CN112335512A - 一种大豆育种过程及其种植方法 - Google Patents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract
本发明公开一种大豆育种过程及其种植方法,主要技术特征在于:选取经航天育种的大豆,播种优选、筛选、试种后,选用优良性状的大豆育种进行种植的方法以获得大豆生长速度快,提高大豆的产量,提升种植的经济效益。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及农业种植技术领域,特别是一种大豆育种过程及其种植方法。
背景技术
我国是世界最大的大豆消费国,大约占全球大豆消费量的近30%。目前,我国对大豆需求量特别的大,因此每年需要在国外大量进口大豆。其原因在于,国内现有亩产大豆产量较低,平均每亩产量约300斤左右。远远不能满足国内所需。
现有技术如授权公告号为CN 102948312 B的中国发明专利,公开了一种大豆的种植方法,该发明种植过程由播种、整地、定植和生长期至盛花期管理四个步骤组成,该发明种植过程中施用中草药防病虫害剂,无公害,减少了环境污染,起到病虫害的防治作用,预防与减少了病虫害的发生,基肥中施用的尿素、氯化钾、磷酸氢钙、城市污泥、腐殖酸、草灰、锰肥、柠檬酸、粉煤灰和锌肥,对大豆有显著的增产作用。但是,该发明的不足之处是该种植方法所收获的大豆的产量和品质较低。
发明内容
本发明的目的是要克服现有技术的不足,提供一种大豆育种过程及其种植方法。
为克服上述技术问题,本发明采用的技术方案是:
包括一种大豆育种过程,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
步骤一,选种,选取经航天育种的大豆;
步骤二,播种优选,将步骤一选取经航天育种的大豆播种,选取有益的变异进行选育;
步骤三,筛选,将第二步筛选的种子继续播种,验证其有益的变异,从中筛选具有稳定性的大豆育种;
步骤四,试种,将步骤三得到的大豆育种进行试种,以选取其在不同环境下表现出优良性状的大豆育种。
所述的大豆育种过程所得到的大豆育种,其特征在于:种植方法包括如下步骤:
步骤一,秋季翻地深度达到25~30厘米,起垄后及时镇压保墒;
步骤二,将秋翻的地块,均匀的撒施发酵有机肥于地表,亩施入量为2000-3000公斤,然后用耙将肥料耙入土中,粪、土充分混合后进行深翻,翻后耙平耢细等待春起垄;起垄前施底肥,选用低氮复合肥,亩施入量为25公斤左右。
步骤三,大豆育种包衣,防治大豆苗期病虫害,如第一代大豆孢囊线虫、根腐病、根潜蝇、蚜虫、二条叶甲等。缓解大豆重、迎茬减产现象,提高保苗率,促进幼苗生长,增产显著;
步骤四,播前除草处理,在春整地后播种前5-7天药剂喷施,施药均匀,流量准确,不重不漏。喷后顺、斜各耙1次,施药混土深度7-10厘米;
步骤五,春播种整地起垄,垄上等距穴播,穴留苗单珠,密度为每亩1~1.3万株,行距50~55厘米,穴距10~12厘米;
步骤六,中耕除草,生育期内完成三铲三趟,第一片,不伤苗;苗高10厘米时进行第二次铲趟;第二次铲趟后10天进行第三次铲趟,深扶垄,培土不超过第一复叶节;
步骤七,大豆田苗前土壤封闭除草,96%精异丙甲草胺(金都尔)1.5-2升/公顷+80%阔草清70-90克/公顷或96%精异丙甲草胺(金都尔)1.5-2升/公顷+50%丙炔氟草胺150-200克/公顷;
步骤七,大豆田苗后茎叶除草,48%苯达松(灭草松)1.5-2.0升/公顷+5%精喹禾灵1.5-2.0升/公顷或48%苯达松(灭草松)1.5-2.0升/公顷+10.8%高效盖草能1.2-1.5升/公顷;
步骤八,定苗,在大豆指植株第一片复叶展开时及时定苗,每穴留苗单株,亩保苗1-1.3万株;
步骤九,喷肥叶控,初花期和鼓粒期应喷施叶面肥,避免落花落荚,提高籽粒百粒重进而提高产量;花荚期追撒可喷施多效唑、矮壮素或缩节胺等矮化壮秆剂的任意一种。
步骤十,收获
成熟后,植株摇动时有响声及时收获,采用机械收获时注意调整机具间隙,降低破损率。
与现有技术相比较,本发明的有益效果是:种植方法容易实施,无复杂操作,大豆生长速度快,提高大豆的产量,显著提升了种植的经济效益。
具体实施方式
包括一种大豆育种过程,包括如下步骤:
步骤一,选种,选取经航天育种的大豆;
步骤二,播种优选,将步骤一选取经航天育种的大豆播种,选取有益的变异进行选育;
步骤三,筛选,将第二步筛选的种子继续播种,验证其有益的变异,从中筛选具有稳定性的大豆育种;
步骤四,试种,将步骤三得到的大豆育种进行试种,以选取其在不同环境下表现出优良性状的大豆育种。
所述的大豆育种过程所得到的大豆育种,种植方法包括如下步骤:
步骤一,秋季翻地深度达到25~30厘米,起垄后及时镇压保墒;
步骤二,将秋翻的地块,均匀的撒施发酵有机肥于地表,亩施入量为2000-3000公斤,然后用耙将肥料耙入土中,粪、土充分混合后进行深翻,翻后耙平耢细等待春起垄;起垄前施底肥,选用低氮复合肥,亩施入量为25公斤左右。
步骤三,大豆育种包衣,防治大豆苗期病虫害,如第一代大豆孢囊线虫、根腐病、根潜蝇、蚜虫、二条叶甲等。缓解大豆重、迎茬减产现象,提高保苗率,促进幼苗生长,增产显著;
步骤四,播前除草处理,在春整地后播种前5-7天药剂喷施,施药均匀,流量准确,不重不漏。喷后顺、斜各耙1次,施药混土深度7-10厘米;
步骤五,春播种整地起垄,垄上等距穴播,穴留苗单珠,密度为每亩1~1.3万株,行距50~55厘米,穴距10~12厘米;
步骤六,中耕除草,生育期内完成三铲三趟,第一片,不伤苗;苗高10厘米时进行第二次铲趟;第二次铲趟后10天进行第三次铲趟,深扶垄,培土不超过第一复叶节;
步骤七,大豆田苗前土壤封闭除草,96%精异丙甲草胺(金都尔)1.5-2升/公顷+80%阔草清70-90克/公顷或96%精异丙甲草胺(金都尔)1.5-2升/公顷+50%丙炔氟草胺150-200克/公顷;
如果田间以禾本科杂草为主,可适当增加精异丙甲草胺用量;如果田间以阔叶杂草为主,可适当增加噻吩磺隆、阔草清或者丙炔氟草胺用量。
步骤七,大豆田苗后茎叶除草,48%苯达松(灭草松)1.5-2.0升/公顷+5%精喹禾灵1.5-2.0升/公顷或48%苯达松(灭草松)1.5-2.0升/公顷+10.8%高效盖草能1.2-1.5升/公顷;
如果田间以禾本科杂草为主,可适当增加精喹禾灵或者高效盖草能用量,野黍较多可加用高效盖草能或者加24%烯草酮0.5-1升/公顷;如果田间以阔叶杂草为主,可适当增加苯达松用量。
步骤八,定苗,在大豆指植株第一片复叶展开时及时定苗,每穴留苗单株,亩保苗1-1.3万株;
步骤九,喷肥叶控,初花期和鼓粒期应喷施叶面肥,避免落花落荚,提高籽粒百粒重进而提高产量;花荚期追撒可喷施多效唑、矮壮素或缩节胺等矮化壮秆剂的任意一种。
步骤十,收获
成熟后,植株摇动时有响声及时收获,采用机械收获时注意调整机具间隙,降低破损率。
采用上述方法在辽宁省阜新市进行大豆种植后进行实地测产,测产是按照国家统计局辽宁调查总队制定的《辽宁省县级粮食产量抽样调查操作规程》进行的。
对样本地块垅宽测量,测得10条垅总宽14尺,平均垅宽1.4尺;随机在样本地块随机抽取3个样本,每个样本10尺长,进行实割实测,对割取的大豆样本进行脱粒、称重、化验,测量结果如下:
实测地块样本总毛重2.4千克,平均每个样本毛重0.8千克,实测水杂合计14.7%,千粒重240克,根据上述测得数据推算理论亩产为:342.2千克,远远大于现有大豆种植水平。
本发明并不局限于上面已经描述出的精确结构,可以在不脱离其范围进行各种修改和改变。本发明的范围仅由所附的权利要求来限制。
Claims (2)
1.一种大豆育种过程,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
步骤一,选种,选取经航天育种的大豆;
步骤二,播种优选,将步骤一选取经航天育种的大豆播种,选取有益的变异进行选育;
步骤三,筛选,将第二步筛选的种子继续播种,验证其有益的变异,从中筛选具有稳定性的大豆育种;步骤四,试种,将步骤三得到的大豆育种进行试种,以选取其在不同环境下表现出优良性状的大豆育种。
2.采用权利要求1所述的大豆育种过程所得到的大豆育种,其特征在于:种植方法包括如下步骤:步骤一,秋季翻地深度达到25~30厘米,起垄后及时镇压保墒;
步骤二,将秋翻的地块,均匀的撒施发酵有机肥于地表,亩施入量为2000-3000公斤,然后用耙将肥料耙入土中,粪、土充分混合后进行深翻,翻后耙平耢细等待春起垄;起垄前施底肥,选用低氮复合肥,亩施入量为25公斤左右。
步骤三,大豆育种包衣,防治大豆苗期病虫害,如第一代大豆孢囊线虫、根腐病、根潜蝇、蚜虫、二条叶甲等。缓解大豆重、迎茬减产现象,提高保苗率,促进幼苗生长,增产显著;
步骤四,播前除草处理,在春整地后播种前5-7天药剂喷施,施药均匀,流量准确,不重不漏。喷后顺、斜各耙1次,施药混土深度7-10厘米;.步骤六,中耕除草,生育期内完成三铲三趟,第一片,不伤苗;苗高10厘米时进行第二次铲趟;第二次铲趟后10天进行第三次铲趟,深扶垄,培土不超过第一复叶节;.步骤九,喷肥叶控,初花期和鼓粒期应喷施叶面肥,避免落花落荚,提高籽粒百粒重进而提高产量;花荚期追撒可喷施多效唑、矮壮素或缩节胺等矮化壮秆剂的任意一种。
步骤十,收获成熟后,植株摇动时有响声及时收获,采用机械收获时注意调整机具间隙,降低破损率。
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