CN112218174A - Switching method of multi-view video and server - Google Patents
Switching method of multi-view video and server Download PDFInfo
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- CN112218174A CN112218174A CN202010992513.0A CN202010992513A CN112218174A CN 112218174 A CN112218174 A CN 112218174A CN 202010992513 A CN202010992513 A CN 202010992513A CN 112218174 A CN112218174 A CN 112218174A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/60—Network structure or processes for video distribution between server and client or between remote clients; Control signalling between clients, server and network components; Transmission of management data between server and client, e.g. sending from server to client commands for recording incoming content stream; Communication details between server and client
- H04N21/65—Transmission of management data between client and server
- H04N21/658—Transmission by the client directed to the server
- H04N21/6587—Control parameters, e.g. trick play commands, viewpoint selection
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/40—Client devices specifically adapted for the reception of or interaction with content, e.g. set-top-box [STB]; Operations thereof
- H04N21/41—Structure of client; Structure of client peripherals
- H04N21/422—Input-only peripherals, i.e. input devices connected to specially adapted client devices, e.g. global positioning system [GPS]
- H04N21/42204—User interfaces specially adapted for controlling a client device through a remote control device; Remote control devices therefor
- H04N21/42206—User interfaces specially adapted for controlling a client device through a remote control device; Remote control devices therefor characterized by hardware details
- H04N21/42212—Specific keyboard arrangements
- H04N21/42213—Specific keyboard arrangements for facilitating data entry
- H04N21/42215—Specific keyboard arrangements for facilitating data entry by measuring the time interval during which a key is pressed, e.g. for inputting sequences of digits when selecting a television channel
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/40—Client devices specifically adapted for the reception of or interaction with content, e.g. set-top-box [STB]; Operations thereof
- H04N21/47—End-user applications
- H04N21/472—End-user interface for requesting content, additional data or services; End-user interface for interacting with content, e.g. for content reservation or setting reminders, for requesting event notification, for manipulating displayed content
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/80—Generation or processing of content or additional data by content creator independently of the distribution process; Content per se
- H04N21/81—Monomedia components thereof
- H04N21/816—Monomedia components thereof involving special video data, e.g 3D video
Abstract
The invention discloses a switching method of multi-view videos, which comprises the following steps: receiving a viewpoint switching request of a user; determining the pressing time of a user and a target viewpoint requested by the user according to a viewpoint switching request of the user; generating a smooth transition video between a current viewpoint and a target viewpoint, wherein the duration of the smooth transition video has an incidence relation with the user pressing duration; and sending the smooth transition video to a user, and sending the video corresponding to the target viewpoint. According to the invention, the control of the generation time of the viewpoint switching transition video is realized according to the operation (such as key-press duration and touch duration) of a remote controller or a touch pad by a user, so that the playing of the transition video can be prolonged and shortened according to the needs of the user, and the dynamic effect of switching the video display speed according to the pressing speed/slow speed (sliding speed/slow speed) of the user is achieved. The invention also provides a corresponding server.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of video playing, and particularly relates to a multi-view video switching method and a server.
Background
As a novel video technology, the multi-view video is a method for people to watch videos from multiple angles, and shooting is carried out by arranging a camera array on the same scene. The cameras in a camera array have the same setting parameters and ultra-high synchronicity. As shown in fig. 1, typical arrangement modes of the camera array can be divided into one-dimensional (linear or semi-circular), two-dimensional (cross) and three-dimensional (spherical) arrangements. The collected multi-view video data are transmitted to a server after being coded, and the server carries out fluidization processing on the video and sends the video to a user side. When a user watches through a user side, the viewpoints in the multi-viewpoint video can be freely switched to see the contents of different visual angles, so that the effects of 'looking around' and 'motion parallax' are obtained.
When a user watches a multi-viewpoint video through a set-top box and other user terminals, the viewpoint switching operation is performed by using a remote controller, and the viewpoint to be watched by the user can be changed by pressing a direction key or sliding a touch pad. In a common switching transition video, video content with a fixed time length is generated among a plurality of adjacent viewpoints and is played between the video content of front and rear viewpoints. In the process, the user has no control feeling on switching the transition video and cannot regulate and control the playing time of the smooth transition video.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above drawbacks or needs of the prior art, the present invention provides a switching scheme for multi-view video, which is capable of generating a smooth transition video having an association relationship with a user pressing duration according to a user operation.
To achieve the above object, according to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for switching a multi-view video, including:
receiving a viewpoint switching request of a user;
determining the pressing time of a user and a target viewpoint requested by the user according to a viewpoint switching request of the user;
generating a smooth transition video between a current viewpoint and a target viewpoint, wherein the duration of the smooth transition video has an incidence relation with the user pressing duration;
and sending the smooth transition video to a user, and sending the video corresponding to the target viewpoint.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the viewpoint switching request of the user is generated by pressing a direction key of the remote controller by the user or pressing the touch pad in a certain direction to slide without leaving the touch pad, the pressing duration of the user is the duration of the continuous pressing by the user, and the server obtains the pressing state of the user according to the period duration Δ t.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the viewpoint switching request is in a constant speed switching mode, the switching speed is not changed, when a direction key or a touch pad of a remote controller is in a pressed state, a smooth transition video with a duration Δ t is generated according to a duration Δ t of each period, the number of viewpoints switched by the smooth transition video with the duration Δ t is the same, specifically:
when the pressing time (n-1) is delta t < t < ═ n delta t, a delta t duration smooth transition video is generated, the number of switching viewpoints of the delta t duration smooth transition video is a, n is an integer greater than 1, and a is the number of reference viewpoints switched by the preset delta t duration smooth transition video.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the viewpoint switching request is in an accelerated switching mode, the switching speed is faster and faster, when a direction key or a touch pad of a remote controller is in a pressed state, a smooth transition video with a duration Δ t is generated according to a duration Δ t of each period, and the number of viewpoints switched by the smooth transition video with the duration Δ t is sequentially increased, specifically:
when the pressing time (n-1) is delta t < t < ═ n delta t, a delta t duration smooth transition video is generated, the number of switching viewpoints of the delta t duration smooth transition video is na, n is an integer greater than 1, and a is the number of reference viewpoints switched by the preset delta t duration smooth transition video.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the viewpoint switching request of the user is generated by the user touching the sliding touch pad, the user pressing duration is a duration for the user to continuously press the sliding touch pad, the target viewpoint is determined by a sliding direction and a distance for the user to touch the sliding touch pad, and the duration of the smooth transition video between adjacent viewpoints is the user pressing duration divided by the number of switching viewpoints from the current viewpoint to the target viewpoint.
In one embodiment of the invention, the switching direction and distance are judged according to the positions of the pointing point and the pointing point, and each time the pointing point and the pointing point are switched into one viewpoint; or the time length that the finger does not leave the touch pad but does not slide after the user touches the slide is longer than the preset time length, and the finger is regarded as the point leaving.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the target viewpoint based on the current viewpoint is determined by the formula N X/L, where N is the maximum number of viewpoints in the sliding direction, X is the sliding distance, and L is the maximum slidable distance in the sliding direction.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the generation manner of the smooth transition video is as follows:
the method comprises the steps of obtaining video code streams of viewpoints before and after switching and viewpoints on a switching viewpoint path, decoding each path of video code stream to generate original video data, then taking out original video frames of different viewpoints at a switching time point, and performing fusion splicing according to the data of each viewpoint to form a large image, wherein the large image is a picture of uniform time from an initial viewpoint to a termination viewpoint.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the moving step size of the adjacent video frames is: the horizontal moving step is W/x, the vertical moving step is H/x, W is the number of horizontal pixels, H is the number of vertical pixels, x is the number of frames generated by the movement of the adjacent viewpoints, x is F T1, F is the frame rate of video playing, and T1 is the time required by the movement of the adjacent viewpoints.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is also provided a server, including:
at least one processor; and the number of the first and second groups,
a memory communicatively coupled to the at least one processor; wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the memory stores instructions executable by the at least one processor to enable the at least one processor to perform the method of switching of multi-view video according to any one of claims 1 to 9.
Generally, compared with the prior art, the technical scheme of the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) according to the operation (such as key-press duration and touch duration) of a remote controller or a touch pad by a user, the control of the generation time of the viewpoint switching transition video is realized, so that the playing of the transition video can be lengthened and shortened according to the needs of the user, and the dynamic effect of switching the video display speed/speed when the user presses fast/slow (sliding fast/slow) is achieved;
(2) the key/touch duration, the playing time, the playing frame number and the playing resolution can be adapted and configured according to the requirement. Compared with the smooth transition video with a single time length, the playing of the smooth transition video with different time lengths by matching with the key/slide of the user improves the user experience and gives a control feeling to the user.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of a viewpoint architecture of a user side performing multi-viewpoint video in an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic flowchart of a method for switching a multi-view video according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a process of controlling multi-view video switching by a user using a touch panel according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating generation of a smooth transition video according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention. In addition, the technical features involved in the embodiments of the present invention described below may be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 2, the present invention provides a switching method of a multi-view video, comprising:
s1, receiving a viewpoint switching request of a user;
s2, determining the pressing time length of the user and the target viewpoint requested by the user according to the viewpoint switching request of the user;
s3, generating a smooth transition video between the current viewpoint and the target viewpoint, wherein the duration of the smooth transition video is matched with the pressing duration of the user;
and S4, sending the smooth transition video to the user, and sending the video corresponding to the target viewpoint.
In the embodiment of the invention, the number of video frames played by the viewpoint switching video in unit time is not changed.
Example 2
The embodiment of the invention provides a switching method of a multi-viewpoint video, wherein a user generates a viewpoint switching request by pressing a direction key of a remote controller.
The camera array usually supports one-dimensional/two-dimensional arrangement, under one-dimensional conditions, the remote controller only switches viewpoints in the left-right direction to be effective, and under two-dimensional conditions, the cameras can be effective in the up-down left-right direction.
When a user needs to switch viewpoints, a direction key is usually pressed, after a server receives a request, an over-smooth transition video playing with a preset time length is generated according to original video data of a current viewpoint and a next viewpoint, and then a video of the next viewpoint is played.
If the user presses the direction key all the time, viewpoint switching is carried out all the time in the direction, viewpoint video playing, smooth transition video playing and next viewpoint video playing are carried out, and the viewpoint displayed on the display screen of the user is changed all the time.
Specifically, under the condition of continuously pressing a direction key, the set top box records the time when a user presses a certain key, and sends the time to the server at a period delta t, the server generates a smooth transition video with corresponding duration according to the duration of pressing the key, the number of viewpoint switching is related to the pressing duration, and the specific relationship is as follows:
first there are several switching modes: single point switching, uniform speed switching and accelerated switching. Specifically, the switching mode may be set through a menu key.
Suppose the frame rate of video playing is F and the number of frames generated between two viewpoints is x.
(1) And single-point switching, wherein each time of pressing and releasing corresponds to one viewpoint switching, and the pressing duration is the switching playing duration. In the mode, a pressing duration threshold smaller than delta t duration is set, and when the pressing duration is smaller than the pressing duration threshold, the mode of the switching is determined to be single-point switching.
(2) And the constant-speed switching means that the switching speed is unchanged, when a direction key of the remote controller is in a pressed state, a smooth transition video with the time length of delta t is generated according to the time length delta t of each period, and the number of viewpoints switched by the smooth transition video with the time length of delta t is the same. And in the current channel, the number a of the reference viewpoints switched by the smooth transition video with the time length of delta t set through a menu key is an integer greater than or equal to 1. And 1a speed and 2a speed can be set, and the 1a speed is taken as an example below:
when the pressing time t < ═ Δ t, generating a smooth transition video with the time duration of Δ t, wherein the number of switching viewpoints of the smooth transition video with the time duration of Δ t is a, and the frames to be generated in the time duration of Δ t are x ═ Δ t × F/a;
when the pressing time delta t < t < ═ 2 delta t, generating a smooth transition video with the delta t duration, wherein the number of switching viewpoints of the smooth transition video with the delta t duration is a, and frames needing to be generated in the delta t duration are x ═ delta t × F/a;
......
when the pressing time (n-1) is delta t < t < ═ n delta t, a smooth transition video with the duration of delta t is generated, the number of switching viewpoints of the smooth transition video with the duration of delta t is a, frames to be generated in the duration of delta t are x-delta t F/a, and n is an integer greater than 2.
(3) Accelerating switching, wherein the switching speed is faster and faster, when a direction key of the remote controller is in a pressed state, generating a smooth transition video with the time length of delta t according to the time length delta t of each period, and sequentially increasing the number of viewpoints switched by the smooth transition video with the time length of delta t:
when the pressing time t < ═ Δ t, generating a smooth transition video with the time duration of Δ t, wherein the number of switching viewpoints of the smooth transition video with the time duration of Δ t is a, and the frames to be generated in the time duration of Δ t are x ═ Δ t × F/a;
when the pressing time delta t < t < ═ 2 delta t, generating a delta t duration smooth transition video, wherein the number of switching viewpoints of the delta t duration smooth transition video is 2a, and the frames to be generated in the delta t duration are x ═ delta t × F/2 a;
......
when the pressing time (n-1) is delta t < t < ═ n delta t, a delta t duration smooth transition video is generated, the number of switching viewpoints of the delta t duration smooth transition video is na, frames to be generated in the delta t duration are x-delta t × F/na, and n is an integer greater than 2.
In the case of accelerated switching, n may be controlled to a maximum value, for example, a maximum of 32 times the speed, at the server according to the actual multi-view situation.
Of course, it is also possible to press the touch pad in a certain direction and slide the touch pad without leaving the touch pad, and the action may be equivalent to pressing a direction key of the remote controller. Under the operation, the schemes of single-point switching, uniform-speed switching and accelerated switching can be realized similarly.
Example 3
The embodiment of the invention provides a multi-viewpoint video switching method for generating a viewpoint switching request by a user through touching a sliding touch pad.
Under the condition of using the touch panel, the user side judges the direction of switching viewpoints and the time of generating the smooth transition video by sensing the sliding distance and speed of the finger, and sends the direction of switching viewpoints and the time of generating the smooth transition video to the server, and the server generates the smooth transition video with corresponding duration.
And judging the switching direction according to the positions of the pointing point and the pointing point, wherein the pointing point and the pointing point are viewpoint switching every time, the number and the speed of viewpoint switching are related to the sliding distance and the sliding speed, if the sliding speed is high, the video switching speed is high, and a diagonal viewpoint can be switched under the two-dimensional condition.
The user side obtains the distance between the finger and the finger to obtain a switching start-stop viewpoint, and obtains the switching duration according to the time interval between the finger and the finger, thereby obtaining the playing time of the switching video and realizing the fast and slow switching. The corresponding relation between the sliding distance of the touch panel and the number of the viewpoints is set according to the touch panel and the number of the viewpoints of the video information. The finger slides back and forth on the touch panel, so that the back and forth switching can be realized.
Or the time length that the finger does not leave the touch pad but does not slide after the user touches the slide is longer than the preset time length, and the finger is regarded as the point leaving.
In general, the target viewpoint based on the current viewpoint can be determined by the formula N X/L, where N is the maximum number of viewpoints in the sliding direction (N may be all viewpoints in the sliding direction; and when there are too many viewpoints in the sliding direction, it may also be a part of viewpoints in the sliding direction). When the sliding distance is long enough, the last viewpoint can be switched to, and if the sliding distance is short, the sliding target viewpoint can be calculated according to the above formula.
Example 4
The embodiment of the invention describes a generation method of a smooth transition video, which comprises the following steps:
when receiving a message of switching viewpoints of the set top box, the server acquires video code streams of viewpoints before and after switching and viewpoints on a switching viewpoint path, decodes each path of video code stream to generate original video data, then extracts original (YUV or RGB format) video frames of different viewpoints at a switching time point, and performs fusion splicing according to the data of each viewpoint to form a large image, wherein the large image is a picture of uniform time from an initial viewpoint to a termination viewpoint. In the above manner, the processing for an array of one-dimensional or two-dimensional cameras is as follows:
one-dimensional camera arrangement: and according to the front and rear viewpoints, video frames of all viewpoints on the connection path are taken, and the large image is spliced.
Two-dimensional camera arrangement: taking the coverage range of a single viewpoint as a reference, on the shortest path between a front viewpoint and a rear viewpoint, video frames of the viewpoints from a starting viewpoint to the coverage range of a target viewpoint need to be taken out, and a large image is spliced.
When generating a smooth transition video, intercepting video frame data of a large graph according to a time length required to be generated, for example: assuming that the time required for the adjacent viewpoint to move is T1 seconds, 5 frames need to be displayed, the resolution is 1920 × 1080, the horizontal movement step is 1920/5 to 384 pixels, and the vertical movement step is 1080/5 to 216 pixels. And generating a smooth transition video according to the time length spent by the user in pressing or touching, wherein the shorter the time is, the longer the distance step between the frames of the generated smooth transition video is, and the longer the time is, the shorter the distance step between the frames is. The step length of moving each frame of image is as follows: the horizontal moving step is W/x, the vertical moving step is H/x, W is the number of horizontal pixels, H is the number of vertical pixels, x is the number of frames generated by the movement of the adjacent viewpoints, x is F T1, F is the frame rate of video playing, and T1 is the time required by the movement of the adjacent viewpoints.
And generating a video according to the extracted frame, performing compression coding, and playing when the viewpoint is switched.
And after the viewpoint switching smooth transition video is played, playing the video content of the next viewpoint.
If the user continuously presses, the viewpoint is switched to the edge viewpoint and then continues playing from the beginning to form circular playing.
Example 5
As shown in fig. 3, an embodiment of the present invention describes a process for controlling multi-view video switching by a user using a touch panel, including:
s201: a user watches a multi-viewpoint video and watches an S viewpoint;
s202: sliding the touch panel from the point A to the point B by the user for t;
s203: the user side calculates an initial viewpoint S and a target viewpoint G switched between A and B, and sends switching viewpoint information (including the switched initial viewpoint S and target viewpoint G and the used time t) to the server;
s204: the server generates a smooth transition video S- > G, the video duration is t, and the smooth transition video is sent to the user side;
s205: and after the server sends the smooth transition video, sending the video of the G viewpoint.
Example 6
As shown in fig. 4, the embodiment of the present invention describes a schematic process for generating a smooth transition video, where if the frame rate is 25 frames/s, if the viewpoint 1 is switched to the viewpoint 2 within 0.2s, 5 frames of data need to be generated between the viewpoints, and if the 2s is switched to the past, 50 frames of data need to be generated.
Example 7
Further, the present invention also provides a server, comprising:
at least one processor; and the number of the first and second groups,
a memory communicatively coupled to the at least one processor; wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the memory stores instructions executable by the at least one processor to enable the at least one processor to perform the above-described multi-view video switching method.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the invention, and that any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method for switching a multi-view video, comprising:
receiving a viewpoint switching request of a user;
determining the pressing time of a user and a target viewpoint requested by the user according to a viewpoint switching request of the user;
generating a smooth transition video between a current viewpoint and a target viewpoint, wherein the duration of the smooth transition video has an incidence relation with the user pressing duration;
and sending the smooth transition video to a user, and sending the video corresponding to the target viewpoint.
2. The method for switching multi-view video according to claim 1, wherein the request for switching the view point of the user is generated by the user pressing a direction key of a remote controller or pressing a touch pad in a certain direction to slide without leaving the touch pad, the pressing duration of the user is the duration of the user's continuous pressing, and the server obtains the pressing status of the user according to the period duration Δ t.
3. The method for switching a multi-view video according to claim 2, wherein the view switching request is in a constant switching mode, the switching speed is unchanged, when a direction key or a touch pad of a remote controller is in a pressed state, a smooth transition video with a duration of Δ t is generated according to a duration of Δ t per cycle, and the number of views switched by the smooth transition video with the duration of Δ t is the same, specifically:
when the pressing time (n-1) is delta t < t < ═ n delta t, a delta t duration smooth transition video is generated, the number of switching viewpoints of the delta t duration smooth transition video is a, n is an integer greater than 1, and a is the number of reference viewpoints switched by the preset delta t duration smooth transition video.
4. The method for switching a multi-view video according to claim 2, wherein the view switching request is in an accelerated switching mode, the switching speed is faster and faster, when a direction key or a touch pad of a remote controller is pressed down, a Δ t-duration smooth transition video is generated according to a period duration Δ t, and the number of views to be switched by the Δ t-duration smooth transition video is sequentially increased, specifically:
when the pressing time (n-1) is delta t < t < ═ n delta t, a delta t duration smooth transition video is generated, the number of switching viewpoints of the delta t duration smooth transition video is na, n is an integer greater than 1, and a is the number of reference viewpoints switched by the preset delta t duration smooth transition video.
5. The method for switching multi-view video according to claim 1, wherein the user's view switching request is generated by the user touching the sliding touch pad, the user pressing duration is the duration of the user continuously pressing the sliding touch pad, the target view is determined by the sliding direction and distance of the user touching the sliding touch pad, and the duration of the smooth transition video between adjacent views is the user pressing duration divided by the number of switching views from the current view to the target view.
6. The method for switching a multi-view video according to claim 5, wherein the direction and distance of switching are determined by the position of a pointing point and a pointing point, and each time a point-to-point is a view switching; or the time length that the finger does not leave the touch pad but does not slide after the user touches the slide is longer than the preset time length, and the finger is regarded as the point leaving.
7. The multi-view video switching method according to claim 5, wherein the target view based on the current view is determined by a formula of N X/L, where N is a maximum number of views in the sliding direction, X is a sliding distance, and L is a maximum slidable distance in the sliding direction.
8. The method for switching a multi-view video according to claim 1, wherein the smooth transition video is generated in a manner that:
the method comprises the steps of obtaining video code streams of viewpoints before and after switching and viewpoints on a switching viewpoint path, decoding each path of video code stream to generate original video data, then taking out original video frames of different viewpoints at a switching time point, and performing fusion splicing according to the data of each viewpoint to form a large image, wherein the large image is a picture of uniform time from an initial viewpoint to a termination viewpoint.
9. The method for switching multi-view video according to claim 8, wherein the moving step size of the adjacent video frames is: the horizontal moving step is W/x, the vertical moving step is H/x, W is the number of horizontal pixels, H is the number of vertical pixels, x is the number of frames generated by the movement of the adjacent viewpoints, x is F T1, F is the frame rate of video playing, and T1 is the time required by the movement of the adjacent viewpoints.
10. A server, comprising:
at least one processor; and the number of the first and second groups,
a memory communicatively coupled to the at least one processor; wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the memory stores instructions executable by the at least one processor to enable the at least one processor to perform the method of switching of multi-view video according to any one of claims 1 to 9.
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