CN112337454B - Olefin skeleton isomerisation oxide catalyst and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

Olefin skeleton isomerisation oxide catalyst and preparation method thereof Download PDF

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CN112337454B
CN112337454B CN201910738903.2A CN201910738903A CN112337454B CN 112337454 B CN112337454 B CN 112337454B CN 201910738903 A CN201910738903 A CN 201910738903A CN 112337454 B CN112337454 B CN 112337454B
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catalyst
isomerization
olefin
roasting
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CN112337454A (en
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黄星亮
孔祥冰
张松显
秦雪茹
曹中扬
王艳飞
彭文宇
任海鸥
李金阳
彭蓉
王洛飞
晁世海
薛英芝
肖寒
翟莉慧
李修仪
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China University of Petroleum Beijing
Petrochina Co Ltd
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Petrochina Co Ltd
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    • B01J21/00Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
    • B01J21/12Silica and alumina
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B01J35/60Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
    • B01J35/61Surface area
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    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/02Impregnation, coating or precipitation
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    • C07C5/00Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms
    • C07C5/22Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms by isomerisation
    • C07C5/27Rearrangement of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon skeleton
    • C07C5/2702Catalytic processes not covered by C07C5/2732 - C07C5/31; Catalytic processes covered by both C07C5/2732 and C07C5/277 simultaneously
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Abstract

The invention discloses a preparation method of an olefin skeleton isomerization oxide catalyst, which comprises the following steps: step 1, roasting an alumina-silica composite oxide; step 2, impregnating the composite oxide obtained in the step 1 with impregnating solution to finish modification, and then drying and roasting to obtain an olefin skeleton isomerization oxide catalyst precursor; step 3, soaking and washing the catalyst precursor obtained in the step 2 by deionized water, and then drying and roasting to obtain the olefin skeleton isomerization oxide catalyst; wherein the impregnating solution contains a group IIIA element precursor. The method can obtain the light olefin skeleton isomerization catalyst with high activity, high selectivity and high stability.

Description

Olefin skeleton isomerisation oxide catalyst and preparation method thereof
Technical Field
The invention relates to a light straight-chain olefin skeleton isomerism oxide catalyst and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Skeletal isomerism olefin is an important chemical product, can be used for etherification to produce tertiary alkyl ether, is used as a high-octane blending component of gasoline, and can also be used for copolymerization and homopolymerization to produce rubber and high polymer plastics. Because the special framework structure of the composite material is also often used for synthesizing various deep processing chemicals, the composite material is an important fine chemical raw material and plays a great role in industries such as pesticides, medicines, spices, foods and the like.
The method for producing the isoolefin is numerous, and the existing industrial production methods of the isoolefin mainly comprise a sulfuric acid extraction method, an adsorption separation method, an iso-butane propylene co-oxidation co-production method, an alcohol dehydration method, an ether cracking method, an normal olefin isomerization method and the like. The process technology for producing the isoolefins by isomerizing normal olefins mainly comprises the following steps: the isomerization component is added into the cracking catalyst to improve 3 methods of the content of the isomerization olefin in the cracking gas, the dehydrogenation of the isoparaffin, the skeletal isomerization of the linear olefin and the like.
The linear olefin skeleton isomerization technology has the advantages of simple operation, reasonable process equipment, low energy consumption, environmental protection and the like, and can also realize the byproduct C of the oil refinery 4 、C 5 、C 6 And the like. The technology starts in the 70 th century of 20, and a successful n-butene skeletal isomerization production process has been developed.
Skeletal isomerization of olefins needs to be carried out under the catalysis of acidic catalysts, and the key of research and development is the development of efficient catalysts. The catalyst for olefin skeleton isomerization reaction includes three kinds of oxide catalyst, halide catalyst and molecular sieve catalyst. Compared with a halide catalyst which is easy to deactivate and endanger the environment, a molecular sieve catalyst which is complex in manufacturing process and high in manufacturing cost, the oxide catalyst has the advantages of wide sources, low price, environmental friendliness and the like. However, research at home and abroad is focused on molecular sieve catalysts, and oxide catalysts for the skeletal isomerization reaction of linear olefins have been rarely studied.
US5817907 provides a process for skeletal isomerisation of olefins using a catalyst which is a pretreated molecular sieve having a pore size of 0.4 to 0.8nm, such as SAPO-11, SAPO-31, EU-1, OMEGA, nu-10, nu-86, nu-87, ferrierite, ZSM-23, ZSM-12, etc. The pretreatment ensures that coke is deposited in the pore channels of the molecular sieve to block micropores, thereby improving the selectivity and experimental stability of the isoolefin.
US5849975 discloses an isomerism C 4 -C 6 The olefin is prepared with SSZ-32 molecular sieve with the ratio of alkali metal to alkali earth metal being 20 to 1-40 to 1.
US5463160 describes a process for the skeletal isomerisation of linear olefins using a zeolite having a pore size of 0.42-0.6nm and having cross-channels of 10-and 8-membered rings, characterised in that n-pentene may be selectively isomerised to 2-methylbutene.
US9414861 discloses a process for the preparation of an isomerisation catalyst which is effective for the skeletal isomerisation of linear olefins to methyl branched isoolefins by modifying a zeolite having a 10 membered ring pore size of 0.42-0.7nm with at least one monobasic and inorganic acid and at least one dibasic acid and using alumina as binder, and mixing granulating and calcining the catalyst to obtain the catalyst.
US9811115 discloses a C 4 -C 15 Is a first step of isomerizing olefins by adding C 4 -C 15 The olefin raw material and aromatic compound are alkylated, then dealkylated, the product contains isoolefin with different skeleton distribution corresponding to the raw material, and the yield of the isoolefin obtained by the method is very low.
CN1827565A and CN101376617a disclose one type of catalyst that can be used for C 6 C (C) 6+ The olefin skeleton isomerization process uses beta zeolite with Si content of 1-20 wt% and Mg content of 0.1-3.5 wt%, and has high multi-branched product yield.
CN1109039a discloses a C 4 -C 20 The preparation process of olefin skeleton isomerization catalyst includes the first soaking and modifying alumina with one or two kinds of organic siloxane, and the subsequent heat treatment to obtain catalyst for n-C in the skeleton isomerization of pentene 5 About 70% conversion, about 75% isomerism selectivity, i-C 5 The yield was about 50%.
The olefin skeleton isomerization catalyst in the above publication has the defects of complex preparation method, high cost, low activity and poor stability, and particularly has the conversion rate of linear olefin of basically less than 50 percent. Therefore, developing a catalyst with higher linear olefin conversion and isomerization selectivity can greatly improve the light fraction utilization rate, and is one of important ways for improving the economic benefits of petrochemical industry.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention mainly aims to provide an olefin skeleton isomerization oxide catalyst and a preparation method thereof, which are used for overcoming the defects of low reaction activity, poor selectivity, low catalyst stability and the like of the olefin skeleton isomerization catalyst in the prior art.
In order to achieve the above object, the preparation method of the olefin skeleton isomerization oxide catalyst of the present invention comprises the steps of:
step 1, roasting an alumina-silica composite oxide;
step 2, impregnating the composite oxide obtained in the step 1 with impregnating solution to finish modification, and then drying and roasting to obtain an olefin skeleton isomerization oxide catalyst precursor;
step 3, soaking and washing the catalyst precursor obtained in the step 2 by deionized water, and then drying and roasting to obtain the olefin skeleton isomerization oxide catalyst;
wherein the impregnating solution contains a group IIIA element precursor.
The invention relates to a preparation method of an olefin skeleton isomerization oxide catalyst, wherein the alumina-silica composite oxide comprises the following steps ofThe mass content of silicon is more than 1.0% and less than or equal to 23%; the pore volume of the alumina-silica composite oxide is more than or equal to 0.4mL/g, and the BET specific surface area is 200m 2 /g to 400m 2 /g。
The invention relates to a preparation method of an olefin skeleton isomerization oxide catalyst, wherein the III A element in the III A element precursor is boron and/or phosphorus.
The invention relates to a preparation method of an olefin skeleton isomerization oxide catalyst, wherein the group IIIA element precursor is boric acid and/or phosphoric acid.
The preparation method of the olefin skeleton isomerization oxide catalyst provided by the invention comprises the steps of roasting at 400-700 ℃ for 1-10 hours in the step 1.
The preparation method of the olefin skeleton isomerization oxide catalyst comprises the following steps of soaking at 40-100 ℃ for 2-6 hours; the soaking in the step 2 is constant temperature soaking, and stirring is continuously carried out.
The preparation method of the olefin skeleton isomerization oxide catalyst provided by the invention comprises the steps of drying at 100-150 ℃ for 5-12 hours, roasting at 400-700 ℃ for 1-24 hours in step 2.
The preparation method of the olefin skeleton isomerization oxide catalyst provided by the invention comprises the following steps of: soaking in constant temperature deionized water at 40-90deg.C for 1-10 hr, filtering, and washing.
The preparation method of the olefin skeleton isomerization oxide catalyst provided by the invention comprises the steps of drying at 100-150 ℃ for 5-12 hours, roasting at 400-700 ℃ for 1-24 hours in step 3.
In order to achieve the aim, the invention also provides a catalyst obtained by the preparation method of the olefin skeleton isomerization oxide catalyst.
The catalyst of the invention, wherein the mass content of the III A element in the catalyst is 1-20%.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention uses alumina-silicon dioxide composite oxide as main body, through modification of III A element, the surface acid distribution of alumina-silicon dioxide composite oxide is modulated, which is more suitable for straight-chain olefin isomerization reaction, and through soaking and washing with deionized water, excessive III A element which causes cracking and coking is removed, and the acid distribution is further regulated, finally the light olefin skeleton isomerization catalyst with high activity, high selectivity and high stability is obtained.
The preparation method of the catalyst has low cost and is environment-friendly, and has great industrial development value.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows ammonia temperature programmed desorption (NH) of a composite oxide containing 1%, 5%, 5.5%, 23% silicon 3 -TPD) map;
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of NH modified with boron to composite oxides of varying silicon content 3 -TPD profile;
FIG. 3 is NH of alumina before and after boron modification 3 -TPD profile;
FIG. 4 shows ammonia temperature programmed desorption (NH) of the catalysts of examples 4 and 6 of the present invention 3 -TPD) curve.
Detailed Description
The following describes embodiments of the present invention in detail: the present example is implemented on the premise of the technical scheme of the present invention, and detailed implementation modes and processes are given, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited to the following examples, and experimental methods without specific conditions are not noted in the following examples, and generally according to conventional conditions.
The invention discloses a preparation method of an olefin skeleton isomerization oxide catalyst, which comprises the following steps:
step 1, roasting an alumina-silica composite oxide;
step 2, impregnating the composite oxide obtained in the step 1 with impregnating solution to finish modification, and then drying and roasting to obtain an olefin skeleton isomerization oxide catalyst precursor;
step 3, soaking and washing the catalyst precursor obtained in the step 2 by deionized water, and then drying and roasting to obtain the olefin skeleton isomerization oxide catalyst;
wherein the impregnating solution contains a group IIIA element precursor.
The alumina has lower isomerization activity, and the existence of the silicon dioxide improves the acidity of the composite oxide, thereby improving the isomerization activity of the catalyst to olefin.
The invention firstly calcines the alumina-silicon dioxide composite oxide, the calcination temperature is 400-700 ℃, and the calcination time is 1-10 hours. Wherein the mass content of silicon in the alumina-silica composite oxide is more than 1.0% and less than or equal to 23%; the pore volume of the alumina-silica composite oxide is more than or equal to 0.4mL/g, and the BET specific surface area is 200m 2 /g to 400m 2 /g。
The baked composite oxide is added into impregnating solution for impregnation, the impregnating solution contains a group III A element precursor, the main group element is boron and/or phosphorus, and the main group element precursor is preferably boric acid and/or phosphoric acid. The concentration of the impregnating solution and the impregnating method are not particularly limited in the present invention, as long as the mass content of the group IIIA element in the obtained catalyst is 1 to 20%, and the impregnating method may be, for example, isovolumetric impregnation, overdose impregnation or the like. The soaking temperature in the step 2 is 40-100 ℃, and the soaking time is 2-6 hours; the impregnation is preferably constant temperature impregnation and is continuously stirred. The drying temperature is 100-150 ℃, the drying time is 5-12 hours, the roasting temperature is 400-700 ℃, and the roasting time is 1-24 hours.
Although the presence of silicon can increase the acidity of the composite oxide, different silicon contents have different acidity and also different isomerization conversion to linear olefins. FIG. 1 shows ammonia temperature programmed desorption (NH) of a composite oxide containing 1%, 5%, 5.5%, 23% silicon 3 -TPD) map. Fig. 1 shows that the composite oxides with different silicon contents have different acidic profiles. The invention can eliminate shadows caused by different silicon contents through the main group element modification stepFIG. 2 is a graph of NH modified with boron to composite oxides of varying silicon content 3 TPD spectra, which show that after modification with boron, the acidity of the composite oxide is significantly changed, substantially eliminating the effect of the difference in silicon content.
In this step, the main group element is, for example, B, which forms a boron aluminum surface compound with the alumina surface, thereby increasing the acid center number and acid strength of the alumina and further increasing the linear olefin isomerization conversion. FIG. 3 is NH of alumina before and after boron modification 3 The TPD spectrum, as can be seen from fig. 3, shows that after the composite oxide surface is loaded with 5.5% and 9% of boron, the surface acidity strength and acid amount are obviously changed, strong acid peaks appear in the range of 300-500 ℃, and the weak acid peak area in the range of 100-300 ℃ is obviously increased, so that the conversion rate of the linear olefin of the isomerization catalyst is obviously increased.
Then, soaking and washing the catalyst precursor obtained in the step 2 by deionized water, and then drying and roasting to obtain the olefin skeleton isomerization oxide catalyst. Wherein, the conditions of soaking and washing are as follows: soaking in constant temperature deionized water at 40-90deg.C for 1-10 hr, filtering, and washing. The drying temperature is 100-150 ℃, the drying time is 5-12 hours, the roasting temperature is 400-700 ℃, and the roasting time is 1-24 hours.
In the step, deionized water is used for soaking and washing the catalyst precursor, so that substances which cause the isomerization selectivity of the linear olefin to be reduced are further removed, and a new acid distribution is reconstructed.
In summary, the invention takes the alumina-silica composite oxide as the main body of the catalyst, and carries out inorganic matter modification and ion supporting water treatment on the catalyst to generate the final catalyst, and the inorganic matter modification and ion supporting water soaking washing can change the acid quantity, acid strength and acid type of the catalyst, thereby improving the skeletal isomerism selectivity of the catalyst.
The preferred technical scheme of the invention can be expressed as follows:
silicon content of 1-23 m, pore volume of more than or equal to 0.4mL/g and BET specific surface area of 200m 2 /g to 400m 2 After roasting the alumina-silica composite oxide of/g at 0-700 ℃, one or two main group elements are used for modifying the alumina, and the preferable main group elements are boron and phosphorus elements, which account for 1-20 m% of the catalyst, and then roasting at 500-800 ℃. Then the isomerization catalyst is prepared by soaking the mixture in deionized water at the temperature of 40-90 ℃ for 1-10 hours in a sealing way, filtering the mixture, and roasting the obtained sample at the temperature of 400-700 ℃ again. The pore size distribution measured by nitrogen adsorption-desorption experiments of the prepared main group element modified alumina linear olefin skeleton isomerization catalyst is that pores with the pore size smaller than 10nm account for 60-80%, pores with the pore size of 10-20 nm account for 20-30%, and pores with the pore size larger than 20nm account for 10-20%.
The technical scheme of the invention can be further preferably as follows:
(1) Taking a certain amount of alumina-silica composite oxide with silicon content of 1-23 m percent, and roasting the alumina-silica composite oxide in a muffle furnace at a constant temperature of 400-700 ℃ for 1-10 hours to obtain the roasted composite oxide.
(2) Soaking and modifying the composite oxide obtained in the step (1) in the main group element solution at the constant temperature of 40-100 ℃ under continuous stirring for 2-6 hours, drying for 5-12 hours in a blast drying box or an infrared drying box at the temperature of 100-150 ℃, and finally roasting in a muffle furnace at the constant temperature of 400-700 ℃ for 1-24 hours to obtain the main group element modified oxide.
(3) Soaking the main group element modified oxide obtained in the step (2) in deionized water at 40-90 ℃ in a sealing way for 1-10 hours at the same temperature, filtering, and roasting the obtained sample at the constant temperature of 400-700 ℃ for 1-12 hours again to obtain the main group element modified catalyst. The application conditions of the catalyst are preferably as follows: the reaction raw material preferably contains C 5 、C 6 Hydrocarbon mixtures of linear olefins, wherein the linear olefins are present in an amount of 20% to 60%; the reactor is preferably a one-stage or multi-stage fixed bed reactor; the reaction temperature is preferably 300-500 ℃, the reaction pressure is preferably 0.2-0.5MPa, and the weight hourly space velocity is preferably 2-4h -1
Under the above reaction conditions, the catalyst has the advantages of high linear olefin conversion rate of more than 60%, skeleton isomerism olefin yield of more than 50%, selectivity of more than 90%, high stability and good technical effect.
The invention is further illustrated by the following specific examples.
Example 1
100g of an alumina-silica composite oxide with a silicon content of 1.0m% is weighed, and the composite oxide is obtained by roasting for 4 hours at 600 ℃ to obtain a catalyst 1.
Example 2
100g of an alumina-silica composite oxide with the silicon content of 23.0m% is weighed and baked for 4 hours at 600 ℃ to obtain the catalyst 2.
Example 3
31.45g of boric acid was weighed, 80mL of distilled water was used to prepare an aqueous boric acid solution, 50g of the sample obtained in example 1 was placed in the aqueous boric acid solution, immersed for 2 hours at a constant temperature of 100℃with continuous stirring, and then dried for 12 hours at 120℃in a forced air drying oven. Finally, roasting for 12 hours in a muffle furnace at a constant temperature of 700 ℃ to obtain the catalyst 3 with the boron content of 5.5 w%.
Example 4
100mL of deionized water at 40℃was measured, 50g of the sample obtained in example 3 was placed in an aqueous solution, immersed in the aqueous solution at a constant temperature of 40℃for 2 hours under a sealed condition, washed, and dried in a forced air drying oven at 120℃for 6 hours. Finally roasting for 4 hours in a muffle furnace at a constant temperature of 550 ℃ to obtain the boron modified catalyst 4 after water treatment.
Example 5
14.3g of boric acid was weighed, 60mL of distilled water was used to prepare an aqueous boric acid solution, 50g of the sample obtained in example 2 was placed in the aqueous boric acid solution, immersed for 2 hours at a constant temperature of 100℃with continuous stirring, washed, and dried in a forced air drying oven at 120℃for 12 hours. Finally, roasting for 12 hours in a muffle furnace at a constant temperature of 700 ℃ to obtain the catalyst 5 with the boron content of 5.1 w%.
Example 6
150mL of deionized water at 40℃was measured, 50g of the sample obtained in example 5 was placed in an aqueous solution, immersed in the aqueous solution at a constant temperature of 60℃for 2 hours under a sealed condition, washed, and dried in a forced air drying oven at 120℃for 4 hours. Finally, roasting for 2 hours in a muffle furnace at a constant temperature of 600 ℃ to obtain the boron modified catalyst 6 after water treatment.
FIG. 4 shows ammonia temperature programmed desorption (NH) of the catalysts of examples 4 and 6 of the present invention 3 TPD) curve, FIG. 4 shows that the acid distribution of the catalyst of the invention is obviously changed after the catalyst is soaked and washed by deionized water, and strong acid centers are formed, which is beneficial to the isomerization reaction of linear olefins and improves the isomerization selectivity.
Example 7
The catalysts obtained in all examples were evaluated under the same evaluation conditions as follows:
the skeletal isomerization reaction raw material is a mixture of 1-hexene and n-heptane, wherein the content of 1-hexene is 20%, the reaction is carried out on a continuously flowing fixed bed micro-reactor, quartz sand is filled in the upper part and the lower part of the reactor, the catalyst is ground to 40-60 meshes, and hydrogen is used for purging the catalyst before the reaction. The reaction temperature is 400 ℃, the pressure is 0.4MPa, and the volume space velocity of carrier gas is 3600h -1 The weight hourly space velocity of the raw material is 11.5h -1
And the analysis of the experimental sample adopts an internal standard method, n-heptane in the raw materials is used as an internal standard, and the relative mass percentage in the data calculation processing process is the mass percentage of different substances relative to the n-heptane.
The calculation formula is as follows:
mass percent of something relative to mass percent of something in the liquid/mass percent of n-heptane in the liquid x 100%
The skeletal isomerization performance of the catalyst is represented by C 6 The linear olefin conversion X, the skeletal isomerism hexene yield Y and the skeletal isomerism selectivity S were used as evaluation indexes.
M in the formula 1 、M 2 Respectively n-C in raw materials and products 6 Is a relative mass percent of (c); m is M 3 、M 4 i-C in the raw materials and the products respectively 6 Is a relative mass percent of (c).
The experimental results for the catalysts of examples 1-6 are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 isomerization results for catalyst samples
As can be seen from Table 1, the invention improves the skeletal isomerization selectivity of the oxide catalyst and improves the yield of the isoolefin through the modification of the main group element and the soaking and washing of the ion supporting water.
Of course, the present invention is capable of other various embodiments and its several details are capable of modification and variation in light of the present invention by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.

Claims (9)

1. A process for preparing an olefin skeletal isomerization oxide catalyst, the process comprising the steps of:
step 1, roasting an alumina-silica composite oxide, wherein the roasting temperature is 400-700 ℃;
step 2, impregnating the composite oxide obtained in the step 1 with impregnating solution to finish modification, and then drying and roasting to obtain an olefin skeleton isomerization oxide catalyst precursor; the roasting temperature is 400-700 ℃;
step 3, soaking and washing the catalyst precursor obtained in the step 2 by deionized water, and then drying and roasting to obtain the olefin skeleton isomerization oxide catalyst; the roasting temperature is 400-700 ℃;
wherein the impregnating solution comprises boron and/or phosphorus precursors; the mass content of silicon in the alumina-silica composite oxide is more than 1.0% and less than or equal to 23%;
the conditions for soaking and washing the catalyst precursor by deionized water in the step 3 are as follows: soaking in constant temperature deionized water at 40-90deg.C for 1-10 hr, and washing.
2. The method for preparing an olefin skeleton isomerization oxide catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the alumina-silica composite oxide has a pore volume of 0.4mL/g or more and a BET specific surface area of 200m 2 /g to 400m 2 /g。
3. The method for preparing an olefin skeletal isomerization oxide catalyst of claim 1, wherein the boron and/or phosphorus precursor is boric acid and/or phosphoric acid.
4. The process for preparing an olefin skeletal isomerization oxide catalyst of claim 1, wherein the calcination in step 1 is carried out for a period of 1 to 10 hours.
5. The method for preparing an olefin skeletal isomerization oxide catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the impregnation in the step 2 is 40-100 ℃ and the time of the impregnation is 2-6 hours; the soaking in the step 2 is constant temperature soaking, and stirring is continuously carried out.
6. The method for preparing an olefin skeletal isomerization oxide catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the drying temperature in the step 2 is 100-150 ℃, the drying time is 5-12 hours, and the calcination time is 1-24 hours.
7. The method for preparing an olefin skeletal isomerization oxide catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the drying temperature in the step 3 is 100-150 ℃, the drying time is 5-12 hours, and the calcination time is 1-24 hours.
8. A catalyst obtained by the process for producing an olefin skeletal isomerization oxide catalyst of any one of claims 1 to 7.
9. The catalyst according to claim 8, wherein the mass content of boron and/or phosphorus in the catalyst is 1-20%.
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