CN112168185A - Visual sustained attention testing device and method - Google Patents
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Abstract
A visual sustained attention testing device comprises a mathematical operation task testing unit, a sustained attention response testing unit, an electroencephalogram signal acquisition unit and an analysis unit, wherein the electroencephalogram signal acquisition unit is used for acquiring electroencephalogram data of a tester during a visual sustained attention test period, the analysis unit acquires brain activation quantities of a forehead lobe and a sensory motor cortex according to the electroencephalogram data, and the brain activation quantities are used for representing visual sustained attention of the tester. The device can make the test result of the visual continuous attention more objective.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of vision continuous attention testing, and particularly relates to a vision continuous attention testing device and method.
Background
Sustained attention in vision is essential for higher-order cognition and real-world activities. Today, the lives of young people are filled with media multitasking, such as using cell phones, computers, and the like. Studies have shown that excessive vector multitasking can affect a person's visual sustained attention function to some extent, for example, leading to decreased attention control, easy distraction, frequent distraction, poor self-satisfaction, and poor learning performance. Faced with media multitasking and many attention challenges, studies have shown that up to 43% of the young people tend to use prescription stimulants to improve visual persistence and improve academic performance. However, abuse of drugs can lead to complications (such as depression) and even life-threatening consequences. Furthermore, abuse of prescription stimulants was not found to actually enhance visual persistence. Therefore, there is a need for new methods of non-invasive safety to improve the visual persistence of young people.
The work of a particular population (e.g., air controllers, etc.) relies on good visual sustained attention, for which there is also a critical need for systems specifically directed to visual sustained attention training and/or testing.
Currently, despite the development of meditation and computer-based games for attention training, these methods have shortcomings that may lead to mental fatigue and visual fatigue, or require trained experts for months of face-to-face education, and none of them specifically address the relevant research on visual sustained attention, which is typically used to receive over eighty percent of information, making the research on visual sustained attention more urgent and significant. Furthermore, these current attention trainings typically do not provide feedback and the training effect is not quantified.
Therefore, there is a need to develop a visual attention-sustaining testing device to solve one or more of the above-mentioned problems.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve at least one of the above technical problems, the applicant has found through long-term research that the sensorimotor system has neural plasticity, the touch training can migrate across the channel to improve the visual sustained attention of the young, and the brain activation amount of the prefrontal lobe and/or the sensory motor cortex can be used for representing the visual sustained attention of the tester. Different from the current touch training which is focused on the touch attention, the research result of the application breaks through the thinking inertial form and obtains unexpected results.
Based on the above research findings, according to an aspect of the present invention, a visual sustained attention test apparatus is provided, which is characterized by comprising a mathematical operation task test unit, a sustained attention response test unit, an electroencephalogram signal acquisition unit and an analysis unit, wherein the mathematical operation task test unit and the sustained attention response test unit are used for testing visual sustained attention, the electroencephalogram signal acquisition unit is used for acquiring electroencephalogram data of a tester during a visual sustained attention test, and the analysis unit acquires brain activation quantities of a prefrontal lobe and a sensory motor cortex according to the electroencephalogram data, and the brain activation quantities are used for representing the visual sustained attention of the tester.
According to yet another aspect of the invention, the electroencephalogram signal acquisition unit is a high-density electroencephalogram signal acquisition unit.
According to yet another aspect of the present invention, the sustained attention response test unit includes a target stimulus test module, a non-target stimulus test module, and a probe problem test module.
According to another aspect of the present invention, the target stimulus testing module is used for collecting the key data of the tester in the case of requiring the tester to key only when seeing the target number 3 when randomly displaying the numbers 1 to 9 on the computer screen; the non-target stimulation testing module is used for acquiring the key data of a tester under the condition that the tester is required to press keys when seeing non-target numbers except a target number 3 when randomly displaying numbers 1 to 9 on a computer screen; the probe problem testing module is used for investigating whether a tester mentally moves in real time in the testing process.
According to still another aspect of the present invention, the mathematical operation task test unit is used to determine the overall accuracy and computational efficiency of the tester, the target stimulus test module is used to obtain a missing error rate, an execution error rate and a reaction time variability coefficient in the target stimulus test, the non-target stimulus test module is used to obtain a missing error rate, an execution error rate and a reaction time variability coefficient in the non-target stimulus test, and the probe problem test module is used to obtain a ratio of the involuntary movement, a ratio of the known intellectual movement, and a ratio of the unknown intellectual movement.
According to still another aspect of the present invention, the visual continuous attention testing apparatus determines a first visual continuous attention value of the tester according to the brain activation amount.
According to still another aspect of the present invention, the visual continuous attention testing apparatus further determines a second visual continuous attention value of the tester based on the overall accuracy and computational efficiency, the missed error rate, the execution error rate and the reaction time variability coefficient, and the rate of the involuntary movements, the rate of knowing the voluntary movements, and the rate of not knowing the voluntary movements.
According to still another aspect of the present invention, the visual continuous attention testing means determines the visual continuous attention value of the tester based on the first visual continuous attention value and the second visual continuous attention value.
According to yet another aspect of the present invention, the first visual sustained attention value Z1 ═ aX1+ bY1, X1 is the brain activation amount of the prefrontal region, Y1 is the brain activation amount of the sensory motor cortex, and a and b are the corresponding coefficients.
According to yet another aspect of the invention, the second visual sustained attention value Z2 is a1Y2+ b1M2+ c1F2+ d1T2, where Y2 is the computational task test score, M2 is the target stimulus test score, F2 is the non-target test score, T2 is the probe problem test score, and a1, b1, c1, d1 are the corresponding coefficients.
According to still another aspect of the present invention, the visual continuous attention testing apparatus determines the first and second visual continuous attention values through the analysis unit.
According to still another aspect of the present invention, different weights are set for the first visual continuous attention value and the second visual continuous attention value, and the visual continuous attention value of the tester is determined according to the weights.
According to a further aspect of the invention, the first visual sustained attention value is taken as the test result when the second visual sustained attention value significantly deviates from the first visual sustained attention value.
According to yet another aspect of the invention, the first visual sustained attention value is weighted more heavily than the second visual sustained attention value.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a visual continuous attention testing method, which is characterized in that the visual continuous attention testing device is used for performing a visual continuous attention test, and the method comprises the following steps:
performing a target stimulation test, a non-target stimulation test and a probe problem test by using a target stimulation test module, a non-target stimulation test module and a probe problem test module, wherein the probe problem test is randomly inserted in the target stimulation test and the non-target stimulation test;
the electroencephalogram signal acquisition unit acquires electroencephalogram signals of a tester in real time in the test process;
the analysis unit determines a first visual continuous attention value according to a target stimulation test, a non-target stimulation test and a probe problem test, determines a brain activation amount and a second visual continuous attention value of a prefrontal lobe and a sensory motor cortex according to the electroencephalogram signal, and determines a visual continuous attention value of the tester according to the first visual continuous attention value and the second visual continuous attention value.
The invention can obtain one or more of the following technical effects:
1. compared with other existing training systems, the system (device) can transfer and train the visual continuous attention across channels through closed-loop touch training, so that the visual continuous attention of a trainer is improved, the mental fatigue and the visual fatigue are avoided, and the side effect of a medicine is avoided;
2. the visual sustained attention is characterized by the brain activation amount of the prefrontal lobe and/or the sensory motor cortex, namely biomarkers, so that the test result is more objective and is not influenced by subjective factors of a tester;
3. the visual continuous attention value of the tester is determined through the first visual continuous attention value and the second visual continuous attention value (namely two values), so that a more accurate test result can be obtained to make up for the limitation of a single value; the problem that the test result cannot be obtained when a single value is abnormal can be solved.
Drawings
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a target stimulus testing module in a visual continuous attention training and testing system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating the test results before and after training by using the mathematical operation task test unit, the target stimulation test module and the non-target stimulation test module according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of ERP signals before and after training according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating a variation of brain activation (sensorimotor cortex) before and after training according to still another preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating a variation of brain activation before and after training (prefrontal region) according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The best mode for carrying out the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein the detailed description is for the purpose of illustrating the invention in detail, and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, as various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, which are intended to be encompassed within the appended claims.
Example 1
The applicant found through long-term research that the sensorimotor system has neural plasticity, that the tactile training can migrate across the channels to improve the visual sustained attention of the young, and that the brain activation of the prefrontal lobe and/or the sensorimotor cortex can be used to characterize the visual sustained attention of the testers.
Based on the above findings, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a visual continuous attention training and testing system is provided, which comprises a visual continuous attention training device and a visual continuous attention testing device.
Preferably, the vision continuous attention training device comprises an earmuff, an eyecup, a haptic, a pressure sensor, a finger vibrator, a neck vibrator, and a computer, wherein the trainer wears the eyecup and the earmuff, repeatedly presses the haptic continuously with the index finger and/or the middle finger of both hands for a predetermined time, and maintains the force within a predetermined range, and the computer is used for controlling the neck vibrator or the finger vibrator to vibrate according to whether the pressure value of the finger pressing detected by the pressure sensor is within or greater than the predetermined range, respectively.
Preferably, the visual sustained attention test device comprises a mathematical operation task test unit, a sustained attention response test unit, an electroencephalogram signal acquisition unit and an analysis unit, wherein the mathematical operation task test unit and the sustained attention response test unit are used for testing the visual sustained attention, the electroencephalogram signal acquisition unit is used for acquiring electroencephalogram data of a tester during the visual sustained attention test, the analysis unit acquires brain activation quantities of a prefrontal lobe and a sensory motor cortex according to the electroencephalogram data, and the brain activation quantities are used for representing the visual sustained attention of the tester.
Preferably, the electroencephalogram signal acquisition unit is a high-density electroencephalogram signal acquisition unit. The high-density electroencephalogram signal acquisition unit is a 128-lead electroencephalogram signal acquisition unit or more.
Advantageously, the training device of the invention is non-invasive, safe, convenient and cheap, effectively utilizes the characteristic that the touch channel can carry out sensory-motor input and sensory-motor output, and provides real-time touch feedback while a trainer presses the sensor button to train, thereby forming a closed-loop training system which can be better used for improving the visual sustained attention of a tested person. Preferably, the training effect can be more effectively improved by only closed-loop training of the sense of touch, while shielding other senses such as auditory vision and the like. Compared with the training without shielding the auditory sense and/or the visual sense, the invention can improve the training effect by more than 30 percent.
Preferably, as shown in fig. 4-5, the test device of the present invention can achieve the activation amount range of 3300-. A large activation amount detection range is more advantageous for quantifying visual persistence than other smaller detection ranges.
According to a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, the neck vibrator or the finger vibrator is used for applying and inputting a tactile signal to the trainee during the vibration.
According to a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, the visual continuous attention training device trains visual continuous attention across channel migration by closed-loop haptic training.
According to still another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the sustained attention response test unit includes a target stimulus test module, a non-target stimulus test module, and a probe problem test module.
According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the target stimulus testing module is used for collecting the key data of the tester in the case that the tester is required to key only when seeing the target number 3 when randomly displaying the numbers 1 to 9 on the computer screen; the non-target stimulation testing module is used for acquiring the key data of a tester under the condition that the tester is required to press keys when seeing non-target numbers except a target number 3 when randomly displaying numbers 1 to 9 on a computer screen; the probe problem testing module is used for investigating whether a tester mentally moves in real time in the testing process.
Advantageously, the combination of the non-target stimulus testing module with the target stimulus testing module may provide more comprehensive test results. Furthermore, the probe problem testing module is carried out in real time during the target stimulation test and the non-target stimulation test, so that the accuracy of the test result can be further improved.
According to still another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the mathematical operation task test unit is used for determining the overall accuracy and computational efficiency of the tester, the target stimulus test module is used for obtaining a missing error rate, an execution error rate and a reaction time variability coefficient in the target stimulus test, the non-target stimulus test module is used for obtaining a missing error rate, an execution error rate and a reaction time variability coefficient in the non-target stimulus test, and the probe problem test module is used for obtaining a rate of the involuntary movement, a rate of knowing the own mind movement and a rate of not knowing the own mind movement.
According to still another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the visual continuous attention testing means determines the first visual continuous attention value of the tester based on the brain activation amount. For example, a first visual sustained attention value may be taken as the test result. Preferably, the first visual sustained attention value Z1 is aX1+ bY1, X1 is the brain activation amount of the prefrontal lobe region, Y1 is the brain activation amount of the sensory motor cortex, and a and b are the corresponding coefficients. The optimum value of the coefficient may be determined empirically.
According to still another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the visual continuous attention testing means further determines the second visual continuous attention value of the tester based on the overall accuracy and computational efficiency, the missed error rate, the execution error rate and the reaction time variability coefficient, and the rate of the involuntary movements, the rate of knowing the own mind movements, and the rate of not knowing the own mind movements. For example, a first visual sustained attention value may be taken as the test result.
Preferably, the second visual sustained attention value Z2 is a1Y2+ b1M2+ c1F2+ d1T2, where Y2 is the computational task test score, M2 is the target stimulus test score, F2 is the non-target test score, T2 is the probe problem test score, and a1, b1, c1, d1 are the corresponding coefficients. The optimal values of these coefficients can be determined empirically. It will be appreciated that the computational task test score is determined based on the overall accuracy and computational efficiency. The target stimulus test score and the non-target test score are determined according to the corresponding miss error rate, execution error rate, and reaction time variability coefficient. The probe problem test score is determined based on the rate of involuntary excursion, the rate of knowing the voluntary excursion, and the rate of not knowing the voluntary excursion.
Preferably, the visual continuous attention testing means determines the visual continuous attention value of the tester based on the first visual continuous attention value and the second visual continuous attention value. For example, the first and second visual sustained attention values may be averaged as the test result. When the second visual continuous attention value may be abnormal (e.g. significantly deviated from the first visual continuous attention value) in the case of distortion of parameters such as key failure in the continuous attention reaction test, total time in the mathematical operation task test, etc., the abnormal value may be excluded and the first visual continuous attention value may be used as the test result. At the same time, a possible key press failure or the like may be prompted. In addition, for example, when the signal acquired by the electroencephalogram acquisition unit is obviously abnormal, a second visual continuous attention value is taken as a test result. Therefore, the invention can provide the test result for the tester more stably. The first visual continuous attention value and the second visual continuous attention value may be in 10-point or 100-point, and so on.
According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for continuous visual attention training and testing, which is characterized in that the system for continuous visual attention training and testing is used for continuous visual attention training and testing.
There is also provided in accordance with still another preferred embodiment of the present invention a vision continuous attention training device characterized by comprising an ear cup, an eye cup, a haptic, a pressure sensor, a finger vibrator, a neck vibrator, and a computer, wherein the trainer wears the eye cup and the ear cup, repeatedly presses the haptic continuously with index finger and/or middle finger of both hands for a predetermined time and maintains the force within a predetermined range, and the computer is adapted to control the neck vibrator or the finger vibrator to vibrate, respectively, depending on whether or not the pressure value of the finger pressing detected by the pressure sensor is within or greater than the predetermined range.
According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a visual sustained attention test apparatus, which is characterized by comprising a mathematical operation task test unit, a sustained attention response test unit, an electroencephalogram signal acquisition unit and an analysis unit, wherein the mathematical operation task test unit and the sustained attention response test unit are used for testing visual sustained attention, the electroencephalogram signal acquisition unit is used for acquiring electroencephalogram data of a tester during a visual sustained attention test, and the analysis unit acquires brain activation quantities of a prefrontal lobe and a sensory motor cortex according to the electroencephalogram data, and the brain activation quantities are used for representing the visual sustained attention of the tester.
According to still another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the sustained attention response test unit includes a target stimulus test module, a non-target stimulus test module, and a probe problem test module.
According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the target stimulus testing module is used for collecting the key data of the tester in the case that the tester is required to key only when seeing the target number 3 when randomly displaying the numbers 1 to 9 on the computer screen; the non-target stimulation testing module is used for acquiring the key data of a tester under the condition that the tester is required to press keys when seeing non-target numbers except a target number 3 when randomly displaying numbers 1 to 9 on a computer screen; the probe problem testing module is used for investigating whether a tester mentally moves in real time in the testing process.
According to still another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the mathematical operation task test unit is used for determining the overall accuracy and computational efficiency of the tester, the target stimulus test module is used for obtaining a missing error rate, an execution error rate and a reaction time variability coefficient in the target stimulus test, the non-target stimulus test module is used for obtaining a missing error rate, an execution error rate and a reaction time variability coefficient in the non-target stimulus test, and the probe problem test module is used for obtaining a rate of the involuntary movement, a rate of knowing the own mind movement and a rate of not knowing the own mind movement.
According to still another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the visual continuous attention testing means determines the first visual continuous attention value of the tester based on the brain activation amount. For example, a first visual sustained attention value may be taken as the test result.
According to still another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the visual continuous attention testing means further determines the second visual continuous attention value of the tester based on the overall accuracy and computational efficiency, the missed error rate, the execution error rate and the reaction time variability coefficient, and the rate of the involuntary movements, the rate of knowing the own mind movements, and the rate of not knowing the own mind movements. For example, a first visual sustained attention value may be taken as the test result. Specifically, the respective weights may be set for the respective parameters according to experience, so as to obtain the second visual continuous attention value.
Preferably, the visual continuous attention testing means determines the visual continuous attention value of the tester based on the first visual continuous attention value and the second visual continuous attention value. For example, the first and second visual sustained attention values may be averaged as the test result. When the second visual continuous attention value may be abnormal (e.g. significantly deviated from the first visual continuous attention value) in the case of distortion of parameters such as key failure in the continuous attention reaction test, total time in the mathematical operation task test, etc., the abnormal value may be excluded and the first visual continuous attention value may be used as the test result. At the same time, a possible key press failure or the like may be prompted. In addition, for example, when the signal acquired by the electroencephalogram acquisition unit is obviously abnormal, a second visual continuous attention value is taken as a test result. Therefore, the invention can provide the test result for the tester more stably.
According to a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, the visual continuous attention testing device determines the first and second visual continuous attention values by the analyzing unit.
According to still another preferred embodiment of the present invention, different weights are set for the first visual continuous attention value and the second visual continuous attention value, and the visual continuous attention value of the tester is determined according to the weights. Advantageously, the first visual sustained attention value is weighted between 0.8 and 0.9 and the second visual sustained attention value is weighted between 0.1 and 0.2. Such an arrangement may further improve the accuracy of the test results.
According to a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, the first visual continuous attention value is taken as the test result when the second visual continuous attention value significantly deviates from the first visual continuous attention value.
According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the first visual continuous attention value is weighted more heavily than the second visual continuous attention value.
According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a visual continuous attention testing method, characterized in that the visual continuous attention testing device is used for performing a visual continuous attention test, the method comprising the steps of:
performing a target stimulation test, a non-target stimulation test and a probe problem test by using a target stimulation test module, a non-target stimulation test module and a probe problem test module, wherein the probe problem test is randomly inserted in the target stimulation test and the non-target stimulation test;
the electroencephalogram signal acquisition unit acquires electroencephalogram signals of a tester in real time in the test process;
the analysis unit determines a first visual continuous attention value according to a target stimulation test, a non-target stimulation test and a probe problem test, determines a brain activation amount and a second visual continuous attention value of a prefrontal lobe and a sensory motor cortex according to the electroencephalogram signal, and determines a visual continuous attention value of the tester according to the first visual continuous attention value and the second visual continuous attention value. The invention can obtain one or more of the following technical effects:
1. compared with other existing training systems, the system (device) can transfer and train the visual continuous attention across channels through closed-loop touch training, so that the visual continuous attention of a trainer is improved, the mental fatigue and the visual fatigue are avoided, and the side effect of a medicine is avoided;
2. the visual sustained attention is characterized by the brain activation amount of the prefrontal lobe and/or the sensory motor cortex, namely biomarkers, so that the test result is more objective and is not influenced by subjective factors of a tester;
3. the visual continuous attention value of the tester is determined through the first visual continuous attention value and the second visual continuous attention value (namely two values), so that a more accurate test result can be obtained to make up for the limitation of a single value; the problem that the test result cannot be obtained when a single value is abnormal can be solved.
Example 2
On the basis of example 1, this example is intended to further verify the results of the relevant studies.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a method of continuous visual attention training is provided that can be used to improve the continuous visual attention of young people based on purely tactile stimulation and tactile feedback. Meanwhile, the invention comprehensively applies the behavioural and electrophysiological (128-lead electroencephalogram) technology to quantify the visual continuous attention training effect. First, a continuous attention response test (SART) and a mathematical calculation task were designed to test the visual continuous attention level of the subject before training (first day); secondly, the attention training device (system) is applied to perform the attention training on the tested person (tester) for 5 days (the second day to the sixth day); then, after training (the seventh day), performing a visual sustained attention test on the tested object, wherein the test task is basically the same as that of the first day and is respectively a sustained attention reaction test and a mathematical operation task, and only the numerical sequence of a table used by the mathematical operation task is slightly changed; finally, analyzing the collected behavioural data (such as the error rate in reaction) and electroencephalogram data, including preprocessing such as filtering and denoising, extracting the waveforms of event-related potentials (ERPs), performing tracing imaging of electroencephalogram (including solving of a positive problem and a negative problem), and the like, and searching for biomarkers representing continuous attention changes.
Preferably, an attention training experimental design is performed. The entire experiment lasted 7 days, including 1) pre-training: performing mathematical operation task (Math) and continuous attention response task (SART) tests, and simultaneously recording electroencephalogram (EEG) signals; 2) training the touch sense; and 3) after training: the subjects were tested for sustained attention using Math and SART, with EEG signals recorded. On days 2 to 6, participants in the experimental group worn earplugs and eye patches during the tactile training. On days 1 and 7, participants in the experimental group recorded EEG signals by electroencephalography when the Math and SART tasks were performed. Participants in the control group performed mathematical operation task tests and EEG recordings only on days 1 and 7.
Preferably, the continuous attention response test (SART) comprises: (a) SART paradigm. For real-time probes (probes), one of three questions is presented at random and awaits the tester's answer. (b) Target (number 3) stimulation in the SART block (i.e., target stimulation test module). Referring to fig. 1, a schematic diagram of a target stimulus test is shown, for which the tester is asked to respond by pressing a key, e.g., numeral 3, while ignoring all other numerals. (c) The non-target (number 3) stimulus in the Control block (i.e., the non-target stimulus test module) requires the participant to respond to all numbers (1-2, 4-9) except number 3 by pressing a key.
Through the above experiment, fig. 2 shows the results of the test using the mathematical operation task test unit, the target stimulus test module, and the non-target stimulus test module before and after the training. Specifically, in fig. 2, (a) and (b) show the improvement of Math task performance after haptic training, including the improvement of trainee (trainer) overall Accuracy (ACC) and computational efficiency, and the computational efficiency in (b) uses RT/ACC, i.e., reaction time divided by correct rate, so that a smaller value indicates higher computational efficiency. The experimental group and the control group have obvious difference after training; (c) and (d) after training, SART task performance is improved, and specifically, the missing error rate of the trainee in the SART block and the Control block is reduced. Whereas the control group did not significantly change before and after training. P <0.05, P <0.01, n.s. indicates no significant difference. This indicates that the visual sustained attention of the trainee can be significantly improved by the training of the visual sustained attention test apparatus of the present invention.
Further, fig. 3 shows a schematic diagram of ERP signals before and after training. Specifically, after training based on the haptic channel, ERP (event-related potential channel signal) of the Pz channel changes as shown in (a) of fig. 3. (a) It was shown that the ERP waveform exhibited N200 and P300 components under both target and non-target stimulation test conditions. Time in milliseconds and amplitude in μ V; (b) the P300 amplitude change of the target stimulus after training is shown. After training, the P300 amplitude increased significantly. The time window for P300 is 280-448 milliseconds. P <0.05, P <0.01, n.s. indicates no significant difference.
Further, fig. 4 shows a schematic diagram of the changes in brain activation (sensorimotor cortex) before and after training; fig. 5 shows a schematic diagram of the changes in brain activation (prefrontal area) before and after training. In particular, fig. 4-5 show that haptic training significantly increased brain activation of the prefrontal lobe and the sensory motor cortex within the P300 time window (280-. The degree of activation is in pa.m and ranges from 0 to 4000.
Preferably, the experimental details are further explained below by three modules of the design of the visual continuous attention test task, the visual continuous attention training device based on the haptic channel, and the training effect quantifying device, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
Design of visual sustained attention test task
The entire experiment lasted 7 days, including 1) pre-training: testing a mathematical operation task (Math) and a continuous attention response task (SART), and simultaneously recording an electroencephalogram (EEG) signal; 2) training the touch sense; and 3) after training: the subjects were tested for sustained attention using Math and SART, with EEG signals recorded.
For the visual sustained attention test, a mathematical operation task (Math) and a Sustained Attention Response Test (SART) task are designed. The task is specifically as follows: the experimental description and 16 lines of arabic numerals were printed on a sheet of a4 paper, each line having 52 digits, ranging from 0 to 9. These numbers are randomly distributed with different weights, e.g., 0 occurs less often than the other numbers. Two different mathematical operation tasks are performed in the pre-training and post-training stages. More specifically, in each row, the numbers listed and the order of the numbers are completely different, but the number of occurrences of all the numbers, and the numbers adjacent to and 10, are the same for the preceding and succeeding stages. In the experiment, the subject was tried on a comfortable chair with sufficient lighting and good writing conditions (i.e., writing board was laid under A4 paper). During the calculation task, it is required that the subject be asked to identify and mark all two adjacent numbers with a sum equal to 10. Throughout the task, it is required that the trial be completed as quickly and accurately as possible line by line. Furthermore, the trial-back checks and modifications are not allowed. The total time is recorded by a stopwatch.
To measure the behavioral performance of the mathematical operation task, the following indices were calculated. 1) Overall Accuracy (ACC); 2) overall Reaction Time (RT); 3) computational efficiency, the time taken to complete each correct digit pair for the test. The calculation formula is as follows:
where x is the number of all pairs with a sum of 10 of the pairs to be tested, N is the number of all pairs with a sum of 10 of the mathematical operation task, and RT is the total reaction time, i.e. the time required by the test to complete the task, in milliseconds (ms).
The continuous attention response test (SART) is a "yes/no" task. In the current study, the SART is set up as two subtasks, consisting of one target stimulus test block (SART block) and one non-target stimulus test block (control block). Both modules included 310 formal and 30 practice trials. The numbers 1 to 9 are randomly displayed in white on a black computer screen. In the SART block, the number 3 is the infrequently occurring target stimulus, and the other numbers (1-2, 4-9) are frequently occurring non-targets. The number 3 quick key is required to be tried and all other numbers are ignored. In contrast, in the control block, the number 3 is a frequently occurring non-target stimulus. The test is asked to respond by pressing a key to all numbers (1-2, 4-9) except the number 3. In each trial run, the numbers were displayed centered in a random order on the center of the computer screen. Each number shows 250 milliseconds (ms) and then a 900 ms duration mask consisting of a cross ("+") appearing in the middle. The numbers are displayed in a predetermined and quasi-random manner so that the same numbers do not cluster. The 15 real-time probe questions are displayed randomly on the screen. Three of these probe questions were used to investigate whether the trial was mentally migratory (colloquially called the vagus): "just you wandered around in mind? If you move mentally, press 1 "; "if you know that you just mentally wandered, press 2"; "if you just wandered mentally but you did not notice, press 3". Throughout the task, the participants are seated in comfortable chairs and instructed to respond as quickly and accurately as possible.
To measure the behavioral performance of SART, the following indices were calculated: 1) the missing error rate is an error rate at which the test subject should perform a key press reaction but does not respond to the "yes" test (target stimulus); 2) an execution error rate; to the error rate at which the subject would not have responded to a "not" trial (non-target stimulus) but would have responded; 3) reaction Time Coefficient of Variability (RTCV), obtained by dividing the standard deviation of the eight trials preceding each probe by its mean; 4) responses to the exploratory questions included the rate of involuntary wandering (Q1), the rate of known voluntary wandering (Q2) and the rate of unknown voluntary wandering (Q3). The calculation formula is as follows:
wherein x isomissN is the number of errors that the subject should have made a key press response to the "yes" trial (target stimulus) but should not respond to the "yes" trialomissIndicates the total number of "yes" trials (target stimuli), xcommissIndicates the number of errors, N, that the subject should not respond to the "not" trial (non-target stimulus) but respond to the key presscommissMeans not the total number of trials (non-target stimuli), σ is the standard deviation of the response of the eight trials before each probe, mean RT is the average response of the eight trials before each probe, xnoMWIs the number of the tested keys as 1 (i.e. answer 'no mental wandering'), xMW1Is the number of the tested keys being 2 (i.e. answering 'know the mind and move'), xMW2Is the number of the tested keys being 3 (i.e. answer ' don't know the mind and move '), NprobeIs the total number of probe questions, and the value is 15.
Vision continuous attention training device based on touch channel
The invention discloses a visual continuous attention training device, which is a closed-loop self-adaptive fingertip operating device. The experimental setup included a six-axis force sensor system (ATI industrial automation, ATI Nano17, apex, north carolina), a pair of earmuffs, eye shield, haptics and a computer. Participants wear eye and ear cups to prevent audible and visual interference. All stimuli, including feedback, are tactile stimuli. In the tactile training, the force sensor button is pressed and the force is kept at about 1.5 newtons with the index or middle fingers of both hands. If the magnitude of the force generated is within the desired range, the neck vibrator will vibrate to indicate success. If the force is too great, the vibrator on the corresponding finger will begin to vibrate to indicate that the force is reduced. If the force is too small, there is no feedback. The test needs to determine which finger has less force and adjust accordingly. The tactile training consisted of 4 modules (80 trials total), with experiments lasting about 40 minutes per day, including setup and practice times. The actual training time per day is about 32 minutes, while the total actual training time is about 160 minutes.
Training effect quantification device
Research shows that high-density electroencephalogram (EEG) acquisition can effectively detect the brain activation amount of the prefrontal lobe and/or sensory-motor cortex, and the near-infrared optical image technology is difficult to detect. Therefore, relevant biomarkers are extracted by utilizing EEG analysis technologies such as high-density electroencephalogram (EEG) acquisition and tracing imaging, and the attention training effect based on the touch channel is quantified. The training effect quantification device comprises an electroencephalogram data preprocessing module, an ERP waveform analysis module, an EEG tracing imaging module and a statistical analysis module.
(1) Electroencephalogram data acquisition and preprocessing module
Electroencephalograms were recorded using a 128-lead HydroCel sensor array electrode cap and a GES 300 amplifier. The electrode Cz serves as a reference. Data were recorded at a 250Hz sampling rate. According to current guidelines set forth by the psychophysiological academy of research, the electrode impedance remains below 50k Ω.
The preprocessing process of the electroencephalogram data is as follows. Successive EEG data is first filtered using a 0.5 hertz (Hz) high pass Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter and a 100Hz low pass FIR filter. Second, the continuous EEG data is segmented according to both the target stimulus test and the non-target stimulus test. For data segmentation, the continuous EEG data is segmented into segments (epochs) that are-1000 to 1000ms before to after the start, using the moment of digital stimulus presentation as the start. Again, we eliminate the power frequency interference using a 50Hz notch filter. Finally, independent component analysis is used to identify and remove components that reflect residual muscle activity, eye movements, blink-related activity, and other artifacts.
(2) ERP waveform analysis module
After the artifact removal is completed, all experimental trials to be tested are averaged at epoch of the Pz channel under each condition (yes/no), and a waveform is plotted (as shown in fig. 3 (a)). The magnitudes of P300 and N200 are calculated by extracting the maximum magnitude of the average epoch for each test in the 280 to 448ms time window (corresponding to P300) and the 100 to 280ms time window (corresponding to N200). The latency of each P300 and N200 tested was calculated by extracting the time point corresponding to the maximum amplitude in the average epoch within the P300 and N200 time windows.
(3) EEG tracing imaging module
Source imaging techniques have transformed electroencephalography from one-dimensional sensing or two-dimensional mapping to three-dimensional imaging to map dynamically distributed brain activity (primarily from the cortex), with higher temporal (1 millisecond) and higher spatial resolution (5-10 millimeters). The presence of dense array EEG can perceive the spatiotemporal distribution of electrical activity on the scalp. The analysis steps for EEG trace-source imaging are as follows. A forward model is first built using OpenMEEG BEM and then a noise covariance matrix is calculated. Next, the inverse problem is solved using a standardized low resolution electroencephalography (sLORETA) algorithm. Finally, the results of brain activation are visualized.
(4) Statistical analysis module
To test the differences in behavioural performance (e.g. missing errors) between the different stages of the test pre (day one) and post (day seven) we used a paired t-test. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model was used to test the differences between the experimental and control groups for post-training behavioural and ERPs data. During calculation, the behavioural and ERPs data after training (for example, the calculation efficiency of the mathematical operation task before training) are used as dependent variables, the behavioural and ERPs data before testing (for example, the calculation efficiency of the mathematical operation task after testing) are used as covariates, and the groups (the experimental group and the control group) are used as independent variables.
For statistical analysis of EEG traceable imaging data, a permutation t-test was used to test for differences in activation of different brain regions. The Desikan-Killiany map divides the entire brain surface into 68 brain regions. When examining differences in brain activation measured by electroencephalography source imaging, a False Discovery Rate (FDR) correction model inserted into the braistorm was used to adjust all the merged P-values to control multiple comparisons of different brain regions. All t tests were bilateral tests, α is 0.05. Cohen's d was also calculated to estimate the magnitude of the effect mass. If the value of Cohen's d-0.2 is considered a small amount of effect, 0.5 represents a medium amount of effect, and 0.8 represents a large amount of effect.
The results of the behavioural analysis are shown in fig. 2, the results of the ERP analysis are shown in fig. 3, and the activation of brain activation is shown in fig. 4-5. In addition to behavioral indicators (e.g., leak rate, computational efficiency), the greater amplitude of the P300 component of the Pz channel and the greater activation of the brain prefrontal lobes and sensorimotor regions can serve as biomarkers, characterizing visual sustained attention.
Advantageously, the method applies the behavioristics and the high-density electroencephalogram technology, adopts methods such as EEG tracing analysis and the like, researches the training effect of continuous attention from the behavioral-brain multi-level, finds the objective biomarker for representing the improvement of the visual continuous attention, and can well quantify the visual continuous attention and the training effect.
Preferably, the visual continuous attention training device of the present invention can be used not only for visual continuous attention training of young people, but also for visual continuous attention training of patients suffering from attention deficit (such as ADHD) and special populations (such as air controllers).
The invention can obtain one or more of the following technical effects:
1. compared with other existing training systems, the system (device) can transfer and train the visual continuous attention across channels through closed-loop touch training, so that the visual continuous attention of a trainer is improved, the mental fatigue and the visual fatigue are avoided, and the side effect of a medicine is avoided;
2. the visual sustained attention is characterized by the brain activation amount of the prefrontal lobe and/or the sensory motor cortex, namely biomarkers, so that the test result is more objective and is not influenced by subjective factors of a tester;
3. the visual continuous attention value of the tester is determined through the first visual continuous attention value and the second visual continuous attention value (namely two values), so that a more accurate test result can be obtained to make up for the limitation of a single value; the problem that the test result cannot be obtained when a single value is abnormal can be solved.
It will be appreciated that the various embodiments described above may be combined with each other to produce yet another embodiment.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, which are described in the specification and illustrated only to illustrate the principle of the present invention, but that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, which fall within the scope of the invention as claimed. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Claims (7)
1. A vision continuous attention testing device is characterized by comprising a mathematical operation task testing unit, a continuous attention response testing unit, a high-density electroencephalogram signal acquisition unit and an analysis unit, wherein the mathematical operation task testing unit and the continuous attention response testing unit are used for testing vision continuous attention, the high-density electroencephalogram signal acquisition unit is used for acquiring electroencephalogram data of a tester during a vision continuous attention testing period, the analysis unit acquires brain activation quantities of a forehead leaf and a sensory motor cortex according to the electroencephalogram data, and the brain activation quantities are used for representing the vision continuous attention of the tester;
the continuous attention response testing unit comprises a target stimulation testing module, a non-target stimulation testing module and a probe problem testing module;
the target stimulation testing module is used for acquiring the key data of a tester under the condition that the tester is required to press keys only when seeing the target number when the numbers 1 to 9 are randomly displayed on a computer screen; the non-target stimulation testing module is used for acquiring the key data of a tester under the condition that the tester is required to press keys when seeing non-target numbers except the target number when randomly displaying the numbers 1 to 9 on a computer screen; the probe problem testing module is used for investigating whether a tester intelligently moves in real time in the testing process;
the mathematical operation task testing unit is used for determining the overall accuracy and the calculation efficiency of a tester, the target stimulation testing module is used for obtaining a missing error rate, an execution error rate and a reaction time variability coefficient in a target stimulation test, the non-target stimulation testing module is used for obtaining a missing error rate, an execution error rate and a reaction time variability coefficient in a non-target stimulation test, and the probe problem testing module is used for obtaining a rate of involuntary movement, a rate of knowing the mind movement and a rate of not knowing the mind movement;
the vision continuous attention testing device determines a first vision continuous attention value of a tester according to the brain activation amount, determines a second vision continuous attention value of the tester according to the overall accuracy and calculation efficiency, the missed error rate, the execution error rate and the reaction time variability coefficient, and the ratio of the involuntary movement, the ratio of knowing the self-mental movement and the ratio of not knowing the self-mental movement, and determines the vision continuous attention value of the tester according to the first vision continuous attention value and the second vision continuous attention value, wherein the first vision continuous attention value Z1 is aX1+ bY1, X1 is the brain activation amount of a prefrontal region, Y1 is the brain activation amount of a sensory motor cortex, and a and b are corresponding coefficients.
2. The visual sustained attention test apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the target number is 3, preferably, the second visual sustained attention value Z2 ═ a1Y2+ b1M2+ c1F2+ d1T2, wherein Y2 is the computational task test score, M2 is the target stimulus test score, F2 is the non-target test score, T2 is the probe problem test score, and a1, b1, c1, d1 are the corresponding coefficients.
3. The visual continuance attention testing device of claim 2, wherein said visual continuance attention testing device determines said first and second visual continuance attention values by said analysis unit.
4. The visual sustained attention testing apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein different weights are given to the first visual sustained attention value and the second visual sustained attention value, and the visual sustained attention value of the tester is determined based on the weights.
5. The visual sustained attention testing apparatus according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein the first visual sustained attention value is taken as the test result when the second visual sustained attention value significantly deviates from the first visual sustained attention value.
6. The visual sustained attention testing apparatus of claim 4, wherein the first visual sustained attention value is weighted more heavily than the second visual sustained attention value.
7. A visual persistence test method using the visual persistence test apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 6, the method comprising the steps of:
performing a target stimulation test, a non-target stimulation test and a probe problem test by using a target stimulation test module, a non-target stimulation test module and a probe problem test module, wherein the probe problem test is randomly inserted in the target stimulation test and the non-target stimulation test;
the high-density electroencephalogram signal acquisition unit acquires electroencephalogram signals of a tester in real time in the test process;
the analysis unit determines a first visual continuous attention value according to a target stimulation test, a non-target stimulation test and a probe problem test, determines a brain activation amount and a second visual continuous attention value of a prefrontal lobe and a sensory motor cortex according to the electroencephalogram signal, and determines a visual continuous attention value of the tester according to the first visual continuous attention value and the second visual continuous attention value.
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