CN112346710A - Quantum random number generator chip and design method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a quantum random number generator chip and a design method, wherein the chip comprises: optical chip, transimpedance amplifier chip and the microcontroller chip that connects gradually, wherein: the optical chip comprises a continuous laser, an optical beam splitter, a first optical attenuator, a second optical attenuator, a first photoelectric detector and a second photoelectric detector; the microcontroller chip comprises a first digital-to-analog converter, a second digital-to-analog converter, an analog-to-digital converter and a processor; the transimpedance amplifier chip comprises a transimpedance amplifier; the quantum random number generator chip is obtained by packaging the optical chip, the transimpedance amplifier chip and the microcontroller chip. The optical chip and the microcontroller chip are packaged in one chip by a systematic packaging method, so that the volume of the quantum random number system is greatly reduced, the stability of the system and the structure is greatly improved, the power consumption and the cost are reduced, and the application range and the application scene are improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of quantum random number generation, and particularly relates to a quantum random number generator chip and a design method thereof.
Background
Random numbers are widely used basic resources and have wide and important applications in many fields such as quantum communication, cryptography, gaming, monte carlo simulation, numerical calculation, random sampling, neural network calculation, traditional information security and the like. The randomness guarantee of the quantum random number generator is derived from a quantum physical principle, the true random number is generated by measuring the random characteristics inherent in a quantum physical system, the quantum random number generator has unpredictability, non-repeatability and unbiasedness, the randomness of the quantum random number generator is guaranteed by a quantum mechanical basic principle, and the quantum random number generator has more advantages compared with other random number generation technologies, so that the quantum random number generator has higher safety and is particularly suitable for application scenes with higher requirements on randomness.
Various schemes may implement quantum random number generators such as photon routing schemes, photon arrival time schemes, laser phase fluctuation schemes, and measurement device independent quantum random number schemes. At present, a quantum random number system built based on discrete optoelectronic devices generally has the defects of high price, large volume, high power consumption, poor stability, low reliability and the like, and is difficult to meet the popularization and application requirements of quantum random numbers. For example, in the above example, the bit rate of the single photon path selection scheme and the photon arrival time scheme is in the order of Mbps, and the single photon detector is used in the system, so that the system has a large volume and high cost; the bit rate of the laser phase fluctuation scheme can reach more than 10Gbps, but the scheme contains an optical interferometer, so that the system is large in size, sensitive to vibration and temperature and not beneficial to practicability.
At present, a light source and a reading circuit of another existing random number scheme are of an independent external structure, and the reading circuit is a field programmable array, so that the volume is large, and the power consumption is high; meanwhile, the light source and the optical chip are fixed in a laminating mode, and the structural stability is poor.
As can be seen from the above examples, the application scenario of quantum random numbers requires a random number scheme with low cost, low power consumption, small volume, high stability and reliability.
In summary, the defects of the prior art are as follows: the prior quantum random number system has the disadvantages of high price, large volume, high power consumption, poor stability and low reliability, and is difficult to meet the popularization and application requirements of quantum random numbers.
Disclosure of Invention
Therefore, in the prior art, a quantum random number system built based on discrete optoelectronic devices is expensive, large in size, high in power consumption, poor in stability and low in reliability, and cannot meet the popularization and application requirements of quantum random numbers.
Therefore, an improved quantum random number generator chip and a design method thereof are needed, so that the real-time quantum random number generator is realized by a single chip, and an optical chip and a back-end reading circuit chip are integrated in one package by a hybrid integration and system-in-package method, and finally the single-chip real-time quantum random number generator can meet practical application requirements of low cost, low power consumption, small size, high stability and high reliability.
In this context, embodiments of the present invention are directed to quantum random number generator chips and design methods.
In a first aspect of embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a quantum random number generator chip including: optical chip, transimpedance amplifier chip and the microcontroller chip that connects gradually, wherein: the optical chip comprises a continuous laser, an optical beam splitter, a first optical attenuator, a second optical attenuator, a first photoelectric detector and a second photoelectric detector; the microcontroller chip comprises a first digital-to-analog converter, a second digital-to-analog converter, an analog-to-digital converter and a processor; the transimpedance amplifier chip comprises a transimpedance amplifier;
in an embodiment of the present invention, two output ends of the optical splitter are independently connected to the first optical attenuator and the second optical attenuator, respectively; the output end of the first optical attenuator is connected with the first photoelectric detector, and the output end of the second optical attenuator is connected with the second photoelectric detector.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the optical beam splitter is provided with two input ends, one input end of the optical beam splitter is connected with the continuous laser, and the other input end is vacant and used as a vacuum state light input end.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the output ends of the first photodetector and the second photodetector of the optical chip are connected to the transimpedance amplifier of the transimpedance amplifier chip.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the processor is connected to the first digital-to-analog converter, the second digital-to-analog converter and the analog-to-digital converter respectively.
In still another embodiment of the present invention, an output terminal of the first digital-to-analog converter is connected to the first optical attenuator, and an output terminal of the second digital-to-analog converter is connected to the second optical attenuator.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, an input terminal of the analog-to-digital converter is connected to the transimpedance amplifier.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the size of the optical chip is 2cm x1cm or 5mmx3 mm.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the size of the transimpedance amplifier chip is 1mmx1 mm; the microcontroller chip has a size of 3mm x4 mm.
In a second aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for designing the quantum random number generator chip, including: integrating the optical beam splitter, the first optical attenuator and the second optical attenuator on an optical waveguide chip by a photonic integration method; the continuous laser, the first photoelectric detector, the second photoelectric detector and the optical waveguide chip are integrated in a mixed mode through a mixed integration method to form an optical chip; and packaging the optical chip, the transimpedance amplifier chip and the microcontroller chip by a systematic packaging method to form the quantum random number generator chip.
According to the quantum random number generator chip and the design method thereof, the light source, the light path design and the detector in the vacuum state quantum random number scheme are integrated on one optical chip by adopting the methods of photon integration and hybrid integration, and the microcontroller chip and the optical chip are packaged in one chip by a systematic packaging method, so that the volume of a quantum random number system is greatly reduced, the stability of the system and the structure is greatly improved, the power consumption and the cost are reduced, and the application range and the application scene are improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a quantum random number generator chip according to an embodiment of the present invention.
In the figure: 1. an optical chip; 2. a transimpedance amplifier chip; 3. a microcontroller chip; 11. a continuous laser; 12. light in a vacuum state; 13. an optical splitter; 14. a first optical attenuator; 15. a first photodetector; 16. a second optical attenuator; 17. a second photodetector; 21. a transimpedance amplifier; 31. a first digital-to-analog converter; 32. an analog-to-digital converter; 33. a second digital-to-analog converter; 34. a processor.
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of a method for designing a quantum random number generator chip according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order that the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent, the present invention will be further described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings in conjunction with the following specific embodiments.
A quantum random number generator chip according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention is described below with reference to fig. 1.
As shown in fig. 1, a quantum random number generator chip provided by an embodiment of the present invention includes: the optical fiber laser comprises an optical chip 1, a transimpedance amplifier chip 2, a microcontroller chip 3, a continuous laser 11, vacuum state light 12, a light beam splitter 13, a first optical attenuator 14, a first photodetector 15, a second optical attenuator 16, a second photodetector 17, a transimpedance amplifier 21, a first digital-to-analog converter 31, an analog-to-digital converter 32, a second digital-to-analog converter 33 and a processor 34.
In one embodiment of the invention, the quantum random number generator chip is obtained by system-in-package of an optical chip 1, a transimpedance amplifier chip 2 and a microcontroller chip 3;
the optical chip 1 comprises a continuous laser 11, an optical beam splitter 13, a first optical attenuator 14, a second optical attenuator 16, a first photodetector 15 and a second photodetector 17; the microcontroller chip 3 comprises a first digital-to-analog converter 31, a second digital-to-analog converter 33, an analog-to-digital converter 32 and a processor 34; the transimpedance amplifier chip 2 includes a transimpedance amplifier 21.
In this embodiment, two output ends of the optical splitter 13 are respectively and independently connected to the first optical attenuator 14 and the second optical attenuator 16; the output end of the first optical attenuator 14 is connected to the first photodetector 15, and the output end of the second optical attenuator 16 is connected to the second photodetector 17. The optical beam splitter 13 is provided with two input ends, one input end of the optical beam splitter 13 is connected with the continuous laser 11, and the other input end is vacant and used as an input end of the vacuum state light 12.
In this embodiment, the output ends of the first photodetector 15 and the second photodetector 17 of the optical chip 1 are connected to the transimpedance amplifier 21 of the transimpedance amplifier chip 2.
In this embodiment, the processor 34 is connected to the first digital-to-analog converter 31, the second digital-to-analog converter 33, and the analog-to-digital converter 32. An output terminal of the first digital-to-analog converter 31 is connected to the first optical attenuator 14, and an output terminal of the second digital-to-analog converter 33 is connected to the second optical attenuator 16. The input end of the analog-to-digital converter 32 is connected with the transimpedance amplifier 21.
In this embodiment, the size of the optical chip 1 is 2cm x1cm or 5mmx3mm, the size of the transimpedance amplifier chip 2 is 1mmx1mm, and the size of the microcontroller chip 3 is 3mm x4 mm; it should be noted that the sizes of the optical chip 1, the transimpedance amplifier chip 2 and the microcontroller chip 3 according to the embodiment of the present invention include, but are not limited to, the specific sizes described above, and the size of the quantum random number generator chip can be adjusted according to the use and design requirements.
According to the embodiment of the invention, the optical chip 1, the transimpedance amplifier chip 2 and the microcontroller chip 3 are packaged in a system level manner, so that the single-chip real-time quantum random number generator scheme is theoretically feasible, the system-level integrated quantum random number generator reaches 1cm magnitude, the volume of a quantum random number system is greatly reduced, and the application range and the application scene are improved.
Having described the chip of the exemplary embodiment of the present invention, next, a method of designing the quantum random number generator chip of the exemplary embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to fig. 2.
As shown in FIG. 2, a method of designing a quantum random number generator chip according to an embodiment of the present invention includes operations S101 to S103.
In operation S101, the optical splitter 13, the first optical attenuator 14, and the second optical attenuator 16 are integrated onto an optical waveguide chip by a photonic integration method.
In operation S102, the continuous laser 11, the first photodetector 15, the second photodetector 17, and the optical waveguide chip are hybrid-integrated by a hybrid integration method to constitute the optical chip 1.
In operation S103, the optical chip 1, the transimpedance amplifier chip 2, and the microcontroller chip 3 are packaged by a systematic packaging method to constitute a quantum random number generator chip.
According to the embodiment of the invention, the light source, the light path design and the detector in the vacuum state quantum random number scheme are integrated on one optical chip 1 by adopting a photon integration and hybrid integration method, and the microcontroller chip 3 and the optical chip 1 are packaged in one chip by a systematic packaging method, so that the integration level of the quantum random number system is higher, the structural layout and wiring difficulty among structures is reduced, the volume of the quantum random number system is greatly reduced, the stability of the system and the structure is greatly improved, and the power consumption and the cost are reduced.
For further understanding, the workflow and the operation principle of a chip design method of a quantum random number generator shown in fig. 1 are described below.
1. Workflow process
And continuous laser is input to one end of a light beam splitter in the optical chip, and the other end of the input of the light beam splitter is vacant and serves as a vacuum state light input end. The two output ports of the optical beam splitter are respectively provided with an optical attenuator, the optical beam splitter and the optical attenuator divide input light into two beams of light with the intensity ratio of 50/50, and the two beams of light respectively enter two photoelectric detectors to carry out a photoelectric conversion process; after the optical signal is converted into two paths of current signals, subtracting the two paths of current signals (homodyne detection), and then entering a trans-impedance amplifier to amplify and convert a weak high-frequency current signal into a voltage signal; the voltage signal is a random signal generated by quantum fluctuation, and the signal enters an analog-to-digital converter and is subjected to post-processing by a processor in a microcontroller to obtain a quantum random number generated in real time.
2. Principle of operation
Quantum fluctuations exist in coherent optical fields, which satisfy the principle of minimum uncertainty in amplitude and phase. This random number scheme is essentially coherent quantum fluctuation. In the embodiment of the invention, the photoelectric detector is used for carrying out homodyne detection on the two paths of light split by the optical beam splitter, so that the randomness is embodied.
One input path of the optical splitter is a local oscillation light source (namely continuous laser), and the other input path is vacant (namely vacuum light). If two input quanta are assumed to be
After passing through the beam splitter and the two-path attenuator, the two-path light becomes
Then the following relationship exists:
wherein,
corresponding to the local oscillator light source and the vacuum state respectively. Beam splitter for splitting ratio of 50: 50
At the output of the beam splitter:
in the above formula, the first and second carbon atoms are,
namely the vacuum state;
after photoelectric conversion, the currents passing through the first and second photodetectors are:
in the above formula, k is the quantum efficiency of the photodetector,
the light intensity of the two paths of input photoelectric detectors is respectively corresponded;
increased by the superscript "+" to represent
Hermitian conjugation of quantum states. The current value should be equal to the product of quantum efficiency and light intensity, and the difference of the two paths of current is:
it can be demonstrated that:
wherein<Δi2>Corresponding to the quantum noise sigmaq 2Quantum noise is reflected from the results of homodyne detection. In an embodiment of the invention, the noise distribution obtained by the electronic readout circuit is divided into two parts, the quantum noise σq 2And classical noise sigmae 2I.e. by
σtotal 2＝σq 2+σe 2(eight)
The continuous laser is a coherent light source, the average photon number of which is recorded as μ. For the use of coherent light sources, the number of photons n obeys a poisson distribution, which is given by:
the average photon number μ needs to be optimized by theoretical analysis and experimental results, and the experimental parameters are usually controlled by adjusting the light source luminous intensity and the adjustable attenuator.
After the two-path photoelectric detector detects the result of photoelectric detection by means of homodyne, the photon number follows Skellam distribution, and the distribution is given by the following formula:
pk＝P(n1-n2＝k)＝e-2μIk(2 μ) (ten)
Wherein, Ik(2 μ) is a modified Bessel function; n is1、n2The average photon number corresponding to the two paths of light, which are also two parameters of the Skellam distribution, determines the shape of the distribution.
In the embodiment of the invention, the quantum noise distribution situation can be obtained through the calculation.
The classical noise is gaussian distributed in the system and only the classical noise sigma in the absence of optical input needs to be measurede 2The proportion of the quantum noise can be calculated.
And calculating to obtain the minimum entropy by calculating the quantum noise distribution condition. Randomness is quantified by the minimum entropy, which is defined as:
H∞＝-log2pmax(eleven)
Wherein p ismaxIs the probability that the result is most likely to occur. The random numbers of the vacuum fluctuation are distributed according to Skellam, and the variance sigma of the quantum noise is obtained through the aboveq 2Then p can be obtainedmaxThereby calculating the minimum entropy.
In the final random number post-processing, a T0eplitz matrix algorithm based on fast Fourier transform is adopted, the size of the matrix is n multiplied by m, namely, m bits of final random numbers can be extracted from n bits of original quantum random number data, and the following relations are satisfied: n/m is less than or equal to H∞. According to the minimum entropy result, the final quantum random number can be obtained through the processing, and the randomness of the quantum random number is derived from the basic principle of quantum physics and is a license of information theory.
In the scheme, the minimum entropy of the original data is obtained by calculation according to the measurement result, and the measurement result can be obtained in the microcontroller, so that the accurate estimation of the minimum entropy is realized. After the original data are post-processed, the final quantum random number of the fluctuation of the vacuum state can be obtained in real time. By the scheme, high-speed and stable quantum random numbers can be obtained.
The above-mentioned embodiments are intended to illustrate the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention in further detail, and it should be understood that the above-mentioned embodiments are only exemplary embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A quantum random number generator chip, comprising: optical chip, transimpedance amplifier chip and the microcontroller chip that connects gradually, wherein:
the optical chip comprises a continuous laser, an optical beam splitter, a first optical attenuator, a second optical attenuator, a first photoelectric detector and a second photoelectric detector;
the microcontroller chip comprises a first digital-to-analog converter, a second digital-to-analog converter, an analog-to-digital converter and a processor;
the transimpedance amplifier chip comprises a transimpedance amplifier;
and the optical chip, the transimpedance amplifier chip and the microcontroller chip are packaged to obtain the quantum random number generator chip.
2. The quantum random number generator chip of claim 1, wherein two outputs of said optical splitter are independently connected to said first and second optical attenuators, respectively; the output end of the first optical attenuator is connected with the first photoelectric detector, and the output end of the second optical attenuator is connected with the second photoelectric detector.
3. A quantum random number generator chip as claimed in claim 1 wherein said optical beam splitter is provided with two inputs, one input of said optical beam splitter being connected to said continuum laser and the other input being left empty as a vacuum state light input.
4. The quantum random number generator chip of claim 1, wherein an output of a first photodetector and an output of a second photodetector of the optical chip are connected to a transimpedance amplifier of the transimpedance amplifier chip, respectively.
5. The quantum random number generator chip of claim 1, wherein the processor is coupled to a first digital-to-analog converter, a second digital-to-analog converter, and an analog-to-digital converter, respectively.
6. A quantum random number generator chip as recited in claim 1 wherein an output of said first digital to analog converter is connected to said first optical attenuator and an output of said second digital to analog converter is connected to said second optical attenuator.
7. The quantum random number generator chip of claim 1, wherein an input of the analog-to-digital converter is connected to the transimpedance amplifier.
8. The quantum random number generator chip of claim 1, wherein the optical chip has dimensions of 2cm x1cm or 5mmx3 mm.
9. The quantum random number generator chip of claim 1, wherein the transimpedance amplifier chip has a size of 1mmx1 mm; the microcontroller chip has a size of 3mmx4 mm.
10. A method of designing a quantum random number generator chip as recited in claims 1-9, comprising:
integrating the optical beam splitter, the first optical attenuator, and the second optical attenuator onto an optical waveguide chip by a photonic integration method;
the continuous laser, the first photoelectric detector, the second photoelectric detector and the optical waveguide chip are integrated in a mixed mode through a mixed integration method to form the optical chip;
and packaging the optical chip, the transimpedance amplifier chip and the microcontroller chip by a systematic packaging method to form a quantum random number generator chip.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN113867688A (en) * | 2021-09-08 | 2021-12-31 | 安徽光纤光缆传输技术研究所(中国电子科技集团公司第八研究所) | Quantum noise source module based on photoelectric co-packaging and quantum noise source generation method |
| WO2024186266A1 (en) * | 2023-03-07 | 2024-09-12 | National University Of Singapore | Chip-based self-validation quantum random number generator |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN113867688A (en) * | 2021-09-08 | 2021-12-31 | 安徽光纤光缆传输技术研究所(中国电子科技集团公司第八研究所) | Quantum noise source module based on photoelectric co-packaging and quantum noise source generation method |
| WO2024186266A1 (en) * | 2023-03-07 | 2024-09-12 | National University Of Singapore | Chip-based self-validation quantum random number generator |
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