CN112366367A - Aqueous lithium ion electrolyte and battery - Google Patents
Aqueous lithium ion electrolyte and battery Download PDFInfo
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- CN112366367A CN112366367A CN202011240048.1A CN202011240048A CN112366367A CN 112366367 A CN112366367 A CN 112366367A CN 202011240048 A CN202011240048 A CN 202011240048A CN 112366367 A CN112366367 A CN 112366367A
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- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- HHVIBTZHLRERCL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfonyldimethane Chemical compound CS(C)(=O)=O HHVIBTZHLRERCL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000012456 homogeneous solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- QHGJSLXSVXVKHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dilithium;dioxido(dioxo)manganese Chemical group [Li+].[Li+].[O-][Mn]([O-])(=O)=O QHGJSLXSVXVKHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- MJEPCYMIBBLUCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K sodium titanium(4+) phosphate Chemical compound P(=O)([O-])([O-])[O-].[Ti+4].[Na+] MJEPCYMIBBLUCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000009210 therapy by ultrasound Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 8
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910002097 Lithium manganese(III,IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910010379 TiNb2O7 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000006258 conductive agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000005486 organic electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 3
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910019441 NaTi2(PO4)3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000013038 hand mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 2
- RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexaphenoxy-1,3,5-triaza-2$l^{5},4$l^{5},6$l^{5}-triphosphacyclohexa-1,3,5-triene Chemical compound N=1P(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP=1(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910013872 LiPF Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 101150058243 Lipf gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002484 cyclic voltammetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011031 large-scale manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005185 salting out Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/36—Accumulators not provided for in groups H01M10/05-H01M10/34
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0002—Aqueous electrolytes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0088—Composites
- H01M2300/0091—Composites in the form of mixtures
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Abstract
The invention discloses a water-based lithium ion electrolyte which is characterized by being prepared by compounding dimethyl sulfone, lithium perchlorate, urea and water according to a molar ratio of 0.5-2: 0.5-1.6: 0.5-2: 0.3-2, and is a transparent homogeneous solution prepared by mixing and grinding four raw materials and placing the mixture in a water bath for ultrasonic treatment. The invention creatively adopts the combined action of cheap non-flammable organic micromolecules, lithium salt and water to widen the electrochemical stability window, the prepared electrolyte has high ionic conductivity, lower viscosity and good high-low temperature phase stability retentivity, the whole preparation process is simple and easy to implement, the preparation cost is reduced, and the industrial production is very favorably realized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of secondary batteries, and particularly relates to a water-based electrolyte for a lithium ion battery and the lithium ion battery prepared on the basis of the water-based electrolyte.
Background
Lithium ion secondary batteries have been widely recognized since the last 90 th century because of their advantages of high energy density, long cycle life, etc., and have been widely used in the fields of power supplies for electronic products, electric vehicles, energy storage, etc.
The traditional lithium ion battery mainly adopts organic electrolyte, which is mainly because the voltage of the traditional LCO/graphite system lithium ion battery is higher and exceeds the stable voltage window of aqueous electrolyte, so that the traditional LCO/graphite system lithium ion battery only adopts organic solution electrolyte, but the lithium ion battery has the high potential safety hazard of low conductivity and easy combustion and explosion.
In recent years, with the increasing requirements for safety and environmental protection of power batteries, aqueous electrolytes are considered to be used instead of organic electrolytes; compared with the organic electrolyte, the aqueous electrolyte has the advantages of low cost, high safety, environmental friendliness, higher conductivity and capability of improving the power characteristics of the battery. However, the aqueous electrolyte has a narrow electrochemical window due to the hydrogen evolution reaction that easily occurs at the negative electrode and the oxygen evolution reaction that occurs at the positive electrode, and thus it is difficult for most of the positive and negative electrode materials to sufficiently exert their full capacities within this electrochemical window, which has been a serious problem that limits their applications.
At present, the most common method for widening the electrochemical window of the aqueous electrolyte is to prepare a high-concentration lithium salt aqueous solution, namely, a so-called "water in salt" electrolyte (Science,350(2015):938-943,10.1126/Science, abb1595,10.1038/s 41586-019-. However, such methods usually require the use of expensive lithium salts such as lithium trifluoromethanesulfonylimide, and the use of such lithium salts is large, which results in high cost for the preparation of the aqueous electrolyte solution, and also causes salting-out due to high viscosity of the electrolyte solution.
Therefore, it is necessary to find a simple, easy and cheap method for widening the electrochemical window of the aqueous electrolyte. The polar organic small molecules capable of simultaneously forming strong intermolecular force with lithium salt and water are utilized to "dilute" the high-salt electrolyte and simultaneously maintain the performances of a wide electrochemical window and the like, so that the method is an effective strategy for preparing the water-based electrolyte at low cost.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a water-based lithium ion electrolyte and a battery, the water-based lithium ion electrolyte adopts the combined action of cheap non-flammable organic micromolecules, lithium salt and water to widen an electrochemical stability window, is simple and feasible to operate, has low cost, and is very favorable for realizing industrial production.
The invention is realized by the following steps: a water-based lithium ion electrolyte is prepared by compounding dimethyl sulfone, lithium perchlorate, urea and water according to a molar ratio of 0.5-2: 0.5-1.6: 0.5-2: 0.3-2, and is a transparent homogeneous solution obtained by mixing and grinding four raw materials and placing the mixture in a water bath for ultrasound treatment.
A battery prepared from the aqueous lithium ion electrolyte comprises a positive electrode material of lithium manganate, a negative electrode material of titanium niobate or sodium titanium phosphate, a positive current collector of titanium foil, stainless steel foil or carbon paper, and a negative current collector of aluminum foil, copper foil or carbon paper, and can be assembled in a button or lamination mode.
Has the advantages that:
the aqueous lithium ion electrolyte provided by the invention has a wide electrochemical stability window (3.4V-3.6V), high ionic conductivity, low viscosity and good high and low temperature phase stability retention;
the invention provides aqueous lithium ion LiMn2O4//TiNb2O7The battery realizes the working voltage of 2.4V and the energy density of 196Wh/kg in a breakthrough manner, and the battery has high coulombic efficiency and better cycle stability after being stabilized;
the invention provides aqueous lithium ion LiMn2O4//TiNb2O7The battery has lower preparation cost, higher energy density and overlong cycle stability, so that the large-scale production and application becomesIt is possible.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a statistical chart of the various test parameters of the solutions obtained in examples 1-13;
FIG. 2 is a statistical chart of the various test parameters of the solutions obtained in examples 14-20;
FIG. 3 is a plot of the electrochemical stability window of the electrolyte prepared in example 2 and the cyclic voltammograms of lithium manganate and titanium niobate materials in the electrolyte;
fig. 4 is a specific capacity-voltage plot of an assembled battery of example 21;
FIG. 5 is a graph of the cycling performance of the assembled cell of example 22;
fig. 6 is a specific capacity-voltage plot of an assembled battery of example 23;
FIG. 7 is a photograph comparing the electrolyte prepared in example 2 with a conventional lithium battery electrolyte for a flame retardant test.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention is provided to enable those skilled in the art to more readily understand the advantages and features of the present invention, and to clearly and unequivocally define the scope of the present invention.
Examples 1 to 13
The method comprises the steps of mixing dimethyl sulfone (M), lithium perchlorate (L), pure water (H) and urea (U) serving as raw materials according to a certain ratio, grinding, placing the mixture in a water bath at 50 ℃ for ultrasonic treatment until a transparent homogeneous solution is obtained, and testing the electrochemical stability window, the conductivity, the viscosity, the pH value, the liquid phase temperature and the like of the obtained solution.
The test parameters of the solutions obtained in examples 1 to 13 are shown in FIG. 1.
Examples 14 to 20
The method comprises the steps of taking dimethyl sulfone (M), lithium perchlorate (L) and pure water (H) as raw materials, mixing and grinding the raw materials according to a certain proportion, placing the mixture in a water bath at 50 ℃ for ultrasonic treatment until a transparent homogeneous solution is obtained, and testing the electrochemical stability window, the conductivity, the viscosity, the pH value, the liquid phase temperature and the like of the obtained solution.
The test parameters of the solutions obtained in examples 14 to 20 are shown in FIG. 1.
Example 21
Lithium manganate (LiMn) using the solution prepared in example 2 as an electrolyte2O4) And titanium niobate (TiNb)2O7) Respectively positive and negative active materials of the water system lithium ion battery. According to the active material: conductive agent: weighing the corresponding amount of the adhesive in a mass ratio of 8:1:1, adding a proper amount of N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), and grinding into battery slurry. The method of hand-mixing coating was to uniformly coat the battery slurry, which was hand-ground, on a titanium foil with a coating applicator for positive electrode (200 μm) and on an aluminum foil with a coating applicator for negative electrode (100 μm). Then transferring the coated positive and negative electrodes to a baking oven with the temperature of 100 ℃ and the temperature of 90 ℃ for drying for 10 hours, and manufacturing the dried positive and negative electrodes into a circular pole piece with the diameter of 16mm by using a pole piece punching machine, wherein the mass load of the active substances of the circular pole piece with the uniform size is 1.3-1.7mg/cm on average2The mass load of the active substance of the circular pole piece of the negative pole is 0.7-1.1mg/cm averagely2。
The water-based lithium ion battery is subjected to constant-rate charge and discharge test on a blue battery tester, the charge and discharge voltage is limited to 1.4-2.8 volts, and the charge and discharge are carried out at 1C (148 mA/g). LiMn2O4//TiNb2O7The operating voltage of the water-based lithium ion battery is up to 2.5V, and the water-based lithium ion battery can still maintain 80 percent of the initial capacity after 200 circles and has high energy density of 196 Wh/kg.
Example 22
Lithium manganate (LiMn) using the solution prepared in example 16 as an electrolyte2O4) And sodium titanium phosphate (NaTi)2(PO4)3) Respectively positive and negative active materials of the water system lithium ion battery. According to the active material: conductive agent: weighing the corresponding amount of the adhesive in a mass ratio of 8:1:1, adding a proper amount of N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), and grinding into battery slurry. The coating was carried out by hand mixing, and the battery slurry which had been ground by hand was uniformly applied to a stainless steel foil with a coating applicator (200 μm) for the positive electrode, and was uniformly applied to a copper foil with a coating applicator (200 μm) for the negative electrode. Then transferring the coated positive and negative electrodes to an oven with the temperature of 100 ℃ and the temperature of 90 ℃ for drying for 10 hours, and punching the dried positive and negative electrodes by using a pole pieceThe round pole piece with the diameter of 16mm is manufactured by a press, wherein the mass load of the active substance of the round positive pole piece with uniform size is 1.3-1.5mg/cm on average2The mass load of the active substance of the circular pole piece of the negative pole is averagely 1.5-1.7mg/cm2。
The water-based lithium ion battery is subjected to constant-rate charge and discharge test on a blue battery tester, the charge and discharge voltage is limited to 1.0-2.8 volts, and the charge and discharge are carried out at 1C (148 mA/g). LiMn2O4//NaTi2(PO4)3The working voltage of the water-based lithium ion battery reaches 1.65V, the coulombic efficiency reaches more than 99.6 percent, 77 percent of the initial capacity can be still maintained after 1000 circles, and the energy density reaches 40 Wh/kg.
Example 23
Lithium manganate (LiMn) using the solution prepared in example 18 as an electrolyte2O4) And sodium titanium phosphate (NaTi)2(PO4)3) Respectively positive and negative active materials of the water system lithium ion battery. According to the active material: conductive agent: weighing the corresponding amount of the adhesive in a mass ratio of 8:1:1, adding a proper amount of N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), and grinding into battery slurry. The coating was carried out by hand, and the battery slurry which had been ground by hand was uniformly applied to a carbon paper with a coating applicator (300 μm) for the positive electrode and uniformly applied to a carbon paper with a coating applicator (300 μm) for the negative electrode. Then transferring the coated anode and cathode to an oven with the temperature of 100 ℃ and the temperature of 90 ℃ for drying for 10 hours. Cutting all the pole pieces into 6 x 5.5cm, and rolling with 1.2-2MPa roller press to obtain positive pole material with surface density of 25-30mg/cm2The surface density of the negative electrode material is 20-25mg/cm2. 7-15 pieces of positive electrodes are needed, 8-16 pieces of negative electrodes are needed, a diaphragm is sandwiched between the positive electrodes and the negative electrodes, the positive electrodes and the negative electrodes are alternately manufactured into a battery core, a self-made battery shell is formed after the tabs are connected, and the battery shell is sealed and soaked for 2-6 hours after electrolyte is added. The water-based lithium ion battery is subjected to constant-rate charge and discharge test on a blue battery tester, the charge and discharge voltage is limited to 1.0-2.8 volts, and the charge and discharge are carried out at 1C (148 mA/g). LiMn2O4//NaTi2(PO4)3The working voltage of the water-based lithium ion battery reaches 1.65V, the coulombic efficiency reaches more than 99.6 percent, and the energy density reaches 49 Wh/kg.
EXAMPLE 24 non-flammability testing of electrolytes
The conventional electrolyte (1mol LiPF)6Dissolved in DMC/DEC/EC 1:1:1 v/v) and the electrolyte prepared in example two were compared and tested for flammability. The battery diaphragm clamped into a wafer is placed into two electrolytes and is fully soaked, then the two diaphragms soaked with the electrolytes are respectively fixed on a metal frame, and then flame (match or lighter) is used for igniting the two diaphragms. The diaphragm soaked with the traditional organic electrode liquid is instantly burnt, and the diaphragm is seriously carbonized and deformed due to the burning of the electrolyte; the diaphragm soaked with the electrolyte prepared in the embodiment 2 is not burnt when flame is heated, and the shape of the diaphragm is kept unchanged; the specific case is shown in fig. 7.
The above description is only an embodiment of the present invention, and not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and all modifications of equivalent structures and equivalent processes performed by the present specification and drawings, or directly or indirectly applied to other related technical fields, are included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (2)
1. A water-based lithium ion electrolyte is characterized by being prepared by compounding dimethyl sulfone, lithium perchlorate, urea and water according to a molar ratio of 0.5-2: 0.5-1.6: 0.5-2: 0.3-2, and being a transparent homogeneous solution obtained by mixing and grinding four raw materials and placing the mixture in a water bath for ultrasound.
2. The battery prepared from the aqueous lithium ion electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the positive electrode material of the battery is lithium manganate, the negative electrode material is titanium niobate or sodium titanium phosphate, the positive electrode current collector is made of titanium foil, stainless steel foil or carbon paper, the negative electrode current collector is made of aluminum foil, copper foil or carbon paper, and the battery can be assembled in the form of buttons or laminates.
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| CN113224394A (en) * | 2021-04-20 | 2021-08-06 | 淄博火炬能源有限责任公司 | Low-temperature lead-carbon battery electrolyte |
| WO2023239405A3 (en) * | 2021-12-20 | 2024-03-14 | University Of Maryland, College Park | Li-ion batteries with increased electrochemical stability window |
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Application publication date: 20210212 |