CN112345698B - Gridding arrangement method for air pollutant monitoring sites - Google Patents

Gridding arrangement method for air pollutant monitoring sites Download PDF

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CN112345698B
CN112345698B CN202011191019.0A CN202011191019A CN112345698B CN 112345698 B CN112345698 B CN 112345698B CN 202011191019 A CN202011191019 A CN 202011191019A CN 112345698 B CN112345698 B CN 112345698B
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薛雨
顾钦子
王祎
郑情文
葛凡
翟志强
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Abstract

The invention provides a gridding arrangement method of air pollutant monitoring sites. The method comprises three steps: the method comprises the following steps that firstly, coarse grids are arranged, and hot spot areas are encrypted on the basis of uniformly distributed grids according to local population and industrial distribution, pollution occurrence frequency and pollution influence range investigation conditions; secondly, improving the grid adaptability of the hot spot area, reversely obtaining the actual effective monitoring range of the monitoring station based on an adjoint probability method according to local meteorological conditions, and providing data reference for the size of the fine grid; and thirdly, a grid optimization step, namely solving the density of grid distribution points and the length-width ratio of the grid by utilizing an optimization analysis technology according to the obtained effective monitoring range of the monitoring station, so as to realize the full coverage of the monitoring area. The invention can efficiently and accurately provide the arrangement scheme of the monitoring grids according to the actual situation, has guiding significance for the position selection of the monitoring sites and the monitoring effect evaluation of the existing sites, and is beneficial to the treatment and improvement of urban air.

Description

Gridding arrangement method for air pollutant monitoring sites
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of atmospheric environment monitoring and risk early warning, and particularly relates to a gridding arrangement method of air pollutant monitoring sites.
Background
Air pollution becomes a serious problem in modern cities, and unreasonable emission of pollutants not only affects the environment, but also threatens the health of residents. The atmospheric environment monitoring network composed of atmospheric pollution monitoring sites is used as the most direct atmospheric environment monitoring means, can obtain real environmental pollution data and reveal the distribution situation of atmospheric pollutants in space and time, and has great significance for controlling and managing urban atmospheric pollution sources and improving urban air quality. The gridding arrangement scheme of the pollutant monitoring sites is a very important technical index, and the influence on the effectiveness of the monitoring site setting is directly influenced by whether the complete coverage of potential pollution sources in a research area can be realized. If effective gridding monitoring and distribution can not be carried out, great uncertainty can be brought to the monitoring and treatment work of atmospheric pollution.
The current common atmospheric environment monitoring network adopts a uniformly distributed mode, which is reasonable only when the pollution level of a monitoring area is consistent, so that the application condition of the mode is very limited. If the factors such as pollution source distribution, geographic information, meteorological characteristics and the like are not considered, and the scheme of uniformly distributing monitoring sites is adopted, the regional data with low pollution degree are redundant, and the regional monitoring data with high pollution degree are insufficient, so that the monitoring level is influenced, and manpower and material resources are wasted. Therefore, how to effectively establish a gridding arrangement scheme of the atmospheric pollution monitoring station is a problem which needs to be considered by an environmental protection monitoring department.
Similar to the invention, the invention discloses a satellite remote sensing-based atmospheric environment ground monitoring station deployment and control networking method (application publication number CN109655583A), which is based on a satellite remote sensing technology, acquires information such as pollution geographic distribution, pollution evolution trend and the like from historical satellite image information, and further deploys and controls networking on the basis. The invention has the defect that the method is completely based on historical pollution information and is not applicable to regions lacking historical pollution data or pollution types which cannot be monitored by satellites.
Similar to the monitoring point optimal distribution method (application publication number CN110084418A) of the invention, the invention is developed based on a pollutant diffusion model to simulate the pollutant diffusion range and concentration distribution characteristics after the accident, and the distribution range is gridded by combining the environment sensitive point distribution characteristics. The invention has the defect that the simulation of the pollutant diffusion is carried out on the basis of the known release intensity and position of the pollutant source, and the monitoring point is arranged after the accident. If monitoring points aiming at pollution prevention and early warning are required to be distributed and controlled in an area with an unknown pollution source, the method is invalid.
Therefore, in order to solve the above problems, the present invention provides a grid arrangement method for air pollutant monitoring sites. The method can provide a reasonable grid density distribution scheme by combining geographic factors, and quantitatively describe the grid point distribution density and the grid length-width ratio in the hot spot area through an optimization calculation method according to the actual effective monitoring range of the monitoring station so as to realize the full coverage of the monitoring area. The invention efficiently and accurately provides the arrangement scheme of the monitoring grids according to the actual situation, has guiding significance for the position selection of the monitoring sites and the monitoring effect evaluation of the existing sites, and is beneficial to the treatment and improvement of urban air.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention mainly aims to guide a gridding distribution scheme of an urban atmospheric pollutant monitoring site, evaluate the monitoring effect of the existing gridding monitoring site, and solve the problems of difficult acquisition of pollution information described in a patent (application publication No. CN110084418A) and delayed measurement point distribution time described in the patent (application publication No. CN 109655583A). The monitoring station gridding arrangement method can quantitatively describe the gridding distribution density and the gridding length-width ratio so as to realize the full coverage of the monitoring area.
A gridding arrangement method for air pollutant monitoring sites comprises the following steps:
the first step is as follows: and laying for a coarse grid.
For monitoring large areas, aspect ratio 1 is firstly adopted: 1, encrypting grids in hot spot areas with dense population, industrial enterprise aggregation and frequent historical pollution according to local population and industrial distribution, pollution occurrence frequency and historical data of pollution influence range, and determining grid encryption proportion through grid independence test;
the second step is that: and improving the grid adaptability of the hot spot area.
According to the local dominant meteorological conditions, the following method is adopted to obtain the actual effective monitoring range of a single monitoring station, and data reference is provided for the size of the fine grid.
Obtaining local wind speed and wind direction parameters as boundary conditions of a speed inlet, solving a Navistokes equation by using computational fluid mechanics, and calculating a flow field of a research area; substituting certain hotspot location coordinates and instrument-to-contaminant monitoring thresholds (P, C) into the adjoint equation of the contaminant propagation equation:
Figure BDA0002752764930000031
Figure BDA0002752764930000032
Figure BDA0002752764930000033
Figure BDA0002752764930000034
Figure BDA0002752764930000035
Figure BDA0002752764930000036
where ψ is the accompanying probability factor for a position,
Figure BDA00027527649300000312
in order to detect the position vector of the area,
Figure BDA00027527649300000313
as a vector of the measured point positions, C denotes the contaminant concentration, ujIs xjVelocity in the axial direction, vc，jDenotes that the contaminant C is in xjDiffusion coefficient of turbulent flow in the direction, q0Being a negative source of contaminantsFlow rate per unit volume, gamma1,、Γ2And Γ3As a boundary condition, niIs xiUnit vector of axial direction.
Figure BDA0002752764930000037
The expression of the load term is as follows:
Figure BDA0002752764930000038
solving the equation can obtain the concomitant probability distribution of the potential pollution source position
Figure BDA0002752764930000039
Substituting the probability into the following probability equation (1-3) to obtain the accompanying probability distribution of the potential pollution source positions corresponding to different pollution source release intensities, wherein the position with the maximum probability is the position where the pollution source most possibly exists, and the range surrounded by the position with the maximum probability is the monitoring range of the monitoring station under the source intensity condition:
Figure BDA00027527649300000310
wherein
Figure BDA00027527649300000314
And
Figure BDA00027527649300000315
respectively a position P corresponding to a monitoring station and a monitoring concentration threshold value C, M is the release intensity of the pollution source,
Figure BDA00027527649300000316
the probability distribution of the corresponding pollutant release concentration M and the position x is obtained according to the monitoring threshold value.
Figure BDA00027527649300000317
Is in the form of a normal distribution:
Figure BDA00027527649300000311
wherein sigmaεThe measurement error of the instrument can be set to 20%. When the method is applied to an actual case, a researcher can adjust the coefficient according to the actual error of the instrument.
The third step: a mesh optimization stage.
And according to the effective monitoring range of the single monitoring station obtained in the second stage, the optimal grid distribution density and the length-width ratio are solved by using an optimization analysis technology, and the monitoring area is fully covered by using the minimum number of monitoring points.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
in the calculation process, only the meteorological parameters and the concentration monitoring threshold value of the instrument are needed to be obtained, the pollution monitoring ranges in different concentration ranges can be predicted, grid distribution and control are carried out on the basis, and the data demand is small; according to the meteorological features of the monitored area, the conditions of an actual flow field and pollutant transfer are greatly reduced in simulation calculation, and high efficiency and accuracy can be achieved.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic drawing of a process for making a grid point arrangement scheme of an urban atmospheric pollutant monitoring station provided by the invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of arrangement of coarse grids and hot spot area encryption according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic view of effective monitoring ranges of pollutant monitoring stations in different seasons according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a grid point arrangement scheme for realizing full coverage of a monitoring area in different seasons according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of coverage effects of original uniform distribution grids in different seasons according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following further describes a specific embodiment of the present invention with reference to the drawings and technical solutions.
Referring to fig. 1, a schematic flow chart of a gridding point arrangement scheme of an urban atmospheric pollutant monitoring station is formulated. The method comprises three stages: the first stage is to properly encrypt the hot spot area on the basis of the uniform distribution grid according to the local population and industrial distribution, the pollution occurrence frequency and the pollution influence range; in the second stage, the actual effective monitoring range of the monitoring station is reversely obtained based on an adjoint probability method according to local meteorological conditions, and data reference is provided for the size of the fine grid; and in the third stage, according to the effective monitoring range of the monitoring station, the gridding point distribution density and the grid length-width ratio are solved by utilizing an optimization analysis technology, so that the monitoring area is completely covered.
Taking a place as an embodiment, the gridding distribution of the monitoring station is divided into the following three stages:
the first stage is coarse grid layout. Referring to fig. 2, the areas to be measured before grid adjustment all adopt the uniform distribution grid with the length-width ratio of 1:1, and the grids are properly encrypted in hot spot areas with dense population, serious pollution and the like according to the investigation conditions of historical data such as the distribution of local population (fig. 2-1), the severity of pollution phenomenon (fig. 2-2) and the influence range of pollution under the condition of main wind (fig. 2-3).
And the second stage is the improvement of the mesh adaptation degree of the hotspot area, the actual effective monitoring range of a single monitoring station is obtained by adopting the following method, and data reference is provided for the size of the fine mesh.
According to the calculation requirements, the grid arrangement schemes in winter and summer are compared. Knowing from a meteorological station that the main wind direction in summer is south wind, and the main wind speed is 1.3 m/s; the main wind direction in winter is the northern wind, and the main wind speed is 3.8 m/s. Solving the Navistokes equation by using computational fluid mechanics, and calculating a flow field of a research area; the position coordinate of a certain hot spot and the monitoring threshold (P,75 mu g/m) of the instrument on the pollutants are determined3) Adjoint equations substituted for the pollutant propagation equation:
Figure BDA0002752764930000051
Figure BDA0002752764930000052
Figure BDA0002752764930000053
Figure BDA0002752764930000054
Figure BDA0002752764930000055
Figure BDA0002752764930000056
where ψ is the accompanying probability factor for a position,
Figure BDA0002752764930000058
in order to detect the position vector of the area,
Figure BDA0002752764930000059
as a vector of the measured point positions, C denotes the contaminant concentration, ujIs xjVelocity in the axial direction, vc，jDenotes that the contaminant C is in xjDiffusion coefficient of turbulent flow in the direction, q0Is the unit volume flow rate of a negative source of pollutants, gamma1,、Γ2And Γ3As a boundary condition, niIs xiUnit vector of axial direction.
Figure BDA0002752764930000057
The expression of the load term is as follows:
Figure BDA0002752764930000061
solving the equation can obtain the concomitant probability distribution of the potential pollution source position
Figure BDA0002752764930000062
This is substituted into solving the following probability equation (1-3):
Figure BDA0002752764930000063
wherein
Figure BDA0002752764930000065
And
Figure BDA0002752764930000066
respectively a position P corresponding to a monitoring station and a monitoring concentration threshold value C, M is the release intensity of the pollution source,
Figure BDA0002752764930000067
the probability distribution of the corresponding pollutant release concentration M and the position x is obtained according to the monitoring threshold value. Will generally be
Figure BDA0002752764930000068
The distribution form of (2) is defined as a normal distribution. Wherein sigmaεThe measurement error of the instrument was set to 20%. :
Figure BDA0002752764930000064
solving the equation (1-3) to obtain the accompanying probability distribution of the corresponding potential pollution source position when the release intensity is greater than 40g/s, wherein the position with the highest probability is the position where the pollutant source is most likely to exist, and the range surrounded by the position with the highest probability is the monitoring range of the monitoring station under the source intensity condition (see figure 3, effective monitoring ranges in calm wind condition, summer and winter respectively)
The third stage is a mesh optimization stage. And obtaining the optimal grid density and length-width ratio by using an optimization analysis technology according to the effective monitoring range of the single monitoring station obtained in the second stage so as to realize full coverage of the monitoring area by using the least number of monitoring points. Referring to fig. 4, the original uniform grid distribution scheme, the summer grid distribution scheme, and the winter grid distribution scheme are respectively implemented by calculating the optimal grid length-width ratio in summer to be 1: 2.3, the winter optimum grid aspect ratio is 1: 3.
referring to fig. 5, a schematic diagram of an original uniform distribution grid coverage effect without grid adaptation and optimization is provided in the embodiment of the present invention. Under the uniform distribution of the grids, the grid coverage rate in summer is 39%, and the grid coverage rate in winter is 22%. It can be seen that the detection effect of the uniform grid before optimization is not ideal.
The method is suitable for the following specific situations:
(1) during the discussion of urban space pollutant monitoring, the main wind speed and the wind direction of a research time period provided by a meteorological station are mainly considered so as to simulate and calculate the flow field of the urban space, and therefore the research is established on the basis of a steady-state flow field.
(2) The contaminant source is a point source with a constant release intensity. Probability-based companion methods can only reversibly identify point source type (or can be considered as point sources) of contaminant sources, line sources and area sources are not within the scope of the present study.
(3) The pollutants are inert pollutants, and the airflow following performance is good. For convenience, the present study is directed to inert contaminants with better gas flow following properties. If particulate pollutants which can react with other substances in the atmosphere or have poor air flow following property are further considered, the method is also applicable as long as the simulation calculation is accurate.

Claims (2)

1. A gridding arrangement method for air pollutant monitoring sites is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the first step is as follows: laying for coarse grids;
for monitoring large areas, aspect ratio 1 is firstly adopted: 1, encrypting grids in hot spot areas with dense population, industrial enterprise aggregation and frequent historical pollution according to local population and industrial distribution, pollution occurrence frequency and historical data of pollution influence range, and determining grid encryption proportion through grid independence test;
the second step is that: improving the grid adaptation degree of the hot spot area;
obtaining local wind speed and wind direction parameters as boundary conditions of a speed inlet, solving a Navistokes equation by using computational fluid mechanics, and calculating a flow field of a research area; substituting certain hotspot position coordinates and instrument monitoring concentration threshold values (P, C) of the pollutants into a companion equation of a pollutant propagation equation:
Figure FDA0003510511590000011
Figure FDA0003510511590000012
Figure FDA0003510511590000013
Figure FDA0003510511590000014
Figure FDA0003510511590000015
Figure FDA0003510511590000016
therein Ψ*Is an accompanying probability factor for the location,
Figure FDA0003510511590000017
in order to detect the position vector of the area,
Figure FDA0003510511590000018
to be a vector of the positions of the measuring points,c represents the contaminant concentration, ujIs xjVelocity in the axial direction, vc，jIndicates that the contaminant is in xjDiffusion coefficient of turbulent flow in the direction, q0Is the unit volume flow rate of a negative source of pollutants, gamma1、Γ2And Γ3As a boundary condition, niIs xiUnit vector of axial direction;
Figure FDA0003510511590000019
the expression of the load term is as follows:
Figure FDA00035105115900000110
solving the equation can obtain the concomitant probability distribution of the potential pollution source position
Figure FDA00035105115900000111
Substituting the probability into the following probability equation (1-3) to obtain the accompanying probability distribution of the potential pollution source positions corresponding to different pollution source release intensities, wherein the position with the maximum probability is the position where the pollution source most possibly exists, and the range surrounded by the position with the maximum probability is the monitoring range of the monitoring station under the source intensity condition:
Figure FDA0003510511590000021
wherein
Figure FDA0003510511590000022
And
Figure FDA0003510511590000023
respectively, a position P and a monitoring concentration threshold corresponding to a monitoring station, M is the pollution source release intensity,
Figure FDA0003510511590000024
according to the monitored concentrationThe probability distribution of the release intensity M and the position x of the corresponding pollution source is obtained by a threshold value;
Figure FDA0003510511590000025
is in the form of a normal distribution:
Figure FDA0003510511590000026
wherein sigmaεIs the measurement error of the instrument;
the third step: a mesh optimization stage;
and according to the effective monitoring range of the single monitoring station obtained in the second stage, the optimal grid distribution density and the length-width ratio are solved by using an optimization analysis technology, and the monitoring area is fully covered by using the minimum number of monitoring points.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein σ represents the grid layout of the air contaminant monitoring sitesεThe measurement error for the instrument was set to 20%.
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