamping plate (42) can be inserted into the clamping groove.
3. A method for designing a fabricated debris flow drainage channel retaining wall according to claim 1, wherein the length of the catching plate (42) is longer than the outer diameter of the connecting rod (41).
4. A method for designing an assembled debris flow drainage channel retaining wall according to claim 1, wherein the connecting rods (41) are metal rods.
5. A method for designing a fabricated debris flow drainage groove retaining wall according to claim 1, wherein the retaining wall pile (2) is provided at an outer wall thereof with a stopper groove (21) engaged with the catch plate (42).
6. A method for designing a fabricated debris flow drainage groove retaining wall according to claim 1, wherein the transverse section of the retaining wall pile (2) is of an i-shaped structure, and the end of the retaining wall plate (1) can be embedded into a cavity of the i-shaped structure.
7. A design method of an assembled debris flow drainage groove retaining wall according to claim 6, characterized in that the end of the retaining wall plate (1) is provided with a protrusion which can be embedded into the cavity of the I-shaped structure, and one side wall of the retaining wall plate (1) is flush with one side wall of the retaining wall pile (2).
8. A method for designing a fabricated debris flow drainage groove retaining wall according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the retaining wall piles (3) are of a reinforced concrete structure, and the retaining wall panels (1) and the retaining wall piles (2) are of a reinforced concrete structure.
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