CN112179218A - Thermal protection device based on pyrolysis reaction - Google Patents
Thermal protection device based on pyrolysis reaction Download PDFInfo
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- CN112179218A CN112179218A CN202010942590.5A CN202010942590A CN112179218A CN 112179218 A CN112179218 A CN 112179218A CN 202010942590 A CN202010942590 A CN 202010942590A CN 112179218 A CN112179218 A CN 112179218A
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- pyrolysis
- heat exchange
- ammonium bicarbonate
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B15/00—Self-propelled projectiles or missiles, e.g. rockets; Guided missiles
- F42B15/34—Protection against overheating or radiation, e.g. heat shields; Additional cooling arrangements
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06D—MEANS FOR GENERATING SMOKE OR MIST; GAS-ATTACK COMPOSITIONS; GENERATION OF GAS FOR BLASTING OR PROPULSION (CHEMICAL PART)
- C06D5/00—Generation of pressure gas, e.g. for blasting cartridges, starting cartridges, rockets
- C06D5/04—Generation of pressure gas, e.g. for blasting cartridges, starting cartridges, rockets by auto-decomposition of single substances
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a thermal protection device based on pyrolysis reaction, which is formed by preparing ammonium bicarbonate solid into particles or porous media and storing the particles or the porous media in a high-performance heat exchange structure: under the high-temperature environment, the ammonium bicarbonate solid medium is subjected to thermal decomposition reaction, and cold energy is released in an enthalpy change mode; then, the multi-component multi-phase mixed working medium generated by pyrolysis absorbs heat and expands in a high-temperature environment with limited volume, and the pressure is greatly improved; and finally, the boosted mixed working medium flows along the inner flow channel of the heat protection device under the action of pressure gradient, strong convective heat transfer containing multiple phase changes is generated, the high-temperature wall surface is further cooled, and the heat protection capability is greatly improved through the cold quantity released by ammonium bicarbonate pyrolysis and the phase change heat transfer of the pyrolysis working medium.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of thermal protection of aircrafts, in particular to a thermal protection method based on pyrolysis reaction.
Background
The extreme thermal conditions (also known as "thermal barriers") of the primary structure of hypersonic aircraft pose serious challenges to thermal protection techniques. Under the situation, the traditional passive thermal protection, namely the method of laying ablation materials to absorb heat and laying heat insulation materials to insulate heat, is difficult to ensure the strength, rigidity and reliability of a main structure when the aircraft runs, and occupies considerable weight on a carrying platform. Passive thermal protection has been largely unable to meet the development requirements of hypersonic aircraft. According to the literature, for a high-temperature solid rocket engine adopting passive thermal protection, the failure rate of the long tail nozzle can be 1/2 of the failure rate of the whole solid rocket engine, and the weight of the long tail nozzle occupies 1/3 of the total weight of the solid rocket engine.
Therefore, in order to realize the crossing development of the hypersonic aircraft, break through thermal barrier and greatly improve performance, a more advanced thermal protection technology must be innovated so as to realize high-efficiency thermal protection on important parts of the hypersonic aircraft in a high-mach-number flight state and ensure the strength, rigidity and failure resistance of a main structure of the hypersonic aircraft in high-speed flight.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a thermal protection device based on pyrolysis reaction, and provides a new way for the construction of a high-performance thermal protection device of a hypersonic aircraft, so that the thermal capacity of the thermal protection device and the surface heat exchange performance of the thermal protection device are remarkably improved compared with the traditional thermal protection means.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a thermal protection device based on pyrolysis reaction comprises a thermal decomposition module, a high-resistance heat exchange module and a low-resistance heat exchange module which are sequentially connected;
the thermal decomposition module comprises a pyrolysis working medium and an expansion mechanism which are filled in the closed cavity, and the expansion mechanism is heated and expanded to enable the pyrolysis working medium to be fully contacted with the heat exchange surface;
the high-resistance heat exchange module comprises heat-conducting fins, a micro-channel heat exchanger and a vortex generator, wherein pyrolysis products generated by decomposition of the pyrolysis working medium enter the heat-conducting fins, the micro-channel heat exchanger and the vortex generator to carry out secondary heat exchange, and generate superheated gas;
the low-resistance heat exchange module is internally provided with a plurality of flow guide channels, and superheated gas exchanges heat with the low-resistance heat exchange module again through the flow guide channels.
Preferably, the pyrolysis working medium is dry ice, ammonium chloride, ammonium perchlorate or ammonium bicarbonate.
Preferably, the ammonium bicarbonate is in the form of particles, or is a porous medium of ammonium bicarbonate.
Preferably, the expansion mechanism is a thermal expansion framework, and comprises a bag framework and branches arranged on the framework, and the branches extend into the pyrolysis working medium in a root hair shape.
Preferably, the thermal decomposition module, the high-resistance heat exchange module and the low-resistance heat exchange module are sequentially arranged in the shell, the grid plate is arranged in the shell, a containing cavity is formed in the shell, and the pyrolysis working medium and the expansion mechanism are arranged in the containing cavity.
Preferably, the grid plate is provided with a channel for allowing pyrolysis products to enter the high-resistance heat exchange module.
Preferably, both ends of the framework are connected with the shell.
Preferably, the low-resistance heat exchange module comprises a plurality of straight ribs arranged at intervals, and a space between every two adjacent straight ribs is a flow guide channel.
Preferably, the output end of the low-resistance heat exchange module is further connected with a thermal power conversion device for recycling the superheated mixed gas output by the low-resistance heat exchange module.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial technical effects:
the invention provides a thermal protection device based on pyrolysis reaction, which comprises a thermal decomposition module, a high-resistance heat exchange module and a low-resistance heat exchange module which are sequentially connected; and a pyrolysis working medium and an expansion mechanism are filled in the thermal decomposition module, and the pyrolysis working medium is decomposed by utilizing the pneumatic combustion heat of the high-temperature wall surface, so that the primary heat exchange with the high-temperature wall surface is realized. And multi-component pyrolysis products generated by thermal decomposition enter the high-resistance heat exchange module to flow under the driving of pressure and temperature, and exchange heat with the high-temperature wall surface again through the heat conduction fins, the micro-channel heat exchanger, the vortex generator and the like in the module to cool the aircraft for the second time and form superheated gas. The superheated gas finally enters a flow guide channel of the low-resistance heat exchange module for heat exchange again and then is discharged out of the whole device; the thermal protection device greatly reduces the temperature of the protection position of the aircraft, and ensures the strength, rigidity and anti-failure performance of the main structure of the aircraft during high-speed flight.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a thermal shield apparatus based on pyrolysis of ammonium bicarbonate according to the present invention.
In the figure: 1. the heat exchanger comprises a shell, 2. a thermal expansion framework, 3. ammonium bicarbonate, 4. a high-resistance heat exchange module and 5. a low-resistance heat exchange module.
Detailed Description
The present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to the attached drawings, which are illustrative, but not limiting, of the present invention.
Referring to fig. 1, a thermal protection method based on pyrolysis reaction includes a thermal decomposition module, a high resistance heat exchange module 4, and a low resistance heat exchange module 5, which are connected in sequence.
The thermal decomposition module comprises a pyrolysis working medium and an expansion mechanism which are filled in the closed cavity, and the expansion mechanism is heated and expanded to ensure that the pyrolysis working medium is fully contacted with the heat exchange surface;
the high-resistance heat exchange module 4 comprises heat-conducting fins, a micro-channel heat exchanger and a vortex generator, wherein pyrolysis products generated by decomposition of the pyrolysis working medium enter the heat-conducting fins, the micro-channel heat exchanger and the vortex generator to carry out secondary heat exchange, and generate superheated gas;
the low-resistance heat exchange module 5 comprises a plurality of straight ribs arranged at intervals, a flow guide channel is formed between every two adjacent straight ribs, and superheated gas exchanges heat again through the flow guide channel.
Specifically, the thermal decomposition module, the high-resistance heat exchange module 4 and the low-resistance heat exchange module 5 are sequentially arranged in a shell, a grid plate is arranged in the shell, an accommodating cavity is formed between the grid plate and the shell, the pyrolysis working medium is filled in the accommodating cavity, and the expansion mechanism is embedded in the pyrolysis working medium.
Dense pore channels are formed on the surface of the grating plate and used for enabling pyrolysis products to enter the high-resistance heat exchange module 4 so as to exchange heat for the second time.
The heat protector sets up the position that generates heat of aircraft, after the aircraft got into high mach state, the heat of aircraft passed through casing 1 conduction to pyrolysis working medium, pyrolysis working medium is heated to decompose and releases cold volume, and produce the heterogeneous pyrolysis product of multicomponent, pyrolysis product continues to absorb heat from the high temperature working face with the mode of heat-conduction, heat radiation and pore convection in the hole of pyrolysis working medium, realize the heat transfer with the aircraft, hold the continuous rising of temperature and pressure in the chamber simultaneously, drive pyrolysis product simultaneously and flow to high resistance heat transfer module 4.
The pyrolysis working medium is dry ice, ammonium chloride, ammonium perchlorate or ammonium bicarbonate 3, and preferably ammonium bicarbonate.
The ammonium bicarbonate is prepared into granular or ammonium bicarbonate porous medium, so that the inside of the ammonium bicarbonate is provided with pores, and the superheated mixed gas in the pyrolysis product enters the pores to inhibit the heat conduction in the ammonium bicarbonate lump medium.
For the ammonium bicarbonate particles, the particle size can be adjusted according to the thermal protection effect of the actual working condition; for the ammonium bicarbonate porous media, the porosity of the media can also be adjusted within a wide range of 0.05-0.95 as required, and finally a dense media or a loose media can be formed. The pyrolysis product absorbs heat in a limited volume formed by the gaps among the particles and the pores of the medium, so that the thermal expansion pressurization of the pyrolysis working medium is realized.
In order to prevent the ammonium bicarbonate solid medium from being rapidly gasified and exploding due to the thermal barrier at extremely high temperature, the ammonium bicarbonate is doped with a desensitizer, and the thermal decomposition reaction of the ammonium bicarbonate solid is inhibited from the chemical kinetics mechanism.
The expansion mechanism is a thermal expansion framework 2, the thermal expansion framework 2 is embedded in the ammonium bicarbonate, two ends of the thermal expansion framework are fixedly connected with two sides of the shell, the thermal expansion framework wraps the framework, and branches are arranged on the framework and extend into the ammonium bicarbonate in a crotch shape.
In order to keep the contact cooling of the ammonium bicarbonate solid on the high-temperature working surface, when the outer layer of ammonium bicarbonate is completely pyrolyzed and the residual ammonium bicarbonate is separated from the working surface, the heat transfer mechanism of the shell and the ammonium bicarbonate is converted from heat conduction-radiation into simple heat radiation, the temperature of the metal shell is increased, at the moment, the thermal expansion framework 2 generates volume expansion under the action of temperature rise, the non-pyrolyzed ammonium bicarbonate medium is extruded to the surface of the metal shell, and the contact cooling between the metal shell and the metal shell is recovered.
In order to realize the basic function of the thermal expansion framework, the thermal expansion framework is in a root hair shape, the branch structure of the framework extends into the ammonium bicarbonate, and two ends of the framework are connected with the shell through fixing points on the metal shell to sense the temperature change of the shell.
The thermal expansion framework is made of high expansion ceramics.
The high-resistance heat exchange module 4 is formed by the series-parallel connection of heat-conducting fins, a micro-channel heat exchanger and a vortex generator, and a small micro heat exchanger with a throttling effect is formed. After entering the throttling heat exchange section, the pyrolysis working medium flows through the microchannel heat exchanger, the tree-shaped fin and the vortex generator under the drive of an upstream pressure field and a temperature field, strong vortex is generated in the flowing process, a strong convection heat exchange effect is generated along with the strong action of the flow field on a thermal boundary layer in the process, but the pressure of the working medium is greatly reduced in the heat exchange process. The superheated gas produced after heat exchange enters the low-resistance heat exchange module 5.
Specifically, the pyrolysis product flows out of the ammonium bicarbonate porous medium and then enters the high-resistance heat exchange module, at the moment, the pressure of the pyrolysis product rises to a high level through a thermal expansion pressurization process, the tree-shaped fins, the microchannel heat exchanger and the vortex generators in the high-resistance heat exchange module are arranged in a staggered mode, the pyrolysis product generates phase change convection heat exchange of multi-component multi-phase fluid in the high-resistance heat exchange module, and a large amount of heat is absorbed from a high-temperature working face. At the moment, the flow of the pyrolysis product takes self pressure energy as a driving factor, the flow resistance and pressure loss in the heat exchange process are large, but the flow field in the throttling heat exchange section is strongly impacted and disturbed due to the effects of vortex, turbulence and a phase interface, and the heat exchange effect is greatly improved due to the participation of gasification latent heat in the process of multiple phase changes.
The length direction of a plurality of straight ribs in the low resistance heat exchange module 5 is arranged along the flowing direction of the superheated gas, and an airflow channel is formed between two adjacent straight ribs to form a low resistance heat exchange structure. The pyrolysis working medium is converted into the superheated mixed gas after heat exchange, and considering that the heat exchange capacity of the gaseous working medium is relatively limited, the geometric configuration of the superheated gas heat exchange section mainly reduces the flow resistance in the heat exchange process.
And finally, the tail end of the shell is provided with a thermal power conversion device, and the superheated mixed gas heated by the pyrolysis product enters the thermal power conversion device to be recycled, so that the utilization rate of energy is improved.
The thermal protection device based on the pyrolysis reaction integrates the idea of ablation thermal protection and regenerative thermal protection, and realizes combined high-performance thermal protection; the ammonium bicarbonate solid is made into particles or porous medium and stored in an accommodating cavity of the shell, and the whole thermal protection process sequentially comprises thermal decomposition of the ammonium bicarbonate solid, thermal expansion pressurization of pyrolysis products and phase change heat transfer of a multi-phase multi-component mixed working medium. The enthalpy change of the ammonium bicarbonate pyrolysis reaction is mutually coupled with the forced convection of the multi-component multi-phase working medium, and the total heat capacity of the device is doubled compared with that of a single convection type heat protection device. In addition, the pressure of the pyrolysis product can be increased to a high level after thermal expansion pressurization, so that a high-performance heat exchange structure with higher pressure loss and better heat exchange effect, such as a micro-channel heat exchanger and a vortex generator, can be used in a coupling manner in the stage of multi-component multi-phase working medium convection, and the maximum surface heat exchange coefficient of the heat protection device can be increased under the action of multi-phase flow, so that the maximum surface heat exchange coefficient of the heat protection device is increased to at least 2 times that of other heat protection technologies.
Secondly, this heat protector can promote thermal capacity and surface heat transfer effect, from this under certain heat load, realizes that the required working medium volume of rated heat protection index and heat transfer structure size also correspondingly descend, can further promote hypersonic aircraft heat protector's miniaturized level, carries out the integrated design with the high temperature working face of aircraft even.
In addition, the thermal protection device can be mutually connected with other equipment in the hypersonic flight system through a pipeline system, such as a micro turbine generator, a micro spray pipe control system, an expansion valve and the like to form a system, so that additional functions of thermoelectric conversion, generation of flight driving force through tail gas, throttling refrigeration and the like are realized. Compared with other heat protection means, high-grade waste heat in an external high-temperature environment is converted into high-energy-level superheated mixed gas through heat absorption processes such as convection and phase change of ammonium bicarbonate pyrolysis working media, and the waste heat is recycled and utilized in subsequent links. Finally, the thermal protection device not only can be used for a thermal protection device of a hypersonic aircraft, but also can be converted into a heat collecting device of a high-performance heat transmission-heat power conversion system, and is applied to common occasions such as molten salt power generation, chemical industry production and the like.
The invention provides a thermal protection device based on pyrolysis reaction, which is formed by preparing ammonium bicarbonate solid into particles or porous media and storing the particles or the porous media in a high-performance heat exchange structure: under the high-temperature environment, the ammonium bicarbonate solid medium is subjected to thermal decomposition reaction, and cold energy is released in an enthalpy change mode; then, the multi-component multi-phase mixed working medium generated by pyrolysis absorbs heat and expands in a high-temperature environment with limited volume, and the pressure is greatly improved; and finally, the boosted mixed working medium flows along the inner flow channel of the heat protection device under the action of pressure gradient, strong convective heat transfer containing multiple phase changes is generated, the high-temperature wall surface is further cooled, and the heat protection capability is greatly improved through the cold quantity released by ammonium bicarbonate pyrolysis and the phase change heat transfer of the pyrolysis working medium.
The above-mentioned contents are only for illustrating the technical idea of the present invention, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereby, and any modification made on the basis of the technical idea of the present invention falls within the protection scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A thermal protection device based on pyrolysis reaction is characterized by comprising a thermal decomposition module, a high-resistance heat exchange module (4) and a low-resistance heat exchange module (5) which are sequentially connected;
the thermal decomposition module comprises a pyrolysis working medium and an expansion mechanism which are filled in the closed cavity, and the expansion mechanism is heated and expanded to enable the pyrolysis working medium to be fully contacted with the heat exchange surface;
the high-resistance heat exchange module (4) comprises heat-conducting fins, a micro-channel heat exchanger and a vortex generator, wherein pyrolysis products generated by decomposition of pyrolysis working media enter the heat-conducting fins, the micro-channel heat exchanger and the vortex generator to carry out secondary heat exchange, and generate superheated gas;
the low-resistance heat exchange module (5) is internally provided with a plurality of flow guide channels, and superheated gas exchanges heat with the low-resistance heat exchange module again through the flow guide channels.
2. The thermal protection device based on ammonium bicarbonate pyrolysis reaction of claim 1, wherein the pyrolysis working medium is dry ice, ammonium chloride, ammonium perchlorate or ammonium bicarbonate.
3. The thermal safety device based on pyrolysis reaction of ammonium bicarbonate according to claim 1, wherein the ammonium bicarbonate is in granular form or is ammonium bicarbonate porous medium.
4. The thermal protection device based on ammonium bicarbonate pyrolysis reaction according to claim 1, wherein the expansion mechanism is a thermal expansion framework (2) which comprises a bag framework and branches arranged on the framework, and the branches extend into the pyrolysis working medium in a root shape.
5. The thermal protection device based on the ammonium bicarbonate pyrolysis reaction is characterized in that the thermal decomposition module, the high resistance heat exchange module (4) and the low resistance heat exchange module (5) are sequentially arranged in a shell, a grid plate is arranged in the shell, a containing cavity is formed inside the shell, and the pyrolysis working medium and the expansion mechanism are arranged in the containing cavity.
6. The thermal protection device based on ammonium bicarbonate pyrolysis reaction according to claim 5, characterized in that the grid plates are provided with channels for the pyrolysis products to enter the high resistance heat exchange module (4).
7. The thermal safety device based on pyrolysis reaction of ammonium bicarbonate according to claim 5, wherein the skeleton is connected with the shell at two ends.
8. The thermal protection device based on the pyrolysis reaction of ammonium bicarbonate according to claim 1, wherein the low resistance heat exchange module (5) comprises a plurality of straight ribs arranged at intervals, and the space between two adjacent straight ribs is a flow guide channel.
9. The thermal protection device based on the ammonium bicarbonate pyrolysis reaction is characterized in that the output end of the low-resistance heat exchange module (5) is further connected with a thermal power conversion device, and the thermal power conversion device is used for recycling the overheated mixed gas output by the low-resistance heat exchange module (5).
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Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5291830A (en) * | 1992-10-30 | 1994-03-08 | Lockheed Corporation | Dual-mode semi-passive nosetip for a hypersonic weapon |
| JP2002292755A (en) * | 2001-03-30 | 2002-10-09 | Kawasaki Heavy Ind Ltd | Method for manufacturing heat guard |
| US20050045306A1 (en) * | 2003-07-22 | 2005-03-03 | Petervary Miklos Paul | Transpiration cooling system |
| CN1832883A (en) * | 2003-06-05 | 2006-09-13 | 波音公司 | Surface temperature control system |
| CN205714614U (en) * | 2016-04-14 | 2016-11-23 | 丁玉峰 | A kind of solar energy thermal-power-generating heat reservoir based on composite phase-change heat-storage material |
-
2020
- 2020-09-09 CN CN202010942590.5A patent/CN112179218B/en active Active
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5291830A (en) * | 1992-10-30 | 1994-03-08 | Lockheed Corporation | Dual-mode semi-passive nosetip for a hypersonic weapon |
| JP2002292755A (en) * | 2001-03-30 | 2002-10-09 | Kawasaki Heavy Ind Ltd | Method for manufacturing heat guard |
| CN1832883A (en) * | 2003-06-05 | 2006-09-13 | 波音公司 | Surface temperature control system |
| US20050045306A1 (en) * | 2003-07-22 | 2005-03-03 | Petervary Miklos Paul | Transpiration cooling system |
| CN205714614U (en) * | 2016-04-14 | 2016-11-23 | 丁玉峰 | A kind of solar energy thermal-power-generating heat reservoir based on composite phase-change heat-storage material |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| 丁亮: "烧结多孔介质材料发汗冷却的研究", 《中国博士学位论文全文数据库 工程科技II辑》 * |
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