CN112288013A - Small sample remote sensing scene classification method based on element metric learning - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a small sample remote sensing scene classification method based on element metric learning, which comprises the following steps: establishing a deep neural network classification model for the remote sensing image, wherein the deep neural network classification model comprises an embedding module and a measuring module; training the deep neural network classification model by adopting a meta-learning mode, wherein the meta-learning mode is trained through meta-task organization; and carrying out remote sensing image scene classification by using the trained deep neural network classification model. The method can be directly applied to solving the problem of small sample classification of the remote sensing image; through meta-task organization training, the learning level is improved from data to a task, and a balance loss function is used, so that the classification effect of the small sample remote sensing scene is better.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of point remote sensing image recognition, in particular to a small sample remote sensing scene classification method based on element metric learning.
Background
Scene classification is an important content of optical remote sensing image processing analysis, and is widely applied to the national economic construction fields of disaster detection, environmental monitoring, urban planning, land utilization and the like. According to different used characteristics, the optical remote sensing image scene classification can be divided into a method based on artificial design characteristics and a method based on depth characteristics.
The artificial design features for optical remote sensing image scene classification can be roughly classified into 3 types: the method mainly comprises a Visual Bag-Of-Words (BOVW) Model, a Probabilistic Topic Model (PTM) and sparse coding. However, in practical applications, since it is difficult for the artificially designed features to describe rich semantic information contained in the remote sensing image, the performance is greatly limited by the artificially designed features.
In recent years, due to the availability of large-scale training data and the development of high-performance computing units, methods based on Deep feature learning have attracted more research attention, and the essence of the methods is to use Deep Neural networks such as Auto Encoders (AE), Deep Belief Networks (DBN), and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to extract features end to end. These methods are data hungry in nature because they are all extensive incremental model updates to the data from scratch, independently, fitting a deep neural network over the data. Therefore, when a new scene does not exist in a closed training data set and has few labels, the existing method cannot learn new data distribution well due to overfitting. Therefore, the method has fundamental challenges for the limited and rapid adaptation of remote sensing data to the problem. For example, the classical Resnet, Googlenet, etc. model can achieve 90% classification accuracy on AID, UCMercered _ LandUse, etc. datasets, and less than 40% accuracy when only one labeled sample is available.
The meta-learning is learned from a group of tasks, not a group of data, each task is composed of a training set with a label and a testing set with a label to simulate a small sample learning problem, so that the training problem is more faithful to a real environment. Another important issue is how to measure the similarity of tasks, or how to learn more distinctive feature representations with small intra-class scatter but large inter-class separation.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the present invention provides a method for classifying a small sample remote sensing scene based on meta-metric learning.
The invention aims to realize the method for classifying the remote sensing scenes of the small samples based on the element metric learning, which comprises the following steps:
step 3, using the trained deep neural network classification model to classify the remote sensing image scene;
the meta-learning mode in the step 2 is organized and trained through meta-tasks, and learns indexes based on the tasks, and the organizing process comprises the following steps: each time from training set DtrainDynamically constructing small-batch plots by using medium-sized non-repeated sampling, wherein the plots are formed by a meta-training set MtrainAnd meta test set MtestComposition allowing M in different episodestrainAnd MtestThere is an intersection where MtrainEach time sampling C different classes, each class having StrEach having a label sample, i.e.Corresponding to, MtestEach time also samples C different classes, each class having SteEach having a label sample, i.e.The meta-training set and the meta-test set in each episode cannot have overlapping parts, i.e. there is no overlap between them
In particular, the embedded module is used byParameterized embedding modelMapping the data domain to a feature space such that the visual information is associated with each other, the feature representation being computed as:
in each episode, embedding the modelMinimize training set MtestError of fit of (3) LCE,LCEExpressed as: is yiThe predicted value of (2).
Furthermore, because the final classification precision is influenced by the quality of the feature space, the loss of the dimension of V is reduced as much as possible, but the higher dimension brings certain burden to the operation of the measurement module, and in order to reduce the calculation complexity, the class structure is replaced by adopting the judgment center of mass in the embedded module.
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,represents MtrainData marked as class k, | MtrainI represents the total amount of meta-training set data in each episode, OkThe center of the prototype representing the class k,a characterization representation of the ith data.
In particular, the metrology module is adapted to maximize the distance between the different classes, using, for the resulting representation of the features V, a metrology model g parameterized by ττLearning a metric rule to maximize the discriminative power of the embedding space, gτIs composed of a single-layer neural network and a nonlinear activation function ReLU (x), wherein
For point X ∈ MtestThe parameter τ needs to be optimized to maximize the distance between the different classes, expressed as:
wherein, p isτ(y ═ k | X) denotes the posterior probability distribution,representing the feature representation and center O of point X in embedding spacekThe distance in the metric space is determined,representing the distance, O, of the feature representation of point X in embedding space from the other centers in measurement spacek'Representing the centers of the other classes than class k.
Further, to balance generalization ability and fitting abilityMean balance loss function Lbal
Lbal=Lgen+λLCE
Lambda belongs to [0,1] and is a hyper-parameter for representing the tendency of the model, the smaller the lambda is, the more the model tends to have stronger fitting capability, and the larger the lambda is, the stronger the generalization capability of the model is;
wherein for a point X ∈ MtestGeneralized loss LgenIs defined as:
Lgen=-logpτ(y=S|X)
pτ(y ═ S | X) denotes the posterior probability distribution.
Compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages that: the method can be directly applied to solving the problem of small sample classification of the remote sensing image; through meta-task organization training, the learning level is promoted from data to tasks, task-based indexes are learned instead of sample-based indexes, task level distribution is learned based on the measurement of the tasks, and compared with the sample level distribution, the task level distribution can better summarize invisible or unknown test tasks; the new loss function is named as a balance loss function, and is formed by combining a cross entropy loss function used by a traditional classification neural network and a loss function of a generalization error through a hyper-parameter lambda so as to balance between data fitting and new sample generalization, and meanwhile, the measurement space is more discriminative and better in classification effect.
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FIG. 1 shows a schematic flow diagram of an embodiment of the invention;
fig. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a framework of an embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, and it is apparent that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
The small sample remote sensing scene classification method based on the element metric learning needs to solve two challenges existing in the remote sensing scene classification problem in the real world, namely (1) a trained model needs to face a new remote sensing scene which does not appear in a closed training set, and (2) the new remote sensing scene only has a few label samples.
In particular, a training set is givenTest setWherein L ist、LpFor label sets, the parameter θ of the predictor y ═ f (x; θ) is optimized so that it can be used in test sets D with only a small number of samplestestHas strong generalization ability. Namely, it is
Wherein L isbalIs a balance loss function used to measure the final performance of the model. It should be noted that, unlike the conventional remote sensing scene classification problem in the closed world, the scenes in the test set are included in the scenes in the training set, that is, the scenes in the training setIn the real world, new scenarios with a small number of samples do not exist in the known training set, i.e.
Fig. 1 shows a schematic flow diagram of an embodiment of the invention. The small sample remote sensing scene classification method based on element metric learning comprises the following steps:
step 3, using the trained deep neural network classification model to classify the remote sensing image scene;
as shown in fig. 2, the meta learning method described in step 2 is performed by meta task organization training to learn task-based indexes, and the organization process includes: each time from training set DtrainDynamically constructing small-batch plots by using medium-sized non-repeated sampling, wherein the plots are formed by a meta-training set MtrainAnd meta test set MtestComposition allowing M in different episodestrainAnd MtestThere is an intersection where MtrainEach time sampling C different classes, each class having StrEach having a label sample, i.e.Corresponding to, MtestEach time also samples C different classes, each class having SteEach having a label sample, i.e.The meta-training set and the meta-test set in each episode cannot have overlapping parts, i.e. there is no overlap between themLikewise, from DtrainThe meta-authentication set M separated from the meta-authentication setvalSelecting hyper-parameters for the classifier and selecting the best embedding model, and MtrainAnd MtestAre not mutually intersected.
In particular, the embedded module is used byParameterized embedding modelThe data field is mapped to a feature space,such that the visual information is associated with each other, the feature representation is calculated as:
in each episode, embedding the modelMinimize training set MtestError of fit of (3) LCE,LCEExpressed as: is yiThe predicted value of (2). Fitting error LCEThe quality of the feature representation V in the embedding space is visually represented, and V plays an important role in the final classification precision.
Furthermore, because the final classification precision is influenced by the quality of the feature space, the loss of the dimension of V is reduced as much as possible, but the higher dimension brings certain burden to the operation of the measurement module, and in order to reduce the calculation complexity, the class structure is replaced by adopting the judgment center of mass in the embedded module.
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,represents MtrainData marked as class k, | MtrainI represents the total amount of meta-training set data in each episode, OkThe center of the prototype representing the class k,a characterization representation of the ith data. This can be compared to operating directly with a representation of the embedding spaceAnd obtaining the maximum improvement of the operation speed on the premise of losing a small amount of precision.
In particular, the metrology module is adapted to maximize the distance between the different classes, using, for the resulting representation of the features V, a metrology model g parameterized by ττLearning a metric rule to maximize the discriminative power of the embedding space, gτIs composed of a single-layer neural network and a nonlinear activation function ReLU (x), wherein
Aiming at the problem that the number of new scene samples is too rare, rather than explicitly defining the distance, gτThe method aims to learn a measurement rule which can maximize the distance of different classes of feature representations V under the space, so that the information contained in the data can be fully utilized. For point X ∈ MtestThe parameter τ needs to be optimized to maximize the distance between the different classes, expressed as:
wherein p isτ(y ═ k | X) denotes the posterior probability distribution,representing the feature representation and center O of point X in embedding spacekThe distance in the metric space is determined,representing the distance, O, of the feature representation of point X in embedding space from the other centers in measurement spacek'Representing the centers of the other classes than class k.
Further, to balance generalization ability and fitting ability, a balance loss function L is definedbal
Lbal=Lgen+λLCE
Lambda belongs to [0,1] and is a hyper-parameter for representing the tendency of the model, the smaller the lambda is, the more the model tends to have stronger fitting capability, and the larger the lambda is, the stronger the generalization capability of the model is;
wherein for a point X ∈ MtestGeneralized loss LgenIs defined as:
Lgen=-logpτ(y=S|X)
pτ(y ═ S | X) denotes the posterior probability distribution.
Since the classifier model is oriented to a new remote sensing scene that does not appear in the closed dataset and has only a few labels, the parameters are learned in a way that maximizes generalization capability, so that only fitting error L is consideredCEMake constraints without constraining the generalization error Lgen。
As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, embodiments of the present application may be provided as a method, system, or computer program product. Accordingly, the present application may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. Furthermore, the present application may take the form of a computer program product embodied on one or more computer-usable storage media (including, but not limited to, disk storage, CD-ROM, optical storage, and the like) having computer-usable program code embodied therein.
Claims (5)
1. The small sample remote sensing scene classification method based on element metric learning is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
step 1, establishing a deep neural network classification model facing to a remote sensing image, wherein the deep neural network classification model comprises an embedding module and a measuring module;
step 2, training the deep neural network classification model by adopting a meta-learning mode;
step 3, using the trained deep neural network classification model to classify the remote sensing image scene;
the meta-learning mode in the step 2 is organized and trained through meta-tasks, and learns indexes based on the tasks, and the organizing process comprises the following steps: each time from training set DtrainMiddle and non-repeated miningDynamically constructing small batch plots of the samples, wherein the plots are formed by a meta-training set MtrainAnd meta test set MtestComposition allowing M in different episodestrainAnd MtestThere is an intersection where MtrainEach time sampling C different classes, each class having StrEach having a label sample, i.e.Corresponding to, MtestEach time also samples C different classes, each class having SteEach having a label sample, i.e.The meta-training set and the meta-test set in each episode cannot have overlapping parts, i.e. there is no overlap between them
2. The method for classifying small-sample remote sensing scenes according to claim 1, wherein the embedded module is usedParameterized embedding modelMapping the data domain to a feature space such that the visual information is associated with each other, the feature representation being computed as:
in each episode, embedding the modelMinimize training set MtestError of fit of (3) LCE,LCEExpressed as:
3. The small sample remote sensing scene classification method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the classification structure is replaced by adopting a distinguishing centroid in an embedded module:
4. The method for classifying small-sample remote sensing scenes according to claim 2, characterized in that said metric module is adapted to maximize the distance between the different classes, and for the resulting representation of features V, a metric model g parameterized by τ is usedτLearning a metric rule to maximize the discriminative power of the embedding space, gτIs composed of a single-layer neural network and a nonlinear activation function ReLU (x), wherein
For point X ∈ MtestThe parameter τ needs to be optimized to maximize the distance between the different classes, expressed as:
wherein p isτ(y ═ k | X) denotes the posterior probability distribution,representing the feature representation and center O of point X in embedding spacekThe distance in the metric space is determined,representing the distance, O, of the feature representation of point X in embedding space from the other centers in measurement spacek'Representing the centers of the other classes than class k.
5. The method for classifying small-sample remote sensing scenes according to claim 4, characterized in that a balance loss function L is defined in order to balance generalization ability and fitting abilitybal:
Lbal=Lgen+λLCE
Lambda belongs to [0,1] and is a hyper-parameter for representing the tendency of the model, the smaller the lambda is, the more the model tends to have stronger fitting capability, and the larger the lambda is, the stronger the generalization capability of the model is;
wherein for a point X ∈ MtestGeneralized loss LgenIs defined as:
Lgen=-logpτ(y=S|X)
pτ(y ═ S | X) denotes the posterior probability distribution.
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