CN112210707B - Method for preparing high-performance high-speed steel by electron beam melting - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供一种电子束熔炼制备高性能高速钢的方法，包括如下步骤：将原料利用线切割工具切割成大小均等的样品，称取每个样品质量，制备熔炼原料；将切割后的样品表面进行打磨：利用角磨机清除表面氧化物以及污渍杂质；将打磨后的样品进行清洗，备用；将清洗后的样品放入烘干箱中彻底烘干；将烘干后的样品置于水冷铜坩埚中；对电子束熔炼炉和电子枪枪体进行真空预抽，达到目标真空度；对电子枪灯丝进行预热；预热完毕后，对水冷铜坩埚中的样品进行电子束熔炼；对电子束熔炼炉的熔炼室通氩气、抽真空，得到冷却后的高速钢铸锭。本发明利用电子束熔炼技术对其熔炼，制备得到的高速钢组织均匀，碳化物尺寸细小，分布均匀，碳化物类型主要为MC和M2C型。
The invention provides a method for preparing high-performance high-speed steel by electron beam smelting. Grinding: Use an angle grinder to remove surface oxides and stains and impurities; clean the ground samples for later use; put the cleaned samples into a drying box to dry thoroughly; place the dried samples in water-cooled copper In the crucible; vacuum pre-pump the electron beam melting furnace and the electron gun body to reach the target vacuum degree; preheat the electron gun filament; after the preheating is completed, perform electron beam melting on the sample in the water-cooled copper crucible; The melting chamber of the furnace is vented with argon gas and evacuated to obtain cooled high-speed steel ingots. The invention uses electron beam melting technology to smelt it, and the prepared high-speed steel has uniform structure, small carbide size and uniform distribution, and the carbide types are mainly MC and M 2 C types.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for preparing high-performance high-speed steel by electron beam melting.
Background
High-speed steel is produced from the beginning, and in the process of continuous development, in order to improve the comprehensive performance and adapt to more and more complex working environments, new alloy elements are continuously added into the high-speed steel, and the high-speed steel is gradually developed. The high-performance high-speed steel has excellent comprehensive mechanical properties such as high hardness, good red hardness, high wear resistance and the like. The steel plays a very important leading role in the whole machining tool industry, so that the development of high-speed steel can promote the progress of the machining industry, and the research on high-performance high-speed steel has very important significance on the development of modern machining and manufacturing industries
The structure in the high-speed steel is a matrix and carbide, the carbide is one of the most main influencing factors of the performance of the high-speed steel, and the finely dispersed carbide is obtained by smelting and forging. The increasingly complex components cause coarse carbides, serious segregation and uneven distribution in the high-speed steel to be smelted, and influence the comprehensive performance of the high-speed steel, and the high-speed steel is usually prepared by adopting a duplex smelting process of induction smelting, electroslag remelting and an improved process thereof at home at present. The preparation of the high-speed steel by induction melting and electroslag remelting can improve the purity of the high-speed steel, reduce the thickness and the accumulation degree of carbides, optimize the carbides to a certain extent, reduce segregation and enable the carbides to be distributed more uniformly and dispersedly, but the melting solidification speed is low, the defect of slag inclusion of an electroslag ingot can influence the production and the inspection of the high-speed steel, a large amount of waste products are generated, and slagging fluorite harmful to human bodies and the environment can be used in the melting process; the induction melting and the improved electroslag remelting can further improve the electroslag remelting effect, improve the problems of large carbide particles and uneven distribution to a greater extent, but the problems of carbide aggregation and uneven distribution in the structure still exist, and further improvement of the performance of the high-speed steel is influenced.
The electron beam melting technology is a process of emitting electron beams with high energy density by using an electron beam bombardment gun under the condition of high vacuum, bombarding the surface of a material by using the high-energy electron beams by adjusting melting parameters, and converting the kinetic energy of the electrons into heat energy so as to melt the material. Because the vacuum degree in the electron beam melting process is very high, the interference of impurities in the melting process can be avoided. Meanwhile, the scanning path of the electron beam can be accurately controlled, and the precise operation of material smelting can be realized. The water-cooling copper crucible is used as a carrier in the smelting process, so that the smelting process is ensured not to be polluted by crucible materials, and meanwhile, a faster cooling speed can be provided for high-speed steel after smelting is finished, the growth time of tissues and carbides in the steel is reduced, the segregation degree is reduced, and the materials with uniform tissues, fine carbide granularity and uniform carbide distribution are obtained.
Disclosure of Invention
The high-speed steel is prepared according to the proposed duplex smelting process of usually adopting induction smelting and electroslag remelting and improving processes at home, the induction smelting and electroslag remelting preparation can improve the purity of the high-speed steel, reduce the thickness and the accumulation degree of carbides, optimize the carbides to a certain extent, reduce segregation and enable the carbides to be distributed more uniformly and dispersedly, but the smelting solidification speed is lower, the defect of slag inclusion of an electroslag ingot can influence the production and inspection of the high-speed steel, a large amount of waste products are produced, and slagging fluorite harmful to human bodies and the environment can be used in the smelting process; the induction melting and the improved electroslag remelting can further improve the electroslag remelting effect, and improve the problems of large carbide particles and uneven distribution to a greater extent, but the problems of carbide aggregation and uneven distribution in the structure still exist, so that the technical problem of influencing the further improvement of the high-speed steel performance is solved, and the method for preparing the high-performance high-speed steel by electron beam melting is provided. Based on the excellent smelting performance of the electron beam technology and the rapid solidification advantage provided by the water-cooled copper crucible, the invention prepares the M35 high-speed steel by smelting through the electron beam smelting technology, and improves the size and segregation degree of the high-speed steel structure and carbide, thereby providing a more excellent structure foundation and improving the service performance of the high-speed steel.
The technical means adopted by the invention are as follows:
a method for preparing high-performance high-speed steel by electron beam melting comprises the following steps:
s1, preparing smelting raw materials: cutting the electroslag remelting high-speed steel raw material into samples with the size phi 50 x 100mm and equal size by using a wire cutting tool, and weighing about 500g of each sample as a smelting raw material;
s2, grinding the surface of the cut sample: removing surface oxides and dirt impurities by using an angle grinder;
s3, cleaning the polished sample for later use;
s4, putting the cleaned sample into a drying oven to be thoroughly dried at 80 ℃;
s5, placing the dried sample in a water-cooled copper crucible of an electron beam melting furnace;
s6, cleaning the electron beam melting furnace, and pre-vacuumizing the cleaned electron beam melting furnace and the electron gun body to reach a target vacuum degree;
s7, preheating the filament of the electron gun after the target vacuum degree is reached;
s8, after the preheating of the electron gun filament is finished, carrying out electron beam melting on the sample in the water-cooled copper crucible;
and S9, when the sample in the water-cooled copper crucible is completely melted, introducing argon into a melting chamber of the electron beam melting furnace, and vacuumizing to obtain the cooled high-speed steel ingot.
Further, the specific steps of step S3 are as follows:
and (3) putting the polished sample into alcohol for ultrasonic cleaning, changing the alcohol after 20 minutes of cleaning each time, and circulating for three times to remove surface oil stains and debris.
Further, the specific steps of step S6 are as follows:
after the feeding is finished, cleaning the furnace body of the electron beam smelting furnace by using a dust collector, removing pollutants in the furnace wall and the crucible, closing the furnace door of the electron beam smelting furnace, opening electron beam equipment, and pre-pumping the smelting chamber and the electron gun body of the electron beam smelting furnace in vacuum until the target vacuum degree is reached: the vacuum degree of the smelting chamber is required to be less than 5 x 10-2Pa, the vacuum degree of the electron gun body is required to be less than 5 x 10-3Pa。
Further, the specific steps of step S7 are as follows:
starting the electron gun after reaching the target vacuum, setting the high voltage parameter of the electron gun to be 30kV, checking the high voltage stability of the electron gun when the high voltage is increased to 30kV, reducing the high voltage to 0kV after the high voltage is stabilized, then slowly increasing the beam current to 120mA, keeping for 12min, and preheating the filament of the electron gun.
Further, the specific steps of step S8 are as follows:
after the preheating of the electronic gun filament is finished, high-speed steel smelting is started; after the high voltage of the electron gun is raised to 30kV and stabilized, an observation window is opened, the beam current is slowly increased to 350mA at the rate of 0-5mA/s per second, and the size of the beam spot is adjusted to 10 multiplied by 10; keeping the parameters of the electron gun unchanged, and controlling the scanning path of the electron beam in the water-cooled copper crucible through a controller to carry out smelting operation on the sample material in the water-cooled copper crucible.
Further, the specific steps of step S9 are as follows:
when the sample material in the water-cooled copper crucible is observed to be completely melted, the beam current is quickly reduced to 0 mA; closing the high voltage of the electron gun, increasing the beam current to 60mA to enable the high voltage value to be 0, and then closing the electron gun; disconnecting the electron gun and the smelting chamber, and cooling the electron gun and the smelting chamber for 1.5h under the vacuum condition to prevent the oxidation of the high-speed steel ingot in the cooling process; and then introducing argon into the smelting chamber, introducing the argon for 20 minutes at the air pressure of 12.5Pa each time, then opening a mechanical pump and a Rotz pump to vacuumize the smelting chamber to 10Pa, circulating for three times, accelerating the cooling speed of a water-cooled copper crucible and a high-speed steel ingot in the smelting chamber, opening a smelting chamber door after the ingot is cooled, and taking out the ingot.
Furthermore, when high-speed steel is smelted, attention should be paid to ensure that raw materials are completely smelted by observing the state of a molten pool in a water-cooled copper crucible, and for raw materials with large quality, after the raw materials are smelted once, the water-cooled copper crucible is ground and cleaned and then is placed in the water-cooled copper crucible in an overturning manner to carry out secondary smelting, so that the raw materials are completely smelted, and the beam falling process of the beam after the smelting is finished is rapid.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. the method for preparing the high-performance high-speed steel by electron beam melting provided by the invention is based on the excellent melting performance of the electron beam technology and the rapid solidification advantage provided by the water-cooled copper crucible, and the M35 high-speed steel is prepared by melting by the electron beam melting technology, so that the size and segregation degree of the high-speed steel structure and carbide are improved, a more excellent structure foundation is provided, and the service performance of the high-speed steel is improved.
2. The method for preparing high-performance high-speed steel by electron beam melting provided by the invention takes electroslag remelting high-speed steel as a raw material, and the electroslag remelting high-speed steel is melted by using an electron beam melting technology, so that the prepared high-speed steel has uniform structure, small carbide size and uniform distribution, and the carbide types mainly comprise MC and M2C type, and part M2C type carbide displayThe fiber-shaped steel is fibrous, so that the structure of the as-cast high-speed steel can be improved, carbides can be optimized, and a better structure foundation is provided for the hot deformation of the high-speed steel, such as forging, rolling and the like.
3. The method for preparing the high-performance high-speed steel by the electron beam melting realizes the preparation of the M35 high-speed steel by the electron beam melting, the prepared high-speed steel ingot has good metallurgical quality, uniform structure, 20 mu M of average dendrite spacing, small carbide size in the structure and uniform distribution, and the main type is M2C type and MC type, and M2The C-type carbide part appears in a fiber shape, is easier to decompose in the heat treatment process, and improves the structure foundation of the as-cast high-speed steel. The method is combined with induction melting, and is expected to become a high-speed steel duplex preparation process which has short flow and low segregation and can improve the carbide state of the high-speed steel structure.
In conclusion, the technical scheme of the invention can solve the problems that the high-speed steel is prepared by adopting a duplex smelting process of induction smelting and electroslag remelting and an improved process thereof at home, the purity of the high-speed steel can be improved by the induction smelting and electroslag remelting preparation, the thickness and the accumulation degree of carbides are reduced, the carbides are optimized to a certain degree, the segregation is reduced, the carbides are distributed more uniformly and dispersedly, but the smelting solidification speed is lower, the defect of slag inclusion of an electroslag ingot can influence the production and inspection of the high-speed steel, a large amount of waste products are produced, and slagging fluorite harmful to human bodies and the environment is used in the smelting process; the induction melting and the improved electroslag remelting can further improve the electroslag remelting effect, and improve the problems of large carbide particles and uneven distribution to a greater extent, but the problems of carbide aggregation and uneven distribution in the structure still exist, so that the further improvement of the performance of the high-speed steel is influenced.
For the reasons, the invention can be widely popularized in the fields of steel and the like.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings needed to be used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to these drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of electron beam melting in an embodiment of the present invention.
In the figure: 1. an electron gun; 2. electron beam scanning range; 3. a melting chamber shell; 4. m35 high speed steel stock; 5. water-cooling the copper crucible; 6. circulating cooling water; 7. a crucible support.
Detailed Description
It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments may be combined with each other without conflict. The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the embodiments with reference to the attached drawings.
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. The following description of at least one exemplary embodiment is merely illustrative in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention, its application, or uses. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
It is noted that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of exemplary embodiments according to the invention. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, and it should be understood that when the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising" are used in this specification, they specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, devices, components, and/or combinations thereof, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
The relative arrangement of the components and steps, the numerical expressions and numerical values set forth in these embodiments do not limit the scope of the present invention unless specifically stated otherwise. Meanwhile, it should be understood that the sizes of the respective portions shown in the drawings are not drawn in an actual proportional relationship for the convenience of description. Techniques, methods, and apparatus known to those of ordinary skill in the relevant art may not be discussed in detail but are intended to be part of the specification where appropriate. Any specific values in all examples shown and discussed herein are to be construed as exemplary only and not as limiting. Thus, other examples of the exemplary embodiments may have different values. It should be noted that: like reference numbers and letters refer to like items in the following figures, and thus, once an item is defined in one figure, further discussion thereof is not required in subsequent figures.
The invention provides a method for preparing high-performance high-speed steel by electron beam melting, which comprises the following steps:
firstly, preparing raw materials
Preparation of experimental raw materials:
1. firstly, cutting an electroslag remelting high-speed steel raw material into samples with the diameter of about 50 mm by 100mm and equal size by using a linear cutting tool, wherein the mass of each sample is about 500g, and the samples are used as smelting raw materials;
2. removing surface oxides and dirt impurities from the cut sample by using an angle grinder, ensuring that the cut sample is not influenced by the surface impurities and the oxide layer in the smelting process, and ensuring the accuracy of the components of the cast ingot elements;
3. the polished sample is placed in alcohol for ultrasonic cleaning, the alcohol is replaced after 20 minutes of cleaning each time, circulation is carried out for three times, and surface oil stains, debris and the like are removed;
4. putting the cleaned sample into a drying box for completely drying at 80 ℃;
5. the treated sample was placed in a water-cooled copper crucible of an electron beam melting furnace.
Second, electron beam melting
1. After the feeding is finished, cleaning the furnace body of the electron beam smelting furnace by using a dust collector, removing pollutants in the furnace wall and the water-cooled copper crucible, closing the furnace door of the electron beam smelting furnace, opening the electron beam equipment, and carrying out treatment on the smelting chamber of the electron beam smelting furnace and the electron beam equipmentThe gun body is pre-vacuumized until the target vacuum degree is reached: the vacuum degree of the smelting chamber is required to be less than 5 x 10-2Pa, the vacuum degree of the electron gun body is required to be less than 5 x 10-3Pa。
2. Starting the electron gun after reaching the target vacuum, setting the high voltage parameter of the electron gun to be 30kV, checking the high voltage stability of the electron gun when the high voltage is increased to 30kV, reducing the high voltage to 0kV after the high voltage is stabilized, then slowly increasing the beam current to 120mA, keeping for 12min, and preheating the filament of the electron gun.
3. And after preheating is finished, starting high-speed steel smelting. After the electron gun was raised to 30kV and stabilized, the observation window was opened, and the beam current was slowly increased to 350mA at a rate of 0-5mA/s per second, with the beam spot size adjusted to 10X 10. Keeping the parameters of the electron gun unchanged, controlling the scanning path of the electron beam in the water-cooled copper crucible through the controller, carrying out smelting operation on the sample material in the water-cooled copper crucible, and rapidly turning the beam current to 0mA after observing that the sample material in the water-cooled copper crucible is completely molten.
4. And (4) closing the high voltage of the electron gun, increasing the beam current to 60mA to enable the high voltage value to be 0, and then closing the electron gun.
5. And (4) disconnecting the electron gun and the smelting chamber, and cooling the electron gun and the smelting chamber for 1.5h under the vacuum condition to prevent the oxidation of the high-speed steel ingot in the cooling process. And then introducing argon into the smelting chamber, introducing the argon for 20 minutes at the air pressure of 12.5Pa each time, then opening a mechanical pump and a Rotz pump to vacuumize the smelting chamber to 10Pa, circulating for three times, accelerating the cooling speed of a water-cooled copper crucible and a high-speed steel ingot in the smelting chamber, opening a smelting chamber door after the ingot is cooled, and taking out the ingot.
The method of the invention should be noted in detail as follows:
when high-speed steel is smelted, the condition that raw materials are completely smelted is ensured by observing the state of a molten pool, and for raw materials with larger quality, after the raw materials are smelted once, the crucible is ground and cleaned, then the raw materials are placed in the crucible in an overturning manner for secondary smelting, so that the raw materials are completely smelted, and the beam falling process of beam current is required to be rapid after the smelting is finished.
The invention adopts the equipment shown in figure 1 for smelting. The electron gun 1 is fixed at two side angles at the top of a smelting chamber shell 3 of the electron beam smelting furnace, the water-cooled copper crucible 5 is placed in the smelting chamber shell 3 through a crucible support 7, circulating cooling water 6 is introduced into the water-cooled copper crucible 5, and M35 high-speed steel raw material 4 is added into the water-cooled copper crucible 5 and is within an electron beam scanning range 2.
The method realizes the preparation of the M35 high-speed steel by electron beam melting, and the prepared high-speed steel ingot has good metallurgical quality, uniform tissue, 20 mu M average dendrite spacing, small size and uniform distribution of carbide in the tissue, and the main type is M2C type and MC type, and M2The C-type carbide part appears in a fiber shape, is easier to decompose in the heat treatment process, and improves the structure foundation of the as-cast high-speed steel. The method is combined with induction melting, and is expected to become a high-speed steel duplex preparation process which has short flow and low segregation and can improve the carbide state of the high-speed steel structure.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, and not to limit the same; while the invention has been described in detail and with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some or all of the technical features may be equivalently replaced; and the modifications or the substitutions do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions depart from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
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| FR2500010A1 (en) * | 1981-02-13 | 1982-08-20 | Inst Fiz Tverdogo Tela | Stainless steel, esp. for mfg. surgical instruments - has very high purity and very high corrosion resistance, obtd. esp. by electron beam melting of steel electrode made by powder metallurgy |
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| US10738367B2 (en) * | 2017-02-28 | 2020-08-11 | Terrapower, Llc | Method for homogenizing steel compositions |
| JP7032234B2 (en) * | 2018-05-21 | 2022-03-08 | 国立大学法人東北大学 | Non-microalloyed steel member and its manufacturing method |
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| FR2500010A1 (en) * | 1981-02-13 | 1982-08-20 | Inst Fiz Tverdogo Tela | Stainless steel, esp. for mfg. surgical instruments - has very high purity and very high corrosion resistance, obtd. esp. by electron beam melting of steel electrode made by powder metallurgy |
| CN102879413A (en) * | 2012-10-12 | 2013-01-16 | 中国航空工业集团公司北京航空材料研究院 | Method for detecting nonmetallic impurities in powder metallurgy tool and mold steel |
| CN107761000A (en) * | 2017-10-29 | 2018-03-06 | 江苏鼎荣电气集团有限公司 | A kind of production technology of high radiating cable testing bridge |
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