CN112337433B - Preparation method and application of renewable cadmium removal agent and regeneration method - Google Patents

Preparation method and application of renewable cadmium removal agent and regeneration method Download PDF

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CN112337433B
CN112337433B CN202011238322.1A CN202011238322A CN112337433B CN 112337433 B CN112337433 B CN 112337433B CN 202011238322 A CN202011238322 A CN 202011238322A CN 112337433 B CN112337433 B CN 112337433B
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刘志楼
张志恒
孙辅泽
李子良
徐志峰
王瑞祥
谷丽果
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Jiangxi University of Science and Technology
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Abstract

The invention discloses a preparation method of a renewable cadmium removing agent, which comprises the steps of dipping activated carbon in a zinc nitrate solution, and then carrying out reduction roasting to obtain the renewable cadmium removing agent. The invention also discloses application of the renewable cadmium removing agent in cadmium purification and removal of zinc leachate in zinc hydrometallurgy industry, the cadmium removing agent is added into the zinc leachate, and the zinc leachate is heated, stirred, reacted and filtered to complete the purification and removal of cadmium in the zinc leachate. The regeneration method comprises the step of electrolyzing the cadmium removing agent subjected to cadmium removal as a cathode, a zinc sheet as an anode and zinc sulfate solution as electrolyte to obtain the regenerated cadmium removing agent. The cadmium removing agent disclosed by the invention is high in cadmium removing efficiency, and can reduce the zinc consumption in unit cadmium removing process in the zinc leachate cadmium removing process in the zinc hydrometallurgy industry. The cadmium removing agent is easy to recycle and regenerate, the cadmium removing efficiency of the cadmium removing agent is still higher than 90% after 6 times of circulation, and the cadmium removing operation cost is greatly reduced.

Description

Preparation method and application of renewable cadmium removal agent and regeneration method
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of environmental purification treatment, and particularly relates to a preparation method, application and a regeneration method of a renewable cadmium removal agent for deep removal of cadmium in zinc leachate in the zinc hydrometallurgy industry.
Background
Along with the increasing exhaustion of high-grade zinc concentrate, the recovery of zinc from low-grade complex zinc concentrate or zinc secondary resource becomes an important way for guaranteeing the zinc requirement of China. The conventional low-grade complex zinc concentrate and zinc secondary resource are usually accompanied by a large amount of cadmium, which inevitably enters the leaching solution along with zinc in the leaching process to form cadmium-containing zinc leaching solution. Generally, the cadmium content in low-grade complex zinc concentrate and zinc secondary resource leachate is higher, and is usually more than 0.8 g/L. However, cadmium in the solution can cause serious harm to the subsequent zinc electrolysis, so how to economically and efficiently purify cadmium from the zinc leachate becomes a problem to be solved urgently.
The traditional cadmium removal method mainly comprises three methods, namely adsorption cadmium removal, hydrolysis precipitation cadmium removal and replacement cadmium removal. The method for removing cadmium by adsorption mainly utilizes the strong affinity of adsorbents such as resin, sulfide and the like to cadmium, thereby realizing the adsorption and removal of cadmium. The zinc concentration in the zinc hydrometallurgy leaching solution is very high, the deep purification of cadmium in the high zinc solution is difficult to realize by the cadmium adsorption removal method, the adsorbent used by the adsorption method is difficult to recycle, and the formed cadmium-containing waste adsorbent is difficult to treat, and the problems limit the application of the adsorption method in the field of cadmium purification of the zinc hydrometallurgy leaching solution. The hydrolysis precipitation for removing cadmium utilizes the characteristic that cadmium ions are easy to form insoluble and stable cadmium hydroxide precipitate in an alkaline system, and the cadmium is removed by adjusting the pH value of the leaching solution. However, in the process of adjusting the pH, when the concentration of zinc is far higher than that of cadmium, zinc in the solution is precipitated preferentially by cadmium, so that the loss of zinc is caused, and the deep removal of cadmium cannot be realized. The displacement cadmium removal method is to replace active metal with cadmium ions in a solution so as to realize the removal of cadmium. For the zinc hydrometallurgy industry, the replacement method is the most common method, and zinc powder is generally adopted for replacing and removing cadmium, but excessive zinc powder needs to be added in the replacement process, so that the cadmium removal cost is greatly increased.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of overcoming the defects and shortcomings in the background technology and providing a preparation method, application and a regeneration method of a renewable cadmium removal agent so as to reduce the purification and removal cost of cadmium.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows:
a preparation method of a renewable cadmium removing agent comprises the steps of dipping activated carbon in a zinc nitrate solution, and then carrying out reduction roasting to obtain the renewable cadmium removing agent.
In the above production method, the concentration of the zinc nitrate solution is preferably 0.1 to 0.3mol/L, and the immersion treatment time is preferably 30 to 60min.
In the above preparation method, preferably, the particle size of the activated carbon is less than 1mm; the volume ratio of the activated carbon to the zinc nitrate solution in the dipping treatment process is 1: (2-5).
In the preparation method, the temperature of the reduction roasting is preferably 500-700 ℃, and the roasting time is preferably 0.5-2 h.
In the above preparation method, preferably, the atmosphere in the reductive roasting is hydrogen or carbon monoxide; wherein, the volume concentration of the hydrogen is 5-10 percent, and the volume concentration of the carbon monoxide is 10-40 percent.
In the preparation method, the cadmium removing agent is preferably prepared by taking activated carbon as a matrix, wherein the activated carbon matrix is loaded with metal zinc.
The preparation method of the cadmium removing agent mainly comprises a dipping process and a reduction roasting process, wherein in the dipping process of a zinc nitrate solution, zinc in the solution is adsorbed by various functional groups (hydroxyl, carboxyl and the like) on the surface of active carbon to form zinc-containing active carbon, and the zinc-containing active carbon can form a large amount of simple substance zinc particles (generally the particle size is not more than 1 micron) on the surface of the active carbon in situ through the reduction roasting and is uniformly fixed in the aperture of the active carbon to form the cadmium removing agent. In the cadmium removing agent, as the activated carbon has the characteristics of porous structure and large specific surface area, cadmium ions in the leaching solution can more easily and quickly carry out replacement reaction with zinc of the cadmium removing agent, and the cadmium removing efficiency is greatly improved. In addition, the zinc particles are uniformly fixed in porous activated carbon pore canals, so that the zinc particles can be fully contacted with cadmium in a solution, the defect of high zinc powder consumption caused by zinc side reaction due to low local cadmium concentration around the zinc powder in the conventional zinc powder replacement process is avoided, and the zinc consumption of unit cadmium removal is greatly reduced.
As a general inventive concept, the invention also provides application of the renewable cadmium removing agent prepared by the preparation method in cadmium purification and removal in zinc leachate in the zinc hydrometallurgy industry.
In the above application, preferably, the volume ratio of the cadmium removing agent to the zinc leaching solution is (0.02-0.05): 1.
in the above application, preferably, the heating temperature is 40-60 ℃, the stirring rate is 200-500 r/min, and the reaction time is 30-45 min.
As a general inventive concept, the invention also provides a regeneration method of the cadmium removing agent, which takes the cadmium removing agent after cadmium removal as a cathode, a zinc sheet as an anode and zinc sulfate solution as electrolyte to carry out electrolysis to obtain the regenerated cadmium removing agent.
In the regeneration method, the concentration of the zinc sulfate solution is preferably 20 to 40g/L, and the current density is preferably 100 to 180A/m 3 The electrolysis time is 60-120 s.
In the cadmium purification and removal process, a layer of cadmium metal is covered on the surface of zinc particles along with the replacement process, so that the cadmium removal efficiency of the cadmium removal agent is reduced. The cadmium removing agent after cadmium removal is used as a cathode, elemental zinc is used as an anode, zinc sulfate solution is used as electrolyte, and the elemental zinc can be deposited in situ on the surfaces of the particles with the surfaces covered with cadmium by controlling the electrolysis time and the current density, so that the regeneration of the cadmium removing agent is realized.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
(1) The cadmium removing agent disclosed by the invention is high in cadmium removing efficiency, and can reduce the zinc consumption in unit cadmium removing process in the zinc leachate cadmium removing process in the zinc hydrometallurgy industry.
(2) The cadmium removing agent has the advantages of simple preparation process, wide raw material source and low cost.
(3) The cadmium removing agent is easy to recycle and regenerate, the cadmium removing efficiency of the cadmium removing agent is still higher than 90% after 6 times of circulation, and the cadmium removing operation cost is greatly reduced.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is the adsorption capacity of the regenerable cadmium removal agent prepared in example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is the adsorption capacity of the regenerable cadmium removal agent prepared in example 2 of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is the adsorption capacity of the regenerable cadmium removal agent prepared in example 3 of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is the adsorption capacity of the regenerable cadmium removal agent prepared in example 4 of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is the adsorption capacity of the regenerable cadmium removal agent prepared in example 5 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to facilitate an understanding of the invention, the invention will be described more fully and in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and preferred embodiments, but the scope of the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments below.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
Unless otherwise specifically stated, various raw materials, reagents, instruments, equipment and the like used in the present invention are commercially available or can be prepared by existing methods.
Example 1:
the preparation method of the renewable cadmium removing agent comprises the following steps:
(1) Crushing commercially available commercial activated carbon, and then sieving to ensure that the granularity of the activated carbon is less than 1mm; then zinc nitrate solutions with the concentrations of 0.05mol/L, 0.1mol/L, 0.2mol/L, 0.3mol/L and 0.4mol/L are respectively prepared;
(2) Respectively taking 5 parts of crushed and sieved activated carbon with the volume of 100mL, respectively adding the activated carbon into 200mL of zinc nitrate solutions with different concentrations prepared in the step (1), fully stirring and soaking for 45min;
(3) And (3) filtering the mixed solution obtained in the step (2), drying the activated carbon, and respectively carrying out reduction roasting on the dried activated carbon in CO gas with the volume concentration of 15%, wherein the roasting temperature is 600 ℃, and the roasting time is 1h, so as to obtain 5 parts of the renewable cadmium removing agent.
Preparing a simulated zinc leaching solution (the concentration of zinc sulfate is 150g/L, and the concentration of cadmium is 1 g/L). The cadmium removing agent prepared in the embodiment with the volume of 20mL is taken, 5 parts of the cadmium removing agent are respectively added into 1L of simulated zinc leaching solution, the mixture is stirred for 30min at the rotating speed of 250r/min for reaction, and the temperature is maintained at 50 ℃ in the whole reaction process. After the reaction is completed, filtering and separating the cadmium removal agent, and detecting the content of cadmium in the solution to obtain the cadmium removal efficiency, wherein the specific experimental result is shown in fig. 1. It can be seen from the figure that too low and too high concentration of zinc nitrate in the impregnation process of the cadmium removing agent preparation is not good for the performance of the cadmium removing agent, which may be due to too low and too high concentration of zinc nitrate not good for the zinc particles to form uniform distribution on the cadmium removing agent, and when the optimal concentration of zinc nitrate is 0.1-0.3 mol/L, the removal efficiency of the prepared cadmium removing agent is higher than 94%.
Example 2:
the preparation method of the renewable cadmium removal agent comprises the following steps:
(1) Crushing commercial activated carbon sold in the market, and then sieving to ensure that the granularity of the activated carbon is less than 1mm; then preparing a zinc nitrate solution with a certain volume of 0.2 mol/L;
(2) Taking 6 parts of crushed and sieved activated carbon with the volume of 100mL, respectively adding 200mL of the zinc nitrate solution prepared in the step (1), fully stirring and respectively soaking for 15min, 30min, 45min, 60min, 75min and 90min;
(3) And (3) filtering the mixed solution reacted in the step (2), drying the impregnated activated carbon, and reducing and roasting the dried activated carbon by using CO gas with the volume concentration of 15%, wherein the roasting temperature is 600 ℃, and the roasting time is 1h, so that the renewable cadmium removing agent is obtained.
Preparing a simulated zinc leaching solution (the concentration of zinc sulfate is 150g/L, and the concentration of cadmium is 1 g/L). The cadmium removing agent prepared in this example with a volume of 20mL in total of 6 parts is taken, and is added into 1L of simulated zinc leaching solution respectively, the stirring is carried out for 30min at a rotating speed of 250r/min, the temperature is maintained at 50 ℃ in the whole reaction process, after the reaction, the cadmium removing agent is filtered and separated, the content of cadmium in the solution is detected, the cadmium removing efficiency is obtained, and the specific experimental result is shown in fig. 2. It can be seen from the figure that, when the dipping time of the zinc nitrate in the preparation process of the cadmium removing agent is 15min, the cadmium removing efficiency of the cadmium removing agent is only 76.2%, the cadmium removing efficiency is improved to more than 94.01% after the dipping time is continuously increased to 30min, and the cadmium removing efficiency is not changed greatly and is maintained at about 95% after the dipping time is continuously increased. The dipping time is selected to be 30-45 min in consideration of comprehensive economy and efficiency.
Example 3:
the preparation method of the renewable cadmium removing agent comprises the following steps:
(1) Crushing commercially available commercial activated carbon, and then sieving to ensure that the granularity of the activated carbon is less than 1mm; then preparing 0.2mol/L zinc nitrate solution with a certain volume;
(2) Taking 6 parts of crushed and sieved activated carbon with the volume of 100mL, respectively adding the activated carbon into 6 parts of 200mL of zinc nitrate solution prepared in the step (1), uniformly stirring and soaking for 30min;
(3) And (3) filtering the mixed solution reacted in the step (2), drying the impregnated activated carbon, and reducing and roasting the dried activated carbon by using CO gas with the volume concentration of 15%, wherein the roasting temperatures are 300 ℃, 400 ℃, 500 ℃, 600 ℃, 700 ℃ and 800 ℃ respectively, and the roasting time is 1h, so that the renewable cadmium removing agent is obtained.
Preparing a simulated zinc leaching solution (the concentration of zinc sulfate is 150g/L, and the concentration of cadmium is 1 g/L). The method comprises the steps of taking 6 parts of cadmium removing agent prepared under different conditions in the embodiment with the volume of 20mL, respectively adding the cadmium removing agent into 1L of simulated zinc leaching solution, stirring for 30min at the rotating speed of 250r/min, maintaining the temperature at 50 ℃ in the whole reaction process, filtering and separating the cadmium removing agent after the reaction is completed, detecting the content of cadmium in the solution, and obtaining the cadmium removing efficiency, wherein the specific experimental result is shown in figure 3. As can be seen from the figure, when the reduction roasting temperature is low, the cadmium removal efficiency is low, and at this time, the zinc supported on the activated carbon is difficult to be reduced into zinc fine particles. When the reduction temperature is increased to 500 ℃, the cadmium removal efficiency is rapidly improved to more than 90 percent, and the cadmium removal efficiency is kept at a higher level when the temperature is continuously increased. When the reduction roasting temperature reaches 800 ℃, the cadmium removal efficiency is reduced to 82.1%, and the zinc loaded on the activated carbon is volatilized to a gas phase possibly due to an excessively high temperature, so that the formation amount of zinc particles is reduced. Therefore, the reduction temperature is selected to be 500 to 700 ℃.
Comparative example 1:
20g of each cadmium removing agent prepared in the example 3 at the reduction temperature of 600 ℃ and 20g of commercial zinc powder are respectively taken and added into 1L of prepared simulated zinc leaching solution (the concentration of zinc sulfate is 150g/L, the concentration of cadmium is 1 g/L) and the temperature of the whole reaction process is maintained at 50 ℃ at the rotation speed of 250 r/min. And (3) respectively taking a small amount of leachate at different reaction times, filtering and detecting the content of cadmium in the solution to obtain the cadmium removal efficiency at different reaction times, wherein the specific experimental results are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 cadmium removal efficiency at different reaction times
Reaction time (min) 5 15 30 45 60 75 90
Cadmium removal efficiency (%) of zinc powder 25.36 56.33 79.47 86.56 95.43 95.74 95.63
Cadmium removal efficiency of cadmium removing agent (%) 32.19 76.21 93.42 95.23 95.53 95.68 95.36
As can be seen from Table 1, the cadmium removing agent of the invention has a higher cadmium removing rate compared with zinc powder. For example, the cadmium removing efficiency of the cadmium removing agent is obviously higher than that of zinc powder when the reaction time is 30 min. In addition, the mass fraction of zinc in the cadmium removing agent is usually between 8 and 15 percent, and under the same mass condition, the cadmium removing amount of unit zinc on the cadmium removing agent is larger, namely the cadmium removing utilization rate of zinc is higher. Compared with the traditional zinc powder replacement cadmium removal, the cadmium removal agent has excellent cadmium removal performance.
Example 4:
the regeneration method of the cadmium removing agent comprises the following steps:
20g of the cadmium removing agent used in example 2 (the regenerated cadmium removing agent prepared by immersing in a zinc nitrate solution for 45min and the cadmium removing agent studied by a cadmium removing test in a simulated zinc leaching solution) was placed in a carbon net and used as a cathode. Taking a zinc sheet as an anode and zinc sulfate solution as electrolyte, carrying out electrodeposition, and carrying out zinc sulfate electrodeposition in the electrodeposition processThe concentration of the electrolyte is 30g/L, and the current density is 150A/m 3 The electrolysis time is respectively set to be 30s, 60s, 90s, 120s, 150s and 180s, and the regenerated cadmium removing agent under different electrolysis times is obtained.
Preparing a simulated zinc leaching solution (the concentration of zinc sulfate is 150g/L, and the concentration of cadmium is 1 g/L). 6 parts of the regenerated cadmium removing agent prepared under different conditions in the embodiment with the volume of 20mL are respectively added into 1L of simulated zinc leaching solution and stirred for 30min at the rotating speed of 250r/min, and the temperature in the whole reaction process is maintained at 50 ℃. After the reaction is completed, filtering and separating the cadmium removal agent, and detecting the content of cadmium in the solution to obtain the cadmium removal efficiency, wherein the specific experimental result is shown in fig. 4. It can be seen from the figure that when the electrolysis time is short, the cadmium removal performance of the regenerated cadmium removal agent is not high, and when the electrolysis time is continuously increased to 60s, the cadmium removal efficiency of the regenerated cadmium removal agent is stabilized to be more than 91%, and when the electrolysis time exceeds 120s, the cadmium removal efficiency begins to decline. This is probably because too short electrolysis time is not good for the complete deposition of zinc on the cadmium removing agent, and too long electrolysis time causes the excessive growth of zinc particles and is not good for the removal of cadmium, so the optimal electrolysis time is 60-120 s.
Example 5:
the invention relates to a regeneration method of a cadmium removing agent, which comprises the following steps:
20g of the cadmium removing agent used in example 2 (a regenerated cadmium removing agent prepared by immersing in a zinc nitrate solution for 45min and a cadmium removing agent obtained by conducting a cadmium removing test study in a simulated zinc immersion liquid) was taken, placed in a carbon net, and used as a cathode. Taking a zinc sheet as an anode and zinc sulfate solution as electrolyte to carry out electrodeposition, wherein the concentration of the zinc sulfate electrolyte adopted in the electrodeposition process is 30g/L, and the current density is 150A/m 3 And the electrolysis time is 90s, and the regenerated cadmium removing agent is obtained.
Preparing a simulated zinc leaching solution (the concentration of zinc sulfate is 150g/L, and the concentration of cadmium is 1 g/L). Adding a regenerated cadmium removing agent with the volume of 20mL into 1L of simulated zinc leaching solution, stirring at the rotating speed of 250r/min for 30min, and maintaining the temperature at 50 ℃ in the whole reaction process. And after the reaction is finished, filtering and separating the cadmium removing agent, and detecting the content of cadmium in the solution to obtain the cadmium removing efficiency.
The regenerated cadmium removing agent of the embodiment is repeatedly regenerated for 4 times again, and the cadmium removing effect of the regenerated cadmium removing agent under the condition of 5 cycles is finally obtained, and the specific result is shown in fig. 5. As can be seen from the figure, under the condition of 5 regeneration cycles, the cadmium removal efficiency of the cadmium removal agent is stabilized to be more than 90%, which shows that the cadmium removal agent has excellent cycle regeneration performance.

Claims (6)

1. A regeneration method of a renewable cadmium removal agent is characterized in that after the renewable cadmium removal agent is applied to cadmium purification and removal of zinc leachate in the zinc hydrometallurgy industry, the cadmium removal agent is used as a cathode, a zinc sheet is used as an anode, and a zinc sulfate solution is used as an electrolyte to carry out electrolysis to obtain the renewable cadmium removal agent; wherein the concentration of the zinc sulfate solution is 20 to 40g/L, and the current density is 100 to 180A/m 3 The electrolysis time is 60 to 120 s;
the application of the renewable cadmium removing agent in the purification and removal of cadmium in zinc leachate in the zinc hydrometallurgy industry is that the cadmium removing agent is added into the zinc leachate, heated and stirred for reaction, and filtered to complete the purification and removal of cadmium in the zinc leachate;
the renewable cadmium removing agent is obtained by dipping activated carbon in a zinc nitrate solution and then carrying out reduction roasting, wherein the concentration of the zinc nitrate solution is 0.1-0.3 mol/L, the dipping time is 30-45min, the temperature of the reduction roasting is 500-700 ℃, and the roasting time is 0.5-2h.
2. The regeneration process of claim 1, wherein the activated carbon has a particle size of less than 1mm; the volume ratio of the activated carbon to the zinc nitrate solution in the dipping treatment process is 1: (2 to 5).
3. The regeneration method according to claim 1, wherein the atmosphere of the reductive calcination is hydrogen or carbon monoxide.
4. The regeneration method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the cadmium removing agent is obtained by using activated carbon as a matrix, and the activated carbon matrix is loaded with metal zinc.
5. The regeneration method according to claim 1, wherein the volume ratio of the cadmium removing agent to the zinc leachate is (0.02 to 0.05): 1.
6. the regeneration method according to claim 1, wherein the heating temperature is 40 to 60 ℃, the stirring rate is 200 to 500r/min, and the reaction time is 30 to 45min.
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