CN112210693B - 一种具有高温自润滑特性的Cu-Ni-Al合金及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种具有高温自润滑特性的Cu-Ni-Al合金及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 67
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 67
- 229910017870 Cu—Ni—Al Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 13
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 abstract description 29
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910000906 Bronze Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910002056 binary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010974 bronze Substances 0.000 description 3
- KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper tin Chemical compound [Cu].[Sn] KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001005 Ni3Al Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010951 brass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004627 transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
一种具有高温自润滑特性的Cu‑Ni‑Al合金及其制备方法，属于高温耐磨铜合金领域。该合金由L12型Ni3Al基固溶体和FCC结构Cu基固溶体两相组成，且两相共格。其中，前者为高温硬质相，保证其高温下耐摩擦磨损性能；后者作为润滑相，提供高温自润滑特性。通过真空电弧熔炼以及合适的热处理工艺便可一次性获得具有高温自润滑特性的Cu‑Ni‑Al合金，可操作性强，重复性高。同时，避免了合金成分不均匀及制造缺陷多的的问题。此合金有望在高温、高重载的条件下使用，如高速列车电机转子摩擦盘，高温电加工模具以及自润滑轴承等。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种具有高温自润滑特性的Cu-Ni-Al合金及其制备方法，属于高温耐磨铜合金技术领域。
背景技术
铜合金具有优良的综合力学性能和导电导热性能，广泛应用于电力、化工、冶金、航空航天等研究领域。随着高技术发展，Cu合金越来越多地被要求在高温，高重载等严苛的条件下使役，这对合金耐高温摩擦性能提出了更高的要求。目前为止，耐磨性能优异的铜合金主要有复杂黄铜、铝青铜及铍青铜等。这类合金室温下耐磨性能优异，工业上已经广泛使用。铝青铜发生干摩擦时的摩擦系数为0.2-0.4；在油性摩擦条件下摩擦系数更低，仅为0.05-0.2。然而这些合金都无法在400℃以上使用。主要原因有：(1) 由于高温下析出强化相本身的相变或分解，合金容易发生软化； (2) 400℃下，几乎所有的润滑油都挥发、失效，无法提供有利的摩擦环境。
目前高温耐摩擦磨损性能优异的耐磨Cu基材料有：氧化物颗粒增强Cu基复合材料如Cu-Al2O3、Cu-Y2O3等，以及通过Cu粉和高熔点元素粉混合烧结而成的伪二元合金如CuW(Mo)合金。其中，CuW伪二元合金高温耐磨性能更加优异，900℃下摩擦系数仅为0.3-0.5。但颗粒增强Cu基复合材料塑性差，且颗粒与Cu熔体的润湿性很差、比重相差较大，易产生偏聚，使得制备困难。伪二元合金同样塑性差，且由于元素熔点差异过大导致成分存在严重偏析，制造缺陷多。因此，急需找到提高铜合金耐高温摩擦磨损性能的新途径。
发明内容
为解决现有技术中的不足，本发明提出一种具有高温自润滑特性的Cu-Ni-Al合金及其制备方法。该合金由L12型Ni3Al基固溶体和FCC结构Cu基固溶体两相组成，且两相共格。通过真空电弧熔炼和合适的热处理工艺就可一次性获得L12型Ni3Al基固溶体和FCC结构Cu基固溶体双相合金。这种合金制备方法工艺简单，同时可以避免成分不均匀，制备缺陷多及塑性差等问题。
本发明采用的技术方案是：一种具有高温自润滑特性的Cu-Ni-Al合金，所述合金由L12型Ni3Al基固溶体和FCC结构Cu基固溶体两相组成，且两相共格；其中，L12型Ni3Al基固溶体为保证合金高温下耐摩擦磨损性能的高温硬质相；FCC结构Cu基固溶体作为提供高温自润滑特性的润滑相；L12型Ni3Al基固溶体体积分数为在35-90%；该合金在600℃的摩擦系数为0.4-0.7，磨损率为3×10-6-2.5×10-5mm3 / N•m；800℃的摩擦系数为0.2-0.5，磨损率为2×10-9-6×10-5mm3 / N•m。
所述的一种具有高温自润滑特性Cu-Ni-Al合金的制备方法：
(1) 采用非自耗真空电弧熔炼，通入高纯氩气保护，对配制好的纯度为4N以上的Cu、Ni及Al原料进行反复熔炼，得到成分均匀的合金锭；
(2) 利用热重分析仪获得熔炼合金的熔点；并在比熔点低100℃的温度下固溶，保温6小时后随炉冷却；随后，进行450℃低温时效4h，获得L12型Ni3Al基固溶体和FCC结构Cu基固溶体双相Cu-Ni-Al合金。
本发明的优点是：1、L12型Ni3Al基固溶体和FCC结构Cu基固溶体完全共格，前者的高温稳定性及耐磨特性，保证了合金耐高温摩擦磨损能力；FCC结构Cu基固溶体作为润滑相，保证合金高温下的自润滑特性；2、通过真空电弧熔炼以及合适的热处理工艺便可一次性获得具有高温自润滑特性的Cu-Ni-Al合金，可操作性强，重复性高。同时，避免了合金成分不均匀及制造缺陷多的的问题。
附图说明
图1是600℃及800℃下Cu50Ni37.5Al12.5(at.%)合金摩擦系数。
图2是600℃及800℃下Cu50Ni37.5Al12.5(at.%)磨痕宽、深度。
具体实施方式
下面结合技术方案详细叙述本发明的具体实施例。
该合金由L12型Ni3Al基固溶体和FCC结构Cu基固溶体两相组成，且两相共格。其中前者具有优异的高温稳定性及耐磨性能，能保证合金耐高温摩擦磨损性能；后者较软且流动性好，可提供良好的高温润滑效果，保证合金高温下的自润滑特性。不同于粉末烧结以及添加颗粒增强相的方法，本发明仅通过真空电弧熔炼和合适的热处理工艺就可一次性获得L12型Ni3Al基固溶体和FCC结构Cu基固溶体双相合金。这种合金制备方法工艺简单，同时可以避免成分不均匀，制备缺陷多及塑性差等问题。
制备方法，按照成分合金所需的Cu、Ni、Al原子比换算成重量百分比，使用高纯原料配制合金；采用非自耗真空电弧熔炼炉，通入高纯Ar气保护，对配制好的合金原料进行反复熔炼，最终得到成分均匀的合金锭；利用热重分析仪获得熔炼合金的熔点；将所得熔点后推100℃，作为合金的固溶温度。随后将熔炼好的合金置于真空管式炉中，在Ar气氛围中进行固溶时效处理；利用XRD和TEM进行合金微结构分析，保证合金显微组织由L12型Ni3Al基固溶体和FCC结构Cu基固溶体两相组成，且前者体积分数达35-90%。用高温摩擦磨损试验机进行耐磨性能测试，其测试参数如表1所示。
表1 合金高温摩擦磨损测试条件
实施例1：Cu50Ni37.5Al12.5(at.%)合金
步骤一：合金制备及显微组织表征
将成分为Cu50Ni37.5Al12.5 (at.%)的合金换算成重量百分比，使用纯度为4N的Cu和Ni、纯度为5N的Al原料配制合金；采用非自耗真空电弧熔炼炉，通入高纯Ar气保护，对配制好的合金原料进行反复熔炼5次，最终得到成分均匀的合金锭；利用热重分析仪测定该合金熔点为1235℃，故选择固溶温度为1135℃。将熔炼好的合金置于真空管式炉中，在Ar气氛围中进行热处理，工艺为1135℃/6h，随炉冷却+450℃/4h，随炉冷却。对热处理后样品进行X射线衍射及透射电镜分析，该合金由L12型Ni3Al基固溶体和FCC结构Cu基固溶体两相组成组成，其中前者体积分数为60%。
步骤二：高温耐磨擦磨损测试
采用UMT-3高温摩擦磨损试验机对合金耐高温摩擦磨损性能进行测试，测试条件如表1所示。结果显示(图1)，600℃，接触应力为1000MPa的条件下，合金摩擦系数基本稳定在0.61左右；继续升高测试温度至800℃，该温度下Cu50Ni37.5Al12.5合金摩擦系数降低至0.33。图2为600℃及800℃下，Cu50Ni37.5Al12.5合金磨痕宽、深度；可以看出Cu50Ni37.5Al12.5合金在两个测试温度下磨痕浅，且随着测试温度的升高，磨痕深度反而降低。600℃及800℃下，该合金的磨损率分别4.89×10-6及2.9×10-9mm3 / N•m，综上，Cu50Ni37.5Al12.5合金展现了优异耐高温摩擦磨损性能及自润滑特性。
Claims (2)
1.一种具有高温自润滑特性的Cu-Ni-Al合金，其特征在于：所述合金由L12型Ni3Al基固溶体和FCC结构Cu基固溶体两相组成，且两相共格；其中，L12型Ni3Al基固溶体为保证合金高温下耐摩擦磨损性能的高温硬质相；FCC结构Cu基固溶体作为提供高温自润滑特性的润滑相；合金成分原子比为Cu50Ni37.5Al12.5， L12型Ni3Al基固溶体体积分数为60%；该合金在600℃的摩擦系数为0.61，磨损率为4.89×10-6mm3 / N·m；800℃的摩擦系数为0.33，磨损率为2.9×10-9mm3 / N·m。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种具有高温自润滑特性Cu-Ni-Al合金的制备方法，其特征在于：(1) 采用非自耗真空电弧熔炼，通入高纯氩气保护，对配制好的纯度为4N以上的Cu、Ni及Al原料进行反复熔炼，得到成分均匀的合金锭；(2) 利用热重分析仪获得熔炼合金的熔点；并在比熔点低100℃的温度下固溶，保温6小时后随炉冷却；随后，在450℃低温时效至少4h，获得L12型Ni3Al基固溶体和FCC结构Cu基固溶体双相Cu-Ni-Al合金。
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