CN112250356A - Concrete temperature control method - Google Patents
Concrete temperature control method Download PDFInfo
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- CN112250356A CN112250356A CN202011048925.5A CN202011048925A CN112250356A CN 112250356 A CN112250356 A CN 112250356A CN 202011048925 A CN202011048925 A CN 202011048925A CN 112250356 A CN112250356 A CN 112250356A
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000012615 aggregate Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910001294 Reinforcing steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920005551 calcium lignosulfonate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000979 retarding effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009435 building construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009440 infrastructure construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B40/00—Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability
- C04B40/02—Selection of the hardening environment
- C04B40/0277—Hardening promoted by using additional water, e.g. by spraying water on the green concrete element
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- On-Site Construction Work That Accompanies The Preparation And Application Of Concrete (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a concrete temperature control method, which comprises the following steps: the manufacturing method comprises the following steps of mixing and stirring raw materials according to a preset proportion to prepare concrete; a transportation step, namely transporting the concrete to a foundation to be cast at a preset temperature, and cooling the concrete in the transportation process; pouring, namely pouring concrete into the foundation to be poured, wherein a post-cast strip method is adopted for pouring; and a curing step, namely cooling the poured concrete. According to the invention, the raw materials of the concrete are scientifically and reasonably proportioned, the post-cast strip method is adopted for casting so as to improve the strength of the concrete, ensure the reliability and safety of the cast concrete, prevent the concrete from generating temperature cracks, and cool the concrete in the transportation process and the casting process, so that the temperature difference between the inside and the outside of the concrete is avoided, the concrete is further prevented from generating cracks, the quality of the concrete is effectively ensured, and the durability, the integrity and the safety of the foundation to be cast are improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of building construction, in particular to a concrete temperature control method.
Background
With the acceleration of infrastructure construction and the development of urban construction in China and even all over the world, large-volume concrete is increasingly and widely applied to large-scale equipment foundations, bridge engineering, hydraulic engineering and the like. The large-volume concrete has the characteristics of large volume, large concrete volume, complex engineering conditions, high construction technical requirements and the like, and the large-volume concrete must meet the requirements on strength, rigidity, integrity and durability in design and construction and must also control the generation of temperature deformation cracks so as to ensure the integrity of the structure and the safety of buildings. However, temperature cracking includes: surface cracks, through-base cracks, and deep cracks, and the hazards of temperature cracks are most severe with through-base cracks. However, either surface cracks, through cracks in the foundation, or deep cracks can adversely affect the durability, integrity, and safe handling of the foundation.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of this, the invention provides a concrete temperature control method, which aims to solve the problem that temperature cracks easily cause adverse effects on mass concrete in the prior art.
The invention provides a concrete temperature control method, which comprises the following steps: the manufacturing method comprises the following steps of mixing and stirring raw materials according to a preset proportion to prepare concrete; a transportation step, namely transporting the concrete to a foundation to be cast at a preset temperature, and cooling the concrete in the transportation process; pouring, namely pouring concrete into the foundation to be poured, and pouring by adopting a post-cast strip method during pouring; and a curing step, namely cooling the poured concrete.
Further, in the concrete temperature control method, in the manufacturing step, the raw materials include: sand, gravel, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, cement and admixture; the mud content of the sand is less than or equal to 3 percent; and/or the mud content of the stones is less than or equal to 1 percent; and/or the fineness modulus of the fine aggregate is 2.6-2.9; and/or, the admixture comprises: active mixing material and water reducing agent.
Further, in the above concrete temperature control method, in the manufacturing step, ice chips or cooling aggregates are added to the raw material.
Further, in the concrete temperature control method, in the transporting step, the preset temperature is 25 ℃ to 27 ℃.
Further, in the concrete temperature control method, in the transporting step, a transporting tank is adopted to transport the concrete to the foundation to be poured, cooling water is sprayed to the tank body of the transporting tank during transporting, and a cooling bag is wrapped on the outer wall of the transporting pipe of the transporting tank.
Further, in the concrete temperature control method, the transportation tank is a hoisting tank to hoist the concrete to the foundation to be poured; or the transport tank is a transport vehicle to pump concrete to the foundation to be cast.
Further, in the concrete temperature control method, in the pouring step, the foundation to be poured is divided into at least two pouring areas, each pouring area is poured, and the post-pouring strip between the pouring areas is poured after the pouring of each pouring area is completed.
Further, in the concrete temperature control method, in the pouring step, a preset amount of stones are buried in each preset volume of concrete to be poured.
Further, in the concrete temperature control method, a plurality of steel pipes are pre-embedded in the foundation to be poured before concrete is poured; in the curing step, after the concrete is poured, cooling water is supplied into each steel pipe.
Further, in the concrete temperature control method, in the curing step, an insulating layer is coated on the surface of the poured concrete; and/or building a cofferdam on the outer side of the foundation to be poured, and storing water with preset temperature in the cofferdam.
According to the invention, through scientific and reasonable proportioning of the raw materials of the concrete, the post-cast strip method is adopted for casting when the concrete is cast, so that the strength of the concrete is effectively improved, the reliability and the safety of the cast concrete are ensured, the concrete is prevented from generating temperature cracks, the concrete is cooled in the transportation process and the casting process, the temperature difference inside and outside the concrete is avoided, the concrete is further prevented from generating cracks, the quality of the concrete is effectively ensured, the durability, the integrity and the safety of a foundation to be cast are improved, and the problem that the temperature cracks easily cause adverse effects on the mass concrete in the prior art is solved.
Drawings
Various other advantages and benefits will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments. The drawings are only for purposes of illustrating the preferred embodiments and are not to be construed as limiting the invention. Also, like reference numerals are used to refer to like parts throughout the drawings. In the drawings:
fig. 1 is a flowchart of a concrete temperature control method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. While exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are shown in the drawings, it should be understood that the present disclosure may be embodied in various forms and should not be limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments may be combined with each other without conflict. The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the embodiments with reference to the attached drawings.
Referring to fig. 1, fig. 1 is a flowchart of a concrete temperature control method according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in the figure, the concrete temperature control method comprises the following steps:
in the manufacturing step S1, the raw materials are mixed and stirred according to a predetermined ratio to form concrete.
Specifically, the raw materials include: sand, gravel, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, cement and admixture. The preset proportion can be determined according to actual conditions, and the embodiment does not limit the preset proportion.
The mud content of the sand and the stones is strictly controlled, so that the mud content of the sand is less than or equal to 3 percent, and the mud content of the stones is less than or equal to 1 percent. In specific implementation, stones with larger grain size, excellent quality and good gradation are adopted.
The larger the grain size, the better the gradation, the smaller the porosity and surface area of the aggregate, the less the water consumption, and the less the cement consumption. Preferably, the fineness modulus of the fine aggregate is 2.6-2.9. In specific implementation, the fine aggregate is medium coarse sand with larger average particle size, the water consumption can be reduced by 20-25 kg compared with the fine sand adopted in concrete of each square, and the cement consumption is correspondingly reduced by 28-35 kg, so that the drying shrinkage of the concrete is reduced, the hydration heat is reduced, and the effect of controlling the concrete cracks is further achieved.
The admixture may include: active mixing material and water reducing agent. Wherein, the active mixing material can include: slag and fly ash. The water reducing agent can effectively reduce the unit water consumption of concrete, thereby reducing the cement consumption, and can reduce the hydration heat, delay the release speed of the hydration heat and delay the heat peak. When the water reducing agent is a retarding water reducing agent, the retarding water reducing agent has the effect of inhibiting cement hydration, can reduce hydration temperature rise and is beneficial to preventing cracks. During specific implementation, the water reducing agent is mainly calcium lignosulphonate, and the calcium lignosulphonate has an obvious dispersing effect on cement particles, can effectively increase the fluidity of concrete mixtures, can fully hydrate cement, and improves the strength of concrete.
The cement hydration heat is the main source of volume change caused by the temperature change of concrete, and the hydration heat of the cement causes the temperature of the concrete to rise and fall by 1 ℃ correspondingly every 10kg of cement is reduced. The requirement is that 1) the strength required by the design of the concrete is reduced as much as possible on the premise of meeting the structural safety. 2) The later strength of the concrete is fully utilized, and the strength of the concrete in a longer design age is adopted.
Preferably, the mud content of the sand is less than or equal to 3%; and/or the mud content of the stones is less than or equal to 1 percent; and/or the fineness modulus of the fine aggregate is 2.6-2.9; and/or, the admixture comprises: active mixing material and water reducing agent.
More preferably, ice chips or cooling aggregates are added to the raw materials, and particularly, ice chips or cooling aggregates are added to the mixing water of concrete to lower the temperature of the mixing water.
In specific implementation, the manufactured concrete may be large-volume concrete or concrete with other structural styles, and this embodiment does not limit this.
And a transportation step S2, conveying the concrete to the foundation to be cast at a preset temperature, and cooling the concrete in the conveying process.
Specifically, the preset temperature is 25 ℃ to 27 ℃. And conveying the concrete to the to-be-poured foundation by adopting a conveying tank, wherein the conveying tank can be a hoisting tank, and hoisting the concrete to the to-be-poured foundation by the hoisting tank. Or the transport tank is a transport vehicle, and the concrete is pumped to the foundation to be cast by the transport vehicle. In specific implementation, the method of hoisting by the hoisting tank is suitable for large aggregates and smaller fluidity. When the foundation to be cast is buried deeply and the construction road is far away, the foundation can be conveyed in a pumping mode.
When the concrete is conveyed, cooling water is sprayed to the tank body of the conveying tank, and a cooling bag is wrapped on the outer wall of the conveying pipe of the conveying tank so as to control the temperature of the concrete before the concrete enters the mold.
And a pouring step S3, pouring concrete into the foundation to be poured, and pouring by adopting a post-cast strip method.
Specifically, the post-cast strip method specifically comprises the following steps: dividing the foundation to be poured into at least two pouring areas, pouring each pouring area, and pouring the post-pouring belt between the pouring areas after the pouring of each pouring area is finished. More specifically, the cross section of the foundation to be cast is divided, the casting areas can be symmetrically distributed, and concrete is cast in the casting areas along the height direction of the foundation to be cast. And after the pouring of each pouring area is finished, pouring gaps among the pouring areas.
In specific implementation, the foundation to be cast is averagely divided into four casting areas, the four casting areas are cast firstly, and after the casting is finished, concrete in each casting area is cured for 28 days, and then concrete with one mark higher than that of the casting area is used for casting the post-cast strip.
In specific implementation, anti-crack reinforcing steel bars can be arranged at stress concentration positions of all pouring areas for local reinforcement treatment.
In specific implementation, in order to prevent the concrete from generating temperature cracks, some technical measures can be taken in the aspects of improving boundary constraint and structural design, such as reasonable segmental pouring, reasonable arrangement of reinforcing steel bars, arrangement of buffer layers, avoidance of stress concentration and the like.
Preferably, a predetermined amount of stones are embedded for each predetermined volume of concrete poured to reduce the amount of cement used. In specific implementation, the preset volume and the preset amount may be determined according to actual conditions, and this embodiment does not limit this.
And a curing step S4, cooling the poured concrete.
Specifically, a plurality of steel pipes are pre-embedded in a foundation to be poured before concrete is poured. After concrete is poured, cooling water with preset temperature is conveyed into each steel pipe, and the cooling water is used for removing the hydration heat. More specifically, a steel pipe is arranged at the center of the foundation to be cast, and the positions and the intervals of the rest steel pipes are determined according to the form and the size of the foundation to be cast. And after the temperature of the concrete is adjusted, filling and plugging each steel pipe by using micro-expansion concrete which is higher than the concrete in the foundation to be poured by one label.
In the concrete implementation, after the concrete is poured, the temperature of the concrete is measured, cooling water is introduced into the steel pipe according to data obtained by measuring the temperature, the difference between the temperature of the cooling water and the temperature of the concrete is less than or equal to 25 ℃, and the flow of the cooling water is controlled to ensure that the cooling rate is less than or equal to 1.5 ℃/d and the temperature gradient is not more than 2 ℃/m.
In specific implementation, cracks of mass concrete, particularly surface cracks, are mainly generated due to excessive internal and external temperature difference. After concrete is poured, cement is hydrated to enable the temperature of the concrete to rise, the surface of the concrete is easy to dissipate heat, the temperature is lower, the interior of the concrete is not easy to dissipate heat, and the temperature is higher, so that the surface shrinks and expands relative to the ground surface, the surface shrinks and is restrained by the interior to generate tensile stress, and the tensile stress is smaller and cannot exceed the tensile strength of the concrete to generate cracks. And only when the surface is subjected to cold air attack or excessively ventilated and radiated, cracks (which are most likely to occur after 5-20 days of pouring) can occur when the surface is cooled too much. Therefore, the surface of the poured concrete is wrapped with the heat-insulating layer to insulate heat on the surface of the concrete, prevent the surface of the concrete from being cooled too much, reduce the temperature difference between the inside and the outside and further prevent cracks.
After concrete pouring is finished, the surface is wrapped with the heat insulation layer for maintenance, normal-temperature water can be introduced into the surface of the concrete, the temperature of the concrete after hydration heat rising is conducted to the normal-temperature water of the surface of the concrete, the normal-temperature water on the surface of the concrete can flow, the temperature of the flowing water on the surface of the concrete is taken away by natural air or ventilation air, and air is prevented from directly acting on the surface of the concrete to avoid cracks. Or, the surface of the concrete is ventilated and radiated to reduce the temperature of the surface of the concrete and avoid generating cracks.
Preferably, a cofferdam is built on the outer side of the foundation to be poured, and water with a preset temperature is stored in the cofferdam. Specifically, the difference between the temperature of the water stored in the cofferdam and the temperature of the concrete is less than or equal to 25 ℃, so that cracks caused by overlarge temperature difference between the inside and the outside of the concrete are avoided.
Preferably, an insulating layer is coated on the surface of the poured concrete; and/or building a cofferdam on the outer side of the foundation to be poured, and storing water with preset temperature in the cofferdam.
In the embodiment, the raw materials of the concrete are scientifically and reasonably proportioned, the post-pouring belt method is adopted for pouring during pouring of the concrete, so that the strength of the concrete is effectively improved, the reliability and the safety of the poured concrete are ensured, the concrete is prevented from generating temperature cracks, the concrete is cooled in the transportation process and the pouring process, the temperature difference inside and outside the concrete is avoided, the concrete is prevented from generating cracks, the quality of the concrete is effectively ensured, the durability, the integrity and the safety of a foundation to be poured are improved, and the problem that the temperature cracks in the prior art easily cause adverse effects on large-volume concrete is solved.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, if such modifications and variations of the present invention fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention and their equivalents, the present invention is also intended to include such modifications and variations.
Claims (10)
1. A concrete temperature control method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the manufacturing method comprises the following steps of mixing and stirring raw materials according to a preset proportion to prepare concrete;
a transportation step, namely transporting the concrete to a foundation to be cast at a preset temperature, and cooling the concrete in the transportation process;
pouring, namely pouring concrete into the foundation to be poured, and pouring by adopting a post-cast strip method during pouring;
and a curing step, namely cooling the poured concrete.
2. The concrete temperature control method according to claim 1, wherein in the manufacturing step,
the raw materials comprise: sand, gravel, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, cement and admixture;
the mud content of the sand is less than or equal to 3 percent; and/or the presence of a gas in the gas,
the mud content of the stones is less than or equal to 1 percent; and/or the presence of a gas in the gas,
the fineness modulus of the fine aggregate is 2.6-2.9; and/or the presence of a gas in the gas,
the admixture comprises: active mixing material and water reducing agent.
3. The concrete temperature control method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein in the manufacturing step,
ice chips or cooling aggregates are added to the raw material.
4. The concrete temperature control method according to claim 1, wherein in the transporting step,
the preset temperature is 25-27 ℃.
5. The concrete temperature control method according to claim 1, wherein in the transporting step,
and conveying the concrete to the to-be-cast foundation by adopting a conveying tank, spraying cooling water to the tank body of the conveying tank during conveying, and wrapping the outer wall of the conveying pipe of the conveying tank with a cooling bag.
6. The concrete temperature control method according to claim 5,
the transportation tank is a hoisting tank for hoisting the concrete to the foundation to be cast; or,
the transportation tank is a transportation vehicle, so that the concrete is pumped to the foundation to be poured.
7. The concrete temperature control method according to claim 1, wherein, in the casting step,
dividing the foundation to be cast into at least two casting areas, casting each casting area, and casting a post-cast strip between the casting areas after the casting of each casting area is finished.
8. The concrete temperature control method according to claim 7, wherein, in the casting step,
and embedding a preset amount of stones in concrete with a preset volume every time the concrete is poured.
9. The concrete temperature control method according to claim 1,
pre-burying a plurality of steel pipes in the foundation to be poured before pouring concrete;
in the maintenance step, after the concrete is poured, cooling water is supplied into each of the steel pipes.
10. The concrete temperature control method according to claim 1, wherein in the curing step,
coating a heat-insulating layer on the surface of the poured concrete; and/or the presence of a gas in the gas,
and building a cofferdam on the outer side of the foundation to be poured, and storing water with preset temperature in the cofferdam.
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| CN202011048925.5A CN112250356A (en) | 2020-09-29 | 2020-09-29 | Concrete temperature control method |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202011048925.5A CN112250356A (en) | 2020-09-29 | 2020-09-29 | Concrete temperature control method |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2024220890A1 (en) * | 2023-04-19 | 2024-10-24 | Crafco, Inc. | Cryogenic cooling of an applied fresh concrete |
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| WO2012075955A1 (en) * | 2010-12-09 | 2012-06-14 | 中国葛洲坝集团股份有限公司 | Method for arranging cooling water pipes in large volume concrete |
| CN106836808A (en) * | 2017-02-21 | 2017-06-13 | 中建二局第三建筑工程有限公司 | Self-compacting large-volume concrete construction method |
| CN107882333A (en) * | 2017-11-15 | 2018-04-06 | 丁碧江 | A kind of concrete construction method |
| CN110469113A (en) * | 2019-08-21 | 2019-11-19 | 中建六局建设发展有限公司 | A kind of self-compact concrete in construction method under hot conditions |
| CN110965655A (en) * | 2019-12-09 | 2020-04-07 | 中建八局第二建设有限公司 | Overlength concrete construction crack control method |
-
2020
- 2020-09-29 CN CN202011048925.5A patent/CN112250356A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2012075955A1 (en) * | 2010-12-09 | 2012-06-14 | 中国葛洲坝集团股份有限公司 | Method for arranging cooling water pipes in large volume concrete |
| CN106836808A (en) * | 2017-02-21 | 2017-06-13 | 中建二局第三建筑工程有限公司 | Self-compacting large-volume concrete construction method |
| CN107882333A (en) * | 2017-11-15 | 2018-04-06 | 丁碧江 | A kind of concrete construction method |
| CN110469113A (en) * | 2019-08-21 | 2019-11-19 | 中建六局建设发展有限公司 | A kind of self-compact concrete in construction method under hot conditions |
| CN110965655A (en) * | 2019-12-09 | 2020-04-07 | 中建八局第二建设有限公司 | Overlength concrete construction crack control method |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| WO2024220890A1 (en) * | 2023-04-19 | 2024-10-24 | Crafco, Inc. | Cryogenic cooling of an applied fresh concrete |
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