CN112166562A

CN112166562A - Method for terminal-specific beamforming adaptation for advanced wireless systems

Info

Publication number: CN112166562A
Application number: CN201980035012.9A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 黄文隆; 曹金; 赵俊暎; 张建中
Original assignee: Samsung Electronics Co Ltd
Current assignee: Samsung Electronics Co Ltd
Priority date: 2018-06-11
Filing date: 2019-06-10
Publication date: 2021-01-01
Anticipated expiration: 2039-06-10
Also published as: US20190379464A1; EP3782301A4; WO2019240446A1; CN112166562B; US11108473B2; EP3782301A1

Abstract

The present disclosure is directed to providing a communication method and system for fusing a fifth generation (5G) communication system supporting a higher data rate than a fourth generation (4G) system with internet of things (IoT) technology. The present disclosure may be applied to smart services based on 5G communication technologies and IoT related technologies, such as smart homes, smart buildings, smart cities, smart cars, networked cars, healthcare, digital education, smart retail, security, and security services. A method of a User Equipment (UE) in a wireless communication system is provided. The method comprises the following steps: providing a marker indicating placement of the UE under beam training conditions; in response to confirming placement of the UE under the beam training conditions, beam codebook training including confirming beam usage statistics is performed.

Description

Method for terminal-specific beamforming adaptation for advanced wireless systems

Technical Field

The present application relates generally to beam management. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to terminal-specific beamforming adaptation for advanced wireless communication systems.

Background

In order to meet the increasing demand for wireless data services since the deployment of 4G communication systems, efforts have been made to develop improved 5G or pre-5G communication systems. Accordingly, the 5G or pre-5G communication system is also referred to as an "ultra 4G network" or a "post-LTE system". 5G communication systems are believed to be implemented on higher frequency bands (mmWave) (e.g., 60GHz band) to achieve higher data rates. In order to reduce propagation loss of radio waves and increase transmission distance, beamforming, massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), full-dimensional MIMO (FD-MIMO), array antenna, analog beamforming, massive antenna techniques are discussed in the 5G communication system. In addition, in the 5G communication system, development of improvement of a system network is being performed based on advanced small cells, a cloud Radio Access Network (RAN), an ultra-dense network, device-to-device (D2D) communication, a wireless backhaul, a mobile network, cooperative communication, coordinated multipoint (CoMP), receiver interference cancellation, and the like. In 5G systems, hybrid FSK and QAM modulation (FQAM) and Sliding Window Superposition Coding (SWSC) have been developed as Advanced Coding Modulation (ACM), and filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC), non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), and Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA) as advanced access techniques.

The human-oriented internet of connected networks, where humans generate and consume information, is evolving towards the internet of things (IoT), where distributed entities (e.g., things) exchange and process information without human intervention. Internet of everything (IoE), which is a combination of IoT technology and big data processing technology through connection with a cloud server, has emerged. Since technical elements such as "sensing technology", "wired/wireless communication and network architecture", "service interface technology", and "security technology" are required for IoT implementation, sensor networks, machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, Machine Type Communication (MTC), and the like have been recently studied. Such an IoT environment can provide intelligent internet technology services that create new value for human life by collecting and analyzing data generated by connected things. IoT can be applied to various fields including smart homes, smart buildings, smart cities, smart cars or networked cars, smart grids, healthcare, smart homes, and advanced medical services through fusion and integration between existing Information Technology (IT) and various industrial applications.

In line with this, various attempts are made to apply the 5G communication system to the IoT network. For example, technologies such as sensor networks, Machine Type Communication (MTC), and machine-to-machine (M2M) communication may be implemented through beamforming, MIMO, and array antennas. Applying a cloud Radio Access Network (RAN) as the big data processing technology described above may also be considered as an example of the convergence between 5G technology and IoT technology.

Disclosure of Invention

Technical problem

In a wireless communication network, network access and Radio Resource Management (RRM) are initiated by physical layer synchronization signals and higher (MAC) layer procedures. In particular, a User Equipment (UE) attempts to detect the presence of a synchronization signal and at least one cell Identification (ID) for initial access. Once a UE is in the network and associated with a serving cell, the UE monitors several neighboring cells by attempting to detect their synchronization signals and/or measuring associated cell-specific Reference Signals (RSs). For next generation cellular systems (e.g., third generation partnership-new air interface access or interface (3GPP-NR)), efficient unified radio resource acquisition or tracking mechanisms are desired, which are applicable to various use cases, such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC), large-scale machine type communication (mtc), each corresponding to different coverage requirements and frequency bands with different propagation losses.

Solution to the technical problem

In one embodiment, a User Equipment (UE) in a wireless communication system is provided. The UE includes: a display; and a processor operatively connected to the display, the processor configured to: providing a marker indicating placement of the UE under beam training conditions; in response to confirming placement of the UE under beam training conditions, performing beam codebook training including confirming beam usage statistics; and generating a beam codebook for beam generation of an antenna array of the UE for the beam training condition based on the ascertained beam usage statistics, the beam codebook including a UE-specific sub-codebook.

In another embodiment, a method of a User Equipment (UE) in a wireless communication system is provided. The method comprises the following steps: providing a marker indicating placement of the UE under beam training conditions; in response to confirming placement of the UE under beam training conditions, performing beam codebook training including confirming beam usage statistics; and generating a beam codebook for beam generation of an antenna array of the UE for the beam training condition based on the ascertained beam usage statistics, the beam codebook including a UE-specific sub-codebook.

In yet another embodiment, a non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising instructions is provided. When executed by at least one processor of a User Equipment (UE), the instructions cause the UE to: providing a marker indicating placement of the UE under beam training conditions; in response to confirming placement of the UE under beam training conditions, performing beam codebook training including confirming beam usage statistics; and generating a beam codebook for beam generation of an antenna array of the UE for the beam training condition based on the ascertained beam usage statistics, the beam codebook including a UE-specific sub-codebook.

Other technical features may be readily apparent to one skilled in the art from the following figures, descriptions, and claims.

Before proceeding with the following detailed description, it may be advantageous to set forth definitions of certain words and phrases used throughout this patent document. The term "couple" and its derivatives refer to any direct or indirect communication between two or more elements, whether or not those elements are in physical contact with one another. The terms "send," "receive," and "communicate," as well as derivatives thereof, encompass both direct and indirect communication. The terms "include" and "comprise," as well as derivatives thereof, mean inclusion without limitation. The term "or" is inclusive, meaning and/or. The phrase "and.. associated with," and derivatives thereof, means including, being included within, interconnected with, containing, contained within, connected to, or connected to, coupled to, communicable with, mated with, interleaved, juxtaposed, proximate to, bound or joined with, having an attribute of …, having a relationship therewith, and the like. The term "controller" refers to any device, system, or part thereof that controls at least one operation. This controller may be implemented in hardware, or a combination of hardware and software and/or firmware. The functionality associated with any particular controller may be centralized or distributed, whether locally or remotely. The phrase "at least one of," when used with a list of items, means that different combinations of one or more of the listed items can be used and only one item in the list may be required. For example, "at least one of A, B and C" includes any one of the following combinations: a; b; c; a and B; a and C; b and C; and A, B and C.

Further, the various functions described below may be implemented or supported by one or more computer programs, each formed from computer-readable program code and embodied in a computer-readable medium. The terms "application" and "program" refer to one or more computer programs, software components, sets of instructions, procedures, functions, objects, classes, instances, related data, or a portion thereof adapted for implementation in suitable computer readable program code. The phrase "computer readable program code" includes any type of computer code, including source code, object code, and executable code. The phrase "computer readable medium" includes any type of medium capable of being accessed by a computer, such as Read Only Memory (ROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), a hard disk drive, a Compact Disc (CD), a Digital Video Disc (DVD), or any other type of memory. A "non-transitory" computer-readable medium does not include a wired, wireless, optical, or other communication link that transmits transitory electrical or other signals. Non-transitory computer readable media include media that can permanently store data as well as media that can store data and subsequently overwrite data, such as a rewritable optical disc or an erasable memory device.

Definitions for certain other words and phrases are provided throughout this patent document. Those of ordinary skill in the art should understand that in many, if not most instances, such definitions apply to prior, as well as future uses of such defined words and phrases.

Advantageous effects of the invention

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide terminal-specific beamforming adaptation for advanced wireless systems.

Drawings

For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numbers represent like parts:

fig. 1 illustrates an example wireless network in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure;

fig. 2 illustrates an example gNB in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure;

fig. 3 illustrates an example UE in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

fig. 4A illustrates a high-level diagram of an orthogonal frequency division multiple access transmission path according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

fig. 4B illustrates a high-level diagram of an orthogonal frequency division multiple access receive path according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

fig. 5 shows a transmitter block diagram of PDSCH in a subframe according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

fig. 6 shows a receiver block diagram of PDSCH in a subframe according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

fig. 7 shows a transmitter block diagram of PUSCH in a subframe according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

fig. 8 shows a receiver block diagram of PUSCH in a subframe according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

fig. 9 illustrates an example multiplexing of two slices according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 10 illustrates an example user device in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 11 illustrates example system optimizations, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 12 illustrates an example system optimization framework in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure;

fig. 13 illustrates an example UE-specific beam subcodebook, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

fig. 14 illustrates another example UE-specific beam subcodebook, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 15 illustrates an example adaptation of a sub-codebook over time, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 16 illustrates an example flow diagram of a method for user-assisted beam codebook training in accordance with an embodiment of this disclosure;

FIG. 17 illustrates another example flow diagram of a method for user-assisted beam codebook training in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 18 illustrates yet another example flow diagram of a method for user-assisted beam codebook training in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

fig. 19 illustrates an example beam training trigger based on wireless signal quality in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure;

figure 20 illustrates an example beam training trigger based on detecting a handset housing in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 21 illustrates an example effect of an LCD on UE TX/RX radiation gain pattern, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

fig. 22 illustrates example antenna activation based on device processing in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

fig. 23 shows a flow diagram of a method for terminal operation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 24 shows an example before and after activation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

fig. 25 shows an example of a final steady state before activation, immediately after activation, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 26 shows an example weak signal when a finger touches/blocks the antenna, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

figure 27 shows an example weak signal when using the handset housing 1 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

fig. 28 shows a flow chart of a method for terminal operation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

fig. 29 illustrates an example conventional signal indicator and mmWave signal strength guideline according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

fig. 30 illustrates an example plurality of mmWave signal strength guidelines according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

fig. 31 shows a flow diagram of a method for terminal operation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 32 illustrates example marking on a screen to inform a user to avoid touching a marked area in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure;

fig. 33 shows a flow diagram of a method for terminal operation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; and

FIG. 34 illustrates an example message appearing on a screen requesting a user to move a hand/finger away from an undesirable location in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Detailed Description

Fig. 1 through 34, discussed below, and the various embodiments used to describe the principles of the present disclosure in this patent document are by way of illustration only and should not be construed in any way to limit the scope of the disclosure. Those skilled in the art will understand that the principles of the present disclosure may be implemented in any suitably arranged system or device.

In order to meet the increasing demand for wireless data services since the deployment of 4G communication systems, efforts have been made to develop improved 5G or pre-5G communication systems. Accordingly, the 5G or pre-5G communication system is also referred to as an "ultra 4G network" or a "post-LTE system".

5G communication systems are considered to be implemented in the higher frequency (mmWave) band (e.g., 60GHz band) to achieve higher data rates. In order to reduce propagation loss of radio waves and increase transmission coverage, beamforming, massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), full-dimensional MIMO (FD-MIMO), array antenna, analog beamforming, and large antenna technology, etc. have been discussed in 5G communication systems.

Further, in the 5G communication system, development of system network improvement based on advanced small cells, cloud Radio Access Network (RAN), ultra-dense network, device-to-device (D2D) communication, wireless backhaul communication, mobile network, cooperative communication, coordinated multipoint (CoMP) transmission and reception, interference mitigation and cancellation, and the like is underway.

Fig. 1 through 4B below describe various embodiments implemented in a wireless communication system and utilizing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) or Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) communication techniques. The descriptions of fig. 1-3 are not meant to imply physical or architectural limitations to the manner in which different embodiments may be implemented. The different embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in any suitably arranged communication system.

Fig. 1 illustrates an example wireless network in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of the wireless network shown in fig. 1 is for illustration only. Other embodiments of wireless network 100 may be used without departing from the scope of this disclosure.

As shown in fig. 1, the wireless network includes a gNB 101, a gNB102, and a gNB 103. gNB 101 communicates with gNB102 and gNB 103. The gNB 101 also communicates with at least one network 130, such as the internet, a proprietary Internet Protocol (IP) network, or other data network.

gNB102 provides wireless broadband access to network 130 for a first plurality of UEs within coverage area 120 of gNB 102. The first plurality of UEs includes: a UE 111, which may be located in a small enterprise (SB); a UE 112, which may be located in enterprise (E); UE 113, which may be located in a WiFi Hotspot (HS); a UE 114, which may be located in a first residence (R); a UE 115, which may be located in a second residence (R); the UE116, which may be a mobile device (M), such as a cellular phone, wireless laptop, wireless PDA, or the like. gNB 103 provides wireless broadband access to network 130 for a second plurality of UEs within coverage area 125 of gNB 103. The second plurality of UEs includes UE 115 and UE 116. In some embodiments, one or more of the gnbs 101-103 may communicate with each other and with the UE 111-116 using 5G, LTE-a, WiMAX, WiFi, or other wireless communication technologies.

Depending on the network type, the term "base station" or "BS" may refer to any component (or set of components) configured to provide wireless access to the network, such as a Transmission Point (TP), a transmission-reception point (TRP), an enhanced base station (eNodeB or eNB), a 5G base station (e.g., a general node B, or gNB), a macro cell, a femto cell, a WiFi Access Point (AP), or other wireless enabled device. The base station may provide wireless access according to one or more wireless communication protocols (e.g., 5G 3GPP new air interface/access (NR), Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-advanced (LTE-a), High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), Wi-Fi 802.11a/b/G/n/ac, etc.). For convenience, the terms "BS" and "TRP" are used interchangeably in this patent document to refer to network infrastructure components that provide wireless access to a remote terminal. Further, the term "user equipment" or "UE" may refer to any component, such as a "mobile station," "subscriber station," "remote terminal," "wireless terminal," "reception point," or "user equipment," depending on the type of network. For convenience, the terms "user equipment" and "UE" are used in this patent document to refer to a remote wireless device that wirelessly accesses a BS, whether the UE is a mobile device (such as a mobile phone or smartphone) or generally considered a stationary device (such as a desktop computer or vending machine).

The dashed lines represent the approximate extent of

coverage areas

120 and 125, which are shown as being generally circular for purposes of illustration and explanation only. It should be clearly understood that the coverage areas associated with the gnbs (such as coverage areas 120 and 125) may have other shapes, including irregular shapes, depending on the configuration of the gNB and the changes in the wireless environment associated with natural and man-made obstructions.

As described in more detail below, one or more of the UEs 111-116 include circuitry, procedures, or a combination thereof for efficient terminal-specific beamforming adaptation for advanced wireless systems. In some embodiments, one or more of the gnbs 101-103 include circuitry, procedures, or a combination thereof for efficient terminal-specific beamforming adaptation for advanced wireless systems.

Although fig. 1 shows one example of a wireless network, various changes may be made to fig. 1. For example, a wireless network may include any number of gnbs and any number of UEs in any suitable arrangement. Further, the gNB 101 may communicate directly with any number of UEs and provide these UEs with wireless broadband access to the network 130. Similarly, each gNB 102-103 may communicate directly with network 130 and provide direct wireless broadband access to network 130 for the UE. Further, gNB 101, gNB102, and/or gNB 103 may provide access to other or additional external networks (such as an external telephone network or other type of data network).

Fig. 2 illustrates an example gNB102 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of the gNB102 shown in fig. 2 is for illustration only, and the gnbs 101 and 103 of fig. 1 may have the same or similar configuration. However, the gNB has a variety of configurations, and fig. 2 does not limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular implementation of the gNB.

As shown in fig. 2, the gNB102 includes a plurality of antennas 205a-205n, a plurality of RF transceivers 210a-210n, Transmit (TX) processing circuitry 215, and Receive (RX) processing circuitry 220. The gNB102 also includes a controller/processor 225, a memory 230, and a backhaul or network interface 235.

The RF transceivers 210a-210n receive incoming RF signals, such as signals transmitted by UEs in the network 100, from the antennas 205a-205 n. RF transceivers 210a-210n down-convert the incoming RF signal to generate an IF or baseband signal. The IF or baseband signal is sent to RX processing circuitry 220, which generates a processed baseband signal by filtering, decoding, and/or digitizing the baseband or IF signal. The RX processing circuit 220 sends the processed baseband signals to the controller/processor 225 for further processing.

TX processing circuitry 215 receives analog or digital data (such as voice data, network data, e-mail, or interactive video game data) from controller/processor 225. TX processing circuitry 215 encodes, multiplexes, and/or digitizes the output baseband data to generate a processed baseband or IF signal. RF transceivers 210a-210n receive the output processed baseband or IF signals from TX processing circuitry 215 and upconvert the baseband or IF signals to RF signals for transmission via antennas 205a-205 n.

Controller/processor 225 may include one or more processors or other processing devices that control overall operation of gNB 102. For example, the controller/processor 225 may control the reception of forward channel signals and the transmission of reverse channel signals by the RF transceivers 210a-210n, the RX processing circuitry 220, and the TX processing circuitry 215, in accordance with well-known principles. The controller/processor 225 may also support additional functions, such as higher-level wireless communication functions. For example, the controller/processor 225 may support beamforming or directional routing operations in which output signals from the multiple antennas 205a-205n are weighted differently to effectively steer the output signals in a desired direction. Controller/processor 225 may support any of a variety of other functions in the gNB 102.

Controller/processor 225 is also capable of executing programs and other processes resident in memory 230, such as an OS. Controller/processor 225 may move data into and out of memory 230 as needed to perform a process.

The controller/processor 225 is also coupled to a backhaul or network interface 235. Backhaul or network interface 235 allows the gNB102 to communicate with other devices or systems over a backhaul connection or over a network. Interface 235 may support communication via any suitable wired or wireless connection. For example, when implementing the gNB102 as part of a cellular communication system (such as a cellular communication system supporting 5G, LTE or LTE-a), the interface 235 may allow the gNB102 to communicatively connect with other gnbs over a wired or wireless backhaul. When the gNB102 is implemented as an access point, the interface 235 may allow the gNB102 to communicate with a larger network (such as the internet) through a wired or wireless local area network or through a wired or wireless connection. Interface 235 includes any suitable structure that supports communication over a wired or wireless connection, such as an ethernet or RF transceiver.

Memory 230 is coupled to controller/processor 225. A portion of memory 230 may include RAM and another portion of memory 230 may include flash memory or other ROM.

Although fig. 2 shows one example of a gNB102, various changes may be made to fig. 2. For example, the gNB102 may include any number of each of the components shown in fig. 2. As a particular example, the access point may include multiple interfaces 235, and the controller/processor 225 may support routing functionality to route data between different network addresses. As another particular example, although shown as including a single instance of TX processing circuitry 215 and a single instance of RX processing circuitry 220, gNB102 may include multiple instances of each (such as one for each RF transceiver). Also, various components in FIG. 2 may be combined, further subdivided, or omitted, and additional components may be added according to particular needs.

Fig. 3 illustrates an example UE116 in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. The embodiment of the UE116 shown in fig. 3 is for illustration only, and the

UE

111 and 115 of fig. 1 may have the same or similar configuration. However, UEs have a wide variety of configurations, and fig. 3 does not limit the scope of the disclosure to any particular implementation of a UE.

As shown in fig. 3, the UE116 includes an antenna 305, a Radio Frequency (RF) transceiver 310, TX processing circuitry 315, a microphone 320, and Receive (RX) processing circuitry 325. The UE116 also includes a speaker 330, a processor 340, an input/output (I/O) Interface (IF)345, a touchscreen 350, a display 355, and a memory 360. The memory 360 includes an Operating System (OS)361 and one or more applications 362.

RF transceiver 310 receives from antenna 305 an incoming RF signal transmitted by the gNB of network 100. The RF transceiver 310 down-converts an input RF signal to generate an Intermediate Frequency (IF) or a baseband signal. The IF or baseband signal is sent to RX processing circuitry 325, which generates a processed baseband signal by filtering, decoding, and/or digitizing the baseband or IF signal. RX processing circuit 325 sends the processed baseband signals to speaker 330 (e.g., for voice data) or processor 340 for further processing (e.g., for web browsing data).

TX processing circuitry 315 receives analog or digital voice data from microphone 320 or other output baseband data (such as network data, email, or interactive video game data) from processor 340. TX processing circuitry 315 encodes, multiplexes, and/or digitizes the output baseband data to generate a processed baseband or IF signal. RF transceiver 310 receives the output processed baseband or IF signal from TX processing circuitry 315 and upconverts the baseband or IF signal to an RF signal, which is transmitted via antenna 305.

The processor 340 may include one or more processors or other processing devices, and executes the OS 361 stored in the memory 360 in order to control overall operation of the UE 116. For example, the processor 340 may control the reception of forward channel signals and the transmission of reverse channel signals by the RF transceiver 310, the RX processing circuitry 325, and the TX processing circuitry 315 in accordance with well-known principles. In some embodiments, processor 340 includes at least one microprocessor or microcontroller.

Processor 340 can also execute other processes and programs resident in memory 360, such as processes for CSI reporting on PUCCH. Processor 340 may move data into and out of memory 360 as needed to perform a process. In some embodiments, processor 340 is configured to execute applications 362 based on OS 361 or in response to signals received from the gNB or the operator. The processor 340 is also coupled to an I/O interface 345, which provides the UE116 with the ability to connect to other devices, such as laptop computers and handheld computers. I/O interface 345 is the communication path between these accessories and processor 340.

The processor 340 is also coupled to a touch screen 350 and a display 355. The operator of the UE116 may input data into the UE116 using the touch screen 350. The display 355 may be a liquid crystal display, a light emitting diode display, or other display capable of rendering text and/or at least limited graphics, such as from a website.

The memory 360 is coupled to the processor 340. A portion of memory 360 may include Random Access Memory (RAM) and another portion of memory 360 may include flash memory or other Read Only Memory (ROM).

Although fig. 3 shows one example of the UE116, various changes may be made to fig. 3. For example, various components in fig. 3 may be combined, further subdivided, or omitted, and additional components may be added according to particular needs. As a particular example, processor 340 may be divided into multiple processors, such as one or more Central Processing Units (CPUs) and one or more Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). Also, although fig. 3 shows the UE116 configured as a mobile phone or smart phone, the UE may be configured to operate as other types of mobile or fixed devices.

Fig. 4A is a high level diagram of the transmit path circuitry. For example, the transmit path circuitry may be used for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) communications. Fig. 4B is a high level diagram of the receive path circuitry. For example, the receive path circuitry may be used for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) communications. In fig. 4A and 4B, for downlink communications, transmit path circuitry may be implemented in a base station (gNB)102 or a relay station, and receive path circuitry may be implemented in a user equipment (e.g., user equipment 116 of fig. 1). In other examples, for uplink communications, the receive path circuitry 450 may be implemented in a base station (e.g., the gNB102 of fig. 1) or a relay station, and the transmit path circuitry may be implemented in a user equipment (e.g., the user equipment 116).

The transmit path circuitry includes a channel coding and modulation block 405, a serial-to-parallel (S-to-P) block 410, an inverse fourier transform (IFFT) block 415 of size N, a parallel-to-serial (P-to-S) block 420, an add cyclic prefix block 425, and an up-converter (UC) 430. Receive path circuitry 450 includes a Downconverter (DC)455, a remove cyclic prefix block 460, a serial-to-parallel (S-to-P) block 465, a size-N Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) block 470, a parallel-to-serial (P-to-S) block 475, and a channel decode and demodulation block 480.

At least some of the components in 400 of fig. 4A and 450 of fig. 4B may be implemented in software, while other components may be implemented in configurable hardware or a mixture of software and configurable hardware. In particular, note that the FFT blocks and IFFT blocks described in this disclosure document may be implemented as configurable software algorithms, where values of size N may be modified depending on the implementation.

Furthermore, although the present disclosure is directed to embodiments implementing a fast fourier transform and an inverse fast fourier transform, this is merely exemplary and may not be construed as limiting the scope of the present disclosure. It will be appreciated that in alternative embodiments of the present disclosure, the fast fourier transform function and the inverse fast fourier transform function may be readily replaced by a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) function and an Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) function, respectively. It will be appreciated that the value of the N variable may be any integer (i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) for DFT and IDFT functions, and any integer raised to a power of 2 (i.e., 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, etc.) for FFT and IFFT functions.

In transmit path circuitry 400, a channel coding and modulation block 405 receives a set of information bits, applies coding (e.g., LDPC coding) and modulates (e.g., Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) or Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)) the input bits to produce a series of frequency domain modulation symbols. The serial-to-parallel block 410 converts (i.e., demultiplexes) the serial modulated symbols into parallel data to produce N parallel symbol streams, where N is the IFFT/FFT size used in BS 102 and UE 116. An IFFT block 415 of size N then performs an IFFT operation on the N parallel symbol streams to produce a time domain output signal. Parallel-to-serial block 420 converts (i.e., multiplexes) the parallel time-domain output symbols from size N IFFT block 415 to produce a serial time-domain signal. An add cyclic prefix block 425 then inserts a cyclic prefix into the time domain signal. Finally, an upconverter 430 modulates (i.e., upconverts) the output of add cyclic prefix block 425 to an RF frequency for transmission over a wireless channel. The signal may also be filtered at baseband before conversion to RF frequency.

The transmitted RF signal reaches UE116 after passing through the radio channel, and performs the reverse operation to the operation at the gNB 102. Downconverter 455 downconverts the received signal to baseband frequency and remove cyclic prefix block 460 removes the cyclic prefix to produce a serial time-domain baseband signal. The serial-to-parallel block 465 converts the time-domain baseband signal to a parallel time-domain signal. An FFT block 470 of size N then performs an FFT algorithm to produce N parallel frequency domain signals. Parallel-to-serial block 475 converts the parallel frequency domain signal into a series of modulated data symbols. Channel decode and demodulation block 480 demodulates and then decodes the modulated symbols to recover the original input data stream.

Each of the gNB 101-. Similarly, each of the

user equipments

111 and 116 may implement a transmission path corresponding to an architecture for transmitting to the

gNB

101 and 103 in the uplink and may implement a reception path corresponding to an architecture for receiving from the

gNB

101 and 103 in the downlink.

The 5G communication system use case has been identified and described. These use cases can be roughly divided into three different groups. In one example, enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) is determined to have high bit/second requirements, as well as relaxed delay and reliability requirements. In another example, ultra-reliable and low delay (URLL) are determined to have relaxed bit/second requirements. In yet another example, large machine type communication (mtc) is determined as the number of devices per square kilometer may be as many as 100,000 to 100 ten thousand, but the reliability/throughput/delay requirements may not be stringent. The scenario may also involve power efficiency requirements, as battery consumption should be minimized as much as possible.

A communication system includes: a Downlink (DL) transmitting a signal from a transmission point such as a Base Station (BS) or a NodeB to a User Equipment (UE); and an Uplink (UL) which transmits a signal from the UE to a reception point such as a NodeB. A UE, also commonly referred to as a terminal or a mobile station, may be fixed or mobile and may be a cellular telephone, a personal computer device, or an automation device. An eNodeB, which is generally a fixed station, may also be referred to as an access point or other equivalent terminology. For LTE systems, the NodeB is often referred to as eNodeB.

In a communication system such as an LTE system, the DL signal may include a data signal conveying information content, a control signal conveying DL Control Information (DCI), and a Reference Signal (RS), also referred to as a pilot signal. The eNodeB transmits data information through a Physical DL Shared Channel (PDSCH). The eNodeB transmits the DCI through a Physical DL Control Channel (PDCCH) or an enhanced PDCCH (epdcch).

The eNodeB sends acknowledgement information in response to a data Transport Block (TB) transmitted by the UE in a physical hybrid ARQ indicator channel (PHICH). The eNodeB transmits one or more of multiple types of RS including UE common RS (crs), channel state information RS (CSI-RS), or demodulation RS (dmrs). CRS is transmitted over the DL system Bandwidth (BW) and may be used by UEs to acquire channel estimates to demodulate data or control information or to perform measurements. To reduce CRS overhead, the eNodeB may transmit CSI-RSs at a smaller density than CRS in the time and/or frequency domain. DMRSs may be transmitted only in BW of a corresponding PDSCH or EPDCCH, and a UE may demodulate data or control information in the PDSCH or EPDCCH, respectively, using DMRSs. The transmission time interval of the DL channel is called a subframe and may have a duration of, for example, 1 millisecond.

The DL signal also includes the transmission of logical channels carrying system control information. The BCCH is mapped to a transport channel called a Broadcast Channel (BCH) when the BCCH transmits a Master Information Block (MIB), or to a DL shared channel (DL-SCH) when the BCCH transmits a System Information Block (SIB). Most of the system information is included in different SIBs transmitted using the DL-SCH. The presence of system information on the DL-SCH in a subframe may be indicated by the transmission of a corresponding PDCCH conveying a codeword with a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) scrambled with a special system information RNTI (SI-RNTI). Alternatively, the scheduling information for the SIB transmission may be provided in an earlier SIB, and the scheduling information for the first SIB (SIB-1) may be provided by the MIB.

DL resource allocation is performed in units of subframes and a set of Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs). The transmission BW includes frequency resource units called Resource Blocks (RBs). Each RB comprises

A number of subcarriers or Resource Elements (REs), such as 12 REs. A unit of one RB on one subframe is referred to as a PRB. The UE may be directed to

RE is allocated M_PDSCHOne RB for PDSCH transmission BW.

The UL signal may include a data signal transmitting data information, a control signal transmitting UL Control Information (UCI), and a UL RS. UL RSs include DMRSs and sounding RSs (srs). The UE transmits the DMRS only in the BW of the corresponding PUSCH or PUCCH. The eNodeB may demodulate the data signal or the UCI signal using the DMRS. The UE sends SRS to provide UL CSI to the eNodeB. The UE transmits data information or UCI through a corresponding Physical UL Shared Channel (PUSCH) or Physical UL Control Channel (PUCCH). If the UE needs to send data information and UCI in the same UL subframe, the UE may multiplex both in the PUSCH. The UCI comprises: hybrid automatic repeat request acknowledgement (HARQ-ACK) information indicating correct (ACK) or incorrect (NACK) detection or lack of PDCCH Detection (DTX) of data TBs in PDSCH; a Scheduling Request (SR) indicating whether the UE has data in a buffer of the UE; a Rank Indicator (RI); and Channel State Information (CSI) that enables the eNodeB to perform link adaptation for PDSCH transmission to the UE. The UE also transmits HARQ-ACK information in response to detecting a PDCCH/EPDCCH indicating the release of the semi-persistently scheduled PDSCH.

The UL subframe includes two slots. Each slot including a transmitter for transmitting data information, UCI, DMRS or SRS

A symbol. The frequency resource unit of the UL system BW is RB. UE for general

One RE is allocated N_RBOne RB is used for transmission BW. For PUCCH, N_RBThe last subframe symbol may be used to multiplex SRS transmissions from one or more UEs. The number of subframe symbols available for data/UCI/DMRS transmission is

Wherein N is the last subframe symbol if used for transmitting SRS _SRS1 is ═ 1; otherwise, N_SRS＝0。

Fig. 5 shows a transmitter block diagram 500 for PDSCH in a subframe according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The embodiment of the transmitter block diagram 500 shown in fig. 5 is for illustration only. Fig. 5 does not limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular implementation of transmitter block diagram 500.

As shown in fig. 5, information bits 510 are encoded by an encoder 520 (e.g., a Turbo encoder) and modulated by a modulator 530, e.g., using Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation. Serial-to-parallel (S/P) converter 540 generates M modulation symbols, which are then provided to mapper 550 to be mapped to REs selected by transmission BW selection unit 555 for allocated PDSCH transmission BW, unit 560 applies an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT), and the output is then serialized by parallel-to-serial (P/S) converter 570 to create a time domain signal, filtered by filter 580, and the 590 signal is transmitted. Other functions such as data scrambling, cyclic prefix insertion, time windowing, interleaving, etc., are well known in the art and are not shown for the sake of brevity.

Fig. 6 shows a receiver block diagram 600 for PDSCH in a subframe according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The embodiment of diagram 600 shown in fig. 6 is for illustration only. Fig. 6 does not limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular implementation of diagram 600.

As shown in fig. 6, the received signal 610 is filtered by filter 620, the RE 630 used to assign the received BW is selected by BW selector 635, unit 640 applies a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), and the output is serialized by parallel-to-serial converter 650. Demodulator 660 then coherently demodulates the data symbols by applying channel estimates obtained from DMRS or CRS (not shown), and a decoder 670 (such as a turbo decoder) decodes the demodulated data to provide estimates of information data bits 680. For simplicity, other functions such as time windowing, cyclic prefix removal, descrambling, channel estimation, and deinterleaving are not shown.

Fig. 7 shows a transmitter block diagram 700 for PUSCH in a subframe according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of block diagram 700 shown in fig. 7 is for illustration only. Fig. 7 does not limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular implementation of block diagram 700.

As shown in fig. 7, information data bits 710 are encoded by an encoder 720, such as a Turbo encoder, and modulated by a modulator 730. A Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) unit 740 applies DFT on the modulated data bits, REs 750 corresponding to the allocated PUSCH transmission BW are selected by a transmission BW selection unit 755, a unit 760 applies IFFT, and after cyclic prefix insertion (not shown), filtering is applied by a filter 770 and a signal is transmitted 780.

Fig. 8 shows a receiver block diagram 800 for PUSCH in a subframe according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of block diagram 800 shown in FIG. 8 is for illustration only. Fig. 8 does not limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular implementation of block diagram 800.

As shown in fig. 8, received signal 810 is filtered by filter 820. Subsequently, after the cyclic prefix (not shown) is removed, unit 830 applies an FFT, REs 840 corresponding to the allocated PUSCH receive BW are selected by receive BW selector 845, unit 850 applies an inverse dft (idft), demodulator 860 coherently demodulates the data symbols by applying channel estimates obtained from DMRS (not shown), and decoder 870 (e.g., a Turbo decoder) decodes the demodulated data to provide estimates of information data bits 880.

In next generation cellular systems, various use cases are envisaged in addition to the capabilities of LTE systems. Systems capable of operating at frequencies below 6GHz and above 6GHz (e.g., in the mmWave range), referred to as 5G or fifth generation cellular systems, are one of the requirements. In 3GPP TR22.891, 74 5G use cases have been identified and described; these use cases can be roughly divided into three different groups. The first group, called "enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB)", is targeted at high data rate services with less stringent delay and reliability requirements. The second group, referred to as "ultra-reliability and low delay (URLL)", is targeted at applications with less stringent data rate requirements but low tolerance to delay. The third group, referred to as "massive mtc (mtc)", targets a large number of low power device connections with less stringent requirements on reliability, data rate and latency, such as 100 ten thousand per square kilometer.

In order for a 5G network to support such diverse services with different quality of service (QoS), one embodiment has been identified in the LTE standard, called network slicing. To efficiently utilize PHY resources and multiplex various slices in the DL-SCH (using different resource allocation schemes, parameter sets, and scheduling strategies), a flexible and independent frame or subframe design is utilized.

Fig. 9 illustrates an example antenna block 900 according to an embodiment of this disclosure. The embodiment of the antenna block 900 shown in fig. 9 is for illustration only. Fig. 9 does not limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular implementation of antenna block 900.

For the mmWave band, although the number of antenna elements may be large for a given form factor, the number of CSI-RS ports (which may correspond to the number of digital precoding ports) is susceptible to limitations due to hardware limitations (the feasibility of installing a large number of ADCs/DACs at mmWave frequencies), as shown in fig. 10. In this case, one CSI-RS port is mapped onto a large number of antenna elements, which may be controlled by a set of analog phase shifters. One CSI-RS port may then correspond to one sub-array that generates a narrow analog beam through analog beamforming. This can be done by changing the set of phase shifters across symbols or sub-framesThe analog beam is configured to scan a larger angular range. Number of sub-arrays (equal to number of RF chains) and CSI-RS port N_CSI-PORTThe number of (2) is the same. Digital beamforming unit spanning N_CSI-PORTThe analog beams perform linear combination to further increase the precoding gain. Although the analog beams are wideband (and thus not frequency selective), the digital precoding may vary across sub-bands or resource blocks.

In LTE, there are multiple CSI reporting modes for both periodic (PUCCH-based) and aperiodic (PUSCH-based) CSI reporting. Each CSI reporting mode depends on (coupled with) many other parameters (e.g., codebook selection, transmission mode, eMIMO type, RS type, CRS, or CSI-RS port number). At least two disadvantages may be perceived. First, there are complex "nested loops" (IF … ELSE …) and coupling/linking nets. This complicates the testing work. Second, forward compatibility is limited, especially when new features are introduced.

Although the above disadvantages apply to DL CSI measurements, the same applies to UL CSI measurements. In LTE, the UL CSI measurement framework exists in raw form and does not evolve as well as the DL replica. With the advent of TDD or reciprocal based systems for next generation systems, and the possible prominence of OFDMA or OFDMA based multiple access for UL, the same (or at least similar) CSI measurement and reporting framework applicable to both DL and UL is advantageous.

To assist the UE in determining the RX and/or TX beams for the UE, a beam scanning procedure is employed that includes the gNB sending a set of transmit beams to scan the cell area, and the UE measuring the signal quality of the different beams using the UE's receive beams. To facilitate candidate beam acknowledgement, beam measurement, and beam quality reporting, the gNB configures the UE with one or more RS resources (e.g., SS blocks, periodic/aperiodic/semi-persistent CSI-RS resources, or CRI) corresponding to a set of TX beams. RS resources refer to reference signal transmission over a combination of one or more time (OFDM symbols)/frequency (resource elements)/space (antenna port) domain positions. For each RX beam, the UE reports a different TX beam received using that RX beam and orders in order of signal strength (RSRP) and optional CSI (CQI/PMI/RI). Based on the measurement report feedback of the UE, the gNB configures the UE with TX-RX beam pairs for receiving PDCCH and/or PDSCH.

Fig. 10 illustrates an example user device 1000 in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. The embodiment of the user equipment 1000 shown in fig. 10 is for illustration only. Fig. 10 does not limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular embodiment.

As shown in fig. 10, the UE includes a 2G/3G/4G communication module and a 5G mmWave communication module. Each communication module includes one or more antennas, a Radio Frequency (RF) transceiver, Transmit (TX) and Receive (RX) processing circuits. The UE also includes a speaker, a processor, an input/output (I/O) Interface (IF), one or more sensors (touch sensors, proximity sensors, gyroscopes, etc.), a touch screen, a display, and memory. The memory includes firmware, an Operating System (OS), and one or more applications.

The RF transceiver receives from the antenna an incoming RF signal transmitted by the eNB/gNB of the network. The RF transceiver down-converts an input RF signal to generate an Intermediate Frequency (IF) or baseband signal. The IF or baseband signal is sent to RX processing circuitry, which generates a processed baseband signal by filtering, decoding, and/or digitizing the baseband or IF signal. The RX processing circuitry sends the processed baseband signals to a processor for further processing (such as for voice or web browsing data).

The TX processing circuitry receives output baseband data (such as voice, network data, email, or interactive video game data) from the processor. The TX processing circuitry encodes, multiplexes, and/or digitizes the output baseband data to generate a processed baseband or IF signal. The RF transceiver receives the output processed baseband or IF signal from the TX processing circuit and up-converts the baseband or IF signal to an RF signal that is transmitted through an antenna.

The processor may include one or more processors and executes basic OS programs stored in the memory in order to control the overall operation of the UE. In one such operation, the main processor controls the reception of forward channel signals and the transmission of reverse channel signals by the RF transceiver, the RX processing circuitry, and the TX processing circuitry in accordance with well-known principles. The host processor may also include processing circuitry configured to allocate one or more resources.

For example, the processor may include: a allocator processing circuit configured to allocate a unique carrier indicator; and detector processing circuitry configured to detect a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) scheduling a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) to receive a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) transmission in one of the carriers. Downlink Control Information (DCI) is used for various purposes and is transmitted in a corresponding PDCCH through a DCI format. For example, the DCI format may correspond to a downlink allocation for PDSCH reception or an uplink grant for PUSCH transmission. In some embodiments, the processor comprises at least one microprocessor or microcontroller.

The processor can also execute other processes and programs residing in the memory, such as operations for an inter-eNB/gNB coordination scheme to support carrier aggregation between enbs/gnbs. It should be understood that carrier aggregation between enbs/gnbs may also be referred to as dual connectivity. The processor may move data into and out of the memory as needed for the execution process. In some embodiments, the processor is configured to execute a plurality of applications, such as an application for MU-MIMO communication, including obtaining control channel elements of a PDCCH.

The processor may operate a plurality of applications based on the OS program or in response to a signal received from the eNB/gNB. The main processor is also coupled to an I/O interface that provides the UE with the ability to connect to other devices, such as laptop computers and handheld computers. The I/O interface is the communication path between these accessories and the main controller.

The processor is also coupled to the touch screen and the display. The operator of the UE may input data into the UE using the touch screen. The display may be a liquid crystal display, a light emitting diode display, or other display capable of rendering text and/or at least limited graphics, such as from a website.

A memory is coupled to the processor. One portion of the memory may include Random Access Memory (RAM) and another portion of the memory may include flash memory or other Read Only Memory (ROM).

Although fig. 10 shows one example of the UE, various changes may be made to fig. 10. For example, the various components in FIG. 10 may be combined, further subdivided, or omitted, and additional components may be added according to particular needs. As a particular example, a processor may be divided into multiple processors, such as one or more Central Processing Units (CPUs) and one or more Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). Also, although fig. 10 illustrates a UE configured as a mobile phone or smartphone, the UE may be configured to operate as other types of mobile or fixed devices.

A 5G terminal or UE may be equipped with multiple antenna elements. Beamforming is an important factor when a UE attempts to establish a connection with a BS station. To compensate for the narrower analog beamwidth in mmWave, analog beamsweeping may be employed to support a wider signal reception or transmission coverage area for the UE.

The beam codebook includes a set of codewords, where the codewords may be a set of analog phase shift values or a set of amplitude plus phase shift values applied to the antenna elements to form an analog beam. Given a set of beam codebooks, the beams may be scanned one by one, e.g., from left to right in the horizontal domain, and from top to bottom in the elevation domain.

This simple approach presents a number of problems. First, not all beams are identical in gain and shape. Some beams may have greater gain in the smaller sphere region, while others have lower gain but wider beamwidth. For example, a beam pointing in the boresight direction typically has the highest gain but the narrowest beamwidth, while a beam pointing in the endfire region has the largest beamwidth and the lowest gain. This observation should be taken into account when designing a beam scanning process with minimal delay.

Second, the wireless signal may come from a certain direction more than the other directions. Therefore, the beam corresponding to the direction in which the occurrence probability is high can be selected with a higher probability than the other beams.

Third, beam scanning is very time consuming when the codebook size is large. Once a sufficiently good beam is found, the number of beams scanned and/or stopped is limited, which is advantageous in delay sensitive situations (e.g., vehicle-to-vehicle communications).

In one embodiment, a UE is equipped with means for determining a beam scanning sequence of the UE based on one or more inputs, including: a beam codebook or, equivalently, a beam pattern corresponding to a beam codebook; target performance indicators for beam scanning; and UE specific conditions such as UE orientation and/or channel environment.

A 5G terminal or UE may be equipped with multiple radio front end (RF) modules, where each module has an antenna array based on the architecture shown in fig. 10. Some architectures may also allow the RF module to have more than one antenna array. Each RF module is capable of generating an RF beam using phase shifters or phase shifters and amplitude weights.

In one embodiment, system optimization is considered a design of a cross-module and/or cross-layer procedure/algorithm to determine which RF beam the UE is to use in which RF module given UE-specific conditions. The UE-specific conditions may include one or more of the following factors: channel conditions experienced by the UE; protocol status of the UE; an application state of the UE; and the physical state of the UE.

The channel state includes desired and interfering signal channel conditions determined by the network deployment scenario, user environment, hand or body or object blockage, and movement of the UE. Protocol state refers to the connection state or activity of the UE modem. For example, the UE may be in an initial access or handover state. It may be in an RRC connected state, an RRC idle state, or an RRC inactive state. It may be in a state of receiving or transmitting a broadcast or unicast signal or both. It may be in a state of receiving or transmitting a control channel, a data channel, or both. The protocol state is considered to be one or more of the modem connection activities described above. The application state refers to the user's current application (e.g., video, voice, hypertext transfer protocol (http)). The physical state includes device orientation, physical conditions of the device that may affect wireless performance due to damage, such as device housing, faulty antenna, or RF module.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example system optimization 1100 according to an embodiment of this disclosure. The embodiment of system optimization 1100 shown in FIG. 11 is for illustration only. Fig. 11 is not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular embodiment.

An overview of system optimization is illustrated in fig. 11. The UE specific conditions are based on input from sensors on the terminal, such as gyroscopes, Inertial Measurement Units (IMU), proximity sensors, GPS receivers, hand or body blockage detection and channel conditions.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example system optimization framework 1200 in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure. The embodiment of the system optimization framework 1200 shown in FIG. 12 is for illustration only. Fig. 12 does not limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular embodiment.

More details about the system optimization framework are illustrated in fig. 12. The frame comprises 3 modules. The first module is a UE-specific condition detection module that takes inputs such as measurements from sensors, 5G modem baseband (BB) and RF modules. The UE-specific condition detection module outputs a UE-specific condition. The second module is a module that performs an RF module and an RF/analog beam codebook selection algorithm.

The third module is a codebook module that stores RF/analog beam codebooks for the RF module. The second module takes as input UE specific conditions and a beam codebook from the third module and outputs a decision about the RF module to be employed and the corresponding beam codebook. The output signal may be sent to a 5G BB module or RF module. In one example architecture, the second module and the third module are combined into one module.

In another example of an architecture, a first module, a second module, and a third module are combined into one module. As shown in fig. 12, each module may have multiple beam codebooks or only one beam codebook, in which case the second module selects a subset of codewords (or beams) from the codebook of each module. For the remainder of this disclosure, it is assumed that there is one codebook per module. However, it should be understood that the present disclosure may also be applicable to cases where there are multiple codebooks per module. For the present disclosure, beams and codewords may be used interchangeably.

By default, the set of codewords used by the device may be the union of all codewords of the codebooks of all modules on the device. The set of codewords may be designed given the antenna type, antenna arrangement on the device, and antenna housing. This set of codewords or codebook is referred to as the default codebook. For example, assuming 16 codewords per module and two modules per device, then 32 codewords per device. If only one codeword can be activated at any given time, the UE needs to perform beam scanning through 32 beams to determine the best beam to use for the UE. However, not all beams may be used with equal probability. If only a subset of the codewords is used with a high probability and since the beam scanning delay is proportional to the number of beams, it may be beneficial to create a sub-codebook containing a highly used set of codewords, whereby the beam scanning delay with the sub-codebook may be reduced.

Fig. 13 illustrates an example UE-specific beam subcodebook 1300 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of the UE-specific beam subcodebook 1300 shown in fig. 13 is for illustration only. Fig. 13 does not limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular embodiment.

Furthermore, UE-specific conditions may change the usage of codewords. This means that the sub-codebook including the codeword set having a high usage rate may vary between UEs. Therefore, there is a need for a method of determining a UE-specific sub-codebook for reducing beam scanning delay. The concept of a UE-specific sub-codebook may be illustrated by a wien diagram as shown in fig. 13, where three UE-specific sub-codebooks are shown. The sub-codebooks may or may not overlap.

In another example, there is a default sub-codebook that is a set of codewords designed according to the antenna type, antenna arrangement on the device, enclosure of the antenna, and required sub-codebook size without considering beam scanning delay and beam management overhead/complexity. In practice, the entire codeword space of a UE is a large set, where the size of the set is mainly determined by the number of possible beamforming weights. In the case of constant amplitude beamforming, the size of the set is determined by the number of phase shifter bits and the array size.

Fig. 14 illustrates an example UE-specific beam subcodebook 1400 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of the UE-specific beam sub-codebook 1400 shown in fig. 14 is for illustration only. Fig. 14 does not limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular embodiment.

In effect, there is a set of static codewords and a set of active codewords, where the initial set of active codewords is the default sub-codebook. UE-specific conditions may change the best or appropriate set of active codewords. The UE-specific sub-codebook is a subset of codewords within the entire codeword space, and it may or may not overlap with the default sub-codebook or with another UE-specific sub-codebook. An example wien diagram is shown in fig. 14.

In a method of generating a UE-specific sub-codebook, each UE records statistics of RF module and beam usage, and then a sub-codebook may be derived based on the collected statistics. The statistics may be stored in a memory of the device, or it may be stored in a cloud or external database connected to the device. If a beam is used for data communication, the beam is considered to be used. The use of the beam for communication may be confirmed from the communication baseband module.

For example, assume that the UE has two RF modules, module a and module B. Further assume that each module can form multiple analog beams, i.e., beams A-1 through A-K of module A; beams B-1 to B-K of module B. May be in a table or database (such as table 1, where ∑_iα_i1) the percentage, number or probability of selecting a beam of the module RF is recorded. There may be one table per UE or there may be multiple tables, where each UE has a table for UE-specific conditions (described in detail later). Given α of all i_iThe sub-codebook may be generated using one of the following methods.

In one example, the sub-codebook includes a usage rate α_iAll codewords above a certain value (e.g., 0.1). In another example, the sub-codebook is N codewords with N maximum usages. In yet another example, a sub-codebookIs a sub-codebook having a smaller size than the sub-codebook from such an example. The emphasis is on minimizing beam sweep delay. In yet another example, the sub-codebook is a sub-codebook having a larger size than the sub-codebook from such an example. The focus is on spherical coverage performance.

In addition, may be selected from α_iDetermining a beam search sequence, in particular a search order according to a decreasing alpha_iThe value is determined. That is, first search for the maximum α_iThen search for the second largest module and codebook, and so on.

TABLE 1 RF Module and Beam usage

In addition to beam usage, other metrics may be used, such as using the signal strength of each beam (e.g., received signal strength, in the form of RSRP), or using the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) of each beam.

The UE-specific conditions may vary over time. For example, the user may change the holding position of the device. In another example, a user may add a shell or change their shell on their device. Changes in UE-specific conditions may affect the wireless spherical coverage performance of the original beam sub-codebook, while a different sub-codebook may be better for new UE-specific conditions. To accommodate varying UE-specific conditions, the method as described before can be extended such that statistics of beam usage can be recorded for each UE-specific condition, as shown in table 2.

TABLE 2 RF Module and Beam usage under UE-specific conditions

FIG. 15 illustrates an example adaptation 1500 of a sub-codebook over time, according to embodiments of the disclosure. The embodiment of adaptation 1500 of the sub-codebooks over time shown in FIG. 15 is for illustration only. Fig. 15 is not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular embodiment.

A sub-codebook may then be generated for each UE-specific condition, and the UE may utilize the appropriate sub-codebook depending on the detection of the UE-specific condition. The adaptation of the sub-codebooks over time is shown in FIG. 15.

It is beneficial for the terminal to enable the user to assist in generating the UE-specific sub-codebook (which may also be referred to as the beam training procedure). This is because the user can better control or set the target training conditions. The beam training method may be based on statistical collection of beam usage and derivation of a new sub-codebook, as previously described; however, other beam training methods are possible. Training for UE-specific sub-codebooks may be referred to simply as beam codebook training.

Fig. 16 illustrates an example flow diagram of a method 1600 for user-assisted beam codebook training in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of the method 1600 shown in FIG. 16 is for illustration only. Fig. 16 does not limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular embodiment.

The user-assisted beam codebook training process is illustrated in fig. 16. The beam codebook training process involves the terminal instructing the user to set beam training conditions. After the beam training condition is set, the terminal performs beam codebook training and generates a new beam codebook. The terminal then indicates to the user that training is complete.

Fig. 17 illustrates another example flow diagram of a method 1700 for user-assisted beam codebook training in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of the method 1700 shown in FIG. 17 is for illustration only. Fig. 17 is not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular embodiment.

Fig. 17 illustrates another exemplary user assisted beam codebook procedure. In this case, the user instructs the terminal to perform beam training. After the beam training condition is set, the terminal performs beam codebook training and generates a new beam codebook. The terminal then indicates to the user that training is complete.

Fig. 18 illustrates yet another example flow diagram of a method 1800 for user-assisted beam codebook training in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of the method 1800 shown in FIG. 18 is for illustration only. Fig. 18 does not limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular embodiment.

In another embodiment, the terminal first monitors the beam codebook training trigger condition. Monitoring may be continuous while the wireless module is operating. Monitoring may also be periodic, or event-triggered (such as when radio conditions fall below a certain threshold). And when the beam codebook training triggering condition is met, the terminal triggers the beam codebook training process. Fig. 18 shows an exemplary process.

In this example, the beam codebook training procedure involves the terminal instructing the user to set beam training conditions. After the beam training condition is set, the terminal performs beam codebook training and generates a new beam codebook. The terminal then indicates to the user that training is complete.

The terminal may trigger the need for beam training based on the radio performance experienced by the UE. The wireless performance may be SNR, SINR, throughput, beam alignment success rate, etc. In particular, when the radio performance is below a certain threshold, a need for a beam training procedure may be triggered. This means that the performance is poor and the threshold for the trigger condition is different from the threshold for event-based trigger condition monitoring.

Fig. 19 illustrates an example beam training trigger 1900 based on wireless signal quality in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. The embodiment of the beam training trigger 1900 shown in fig. 19 is for illustration only. Fig. 19 does not limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular embodiment.

When a beam training requirement is triggered, a message may appear on the user's device screen requesting that the user allow beam training. An example message is shown in fig. 19. If the user accepts the invitation/indication, beam training is initiated, otherwise not. The beam training condition is essentially low enough radio performance and the user subsequently agrees to perform beam training. Beam codebook training may also be performed automatically by the terminal (i.e., without user consent) after the radio conditions are met. In one alternative, the first beam training requires the user to expressly indicate consent, and the user is provided with an option to automatically approve subsequent beam training requests.

Fig. 20 illustrates an example beam training trigger 2000 based on detection of a handset housing in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. The embodiment of the beam training trigger 2000 shown in fig. 20 is for illustration only. Fig. 20 does not limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular embodiment.

Another trigger condition for the beam training process may be the detection of a change in the terminal that needs to be beam trained, such as having brought a new handset housing on or having removed a handset housing. Which can be detected using one or more sensors on the handset, such as a touch sensor (e.g., a capacitive touch sensor). An example message is shown in fig. 20. The beam training condition is essentially a sensor trigger and the user subsequently agrees to perform beam training.

The user may also actively trigger the beam training process by navigating a user interface menu to a button or setting that triggers the beam training process. In this case, the beam training condition is a user trigger.

After the user or terminal initiates the beam training, the terminal may direct the user to complete the beam training process. The terminal may ask the user for one or more of the following beam training conditions.

In one example of training condition 1, beam training for one or more machine cases includes, but is not limited to, the following cases: (case 1) the device is flat on a horizontal surface (e.g., on a table) with the display screen facing up; (case 2) the device is laid flat on a horizontal surface (e.g., on a table) with the display screen facing down; (case 3) the device is held in portrait mode (e.g., the user's dominant hand and the user's non-dominant hand); (case 4) the device is held in landscape mode (e.g., no tilt, tilt right, tilt left); (case 5) place the device at the head and hands (e.g., the user's dominant hand and the user's non-dominant hand).

In one example of training condition 2 for beam training of one or more locations, the user is required to walk around the area while holding the device in a fixed position (e.g., one of the holding positions as described in training condition 1).

In one example of training condition 3, the user is required to walk around the area while changing the device holding position (e.g., the holding position as described in training condition 1).

Sensors on the handset can be used to determine if the training conditions have been properly set. For example, a gyroscope may be used to determine whether case 1 has been established. Proximity sensors and/or touch sensors may be used to determine whether case 5 has been established. If it is determined that the condition has not been established, the terminal may repeat the guidance or indication to the user or provide further guidance or indication to the user.

Images, video, sound, vibration, or a combination thereof may be used to guide the user through the training conditions and inform the user that beam training is complete. The choice of image, video, sound or combination depends on the training conditions. For example, images, video or vibrations may be used to inform the user of training condition 1 the completion of case 1 (since the user can see the screen in this case) and the next training condition to be performed; while sound or vibration can be used to inform the user of the completion of training condition case 2 (because the user cannot see the screen in this case).

In another embodiment, after beam training is initiated by the user or the terminal, the user may directly define the training conditions by explicitly presenting the desired training conditions to the terminal (e.g., by holding the terminal in a particular manner). This enables the user to determine problematic radio conditions himself.

Note that the beam codebook training procedure may also be extended in a straightforward manner to train beam scanning or beam search sequences to reduce beam scanning or beam search delays. The output of the training is not a beam codebook but a beam sweep or beam search sequence. Training may also be directed to beam codebooks and beam scanning/searching sequences.

Fig. 21 shows an example effect 2100 of an LCD on a UE TX/RX radiation gain pattern according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The embodiment of the LCD's effect 2100 on the UE TX/RX radiation gain pattern shown in FIG. 21 is for illustration only. Fig. 21 does not limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular embodiment.

Fig. 21 shows an example of the effect of a full LCT display covering the UE side on the Rx/Tx radiation gain pattern of the UE. The effect of the handle and the human body on the radiation pattern is similar, i.e. the distance between the human skin and the antenna module has a large effect on the wireless energy. In particular, if the signal has to propagate through the skin of the human body, the signal received/transmitted by the antenna is subject to a great loss. If the UE is equipped with multiple antenna modules, for example, located at the four corners (or subsets) of a rectangular UE, the set of antenna modules that can be turned on to receive or transmit signals depends largely on how the user manipulates the device with his hands. Some examples are shown in fig. 22.

Fig. 22 illustrates an example antenna module activation 2200 based on handling a device with a hand in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. The embodiment of the antenna module activation 2200 shown in fig. 22 is for illustration only. Fig. 22 does not limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular embodiment.

Fig. 23 shows a flowchart of a method 2300 for terminal operation, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The embodiment of the method 2300 shown in FIG. 23 is for illustration only. Fig. 23 does not limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular embodiment.

FIG. 23 depicts an exemplary process. Upon receiving the activation command, the terminal displays a signal indicator on a screen. The indicator may be displayed larger in the center of the screen or occupy a larger area of the screen to maximize the visual effect. The indicator may be referred to as a "signal strength guideline". One example is a signal strip as shown in fig. 24. Other visual representations of signal strength are also possible. After the user sends the deactivation command, the terminal deletes the signal indicator from the screen.

Fig. 24 shows an example of 2400 before and after activation according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The embodiment of 2400 before and after activation shown in fig. 24 is for illustration only. Fig. 24 does not limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular embodiment.

Fig. 25 shows an example of a final steady state 2500 before activation, immediately after activation, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The embodiment of final steady state 2500 before, immediately after, and after activation shown in fig. 25 is for illustration only. Fig. 25 does not limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular embodiment.

In another option, the signal indicator is located at a corner (e.g., upper right corner) of the terminal, which may be the same as a conventional signal indicator. After activation, the signal indicator is expanded (or "grown") to occupy the center of the screen or a designated area of the screen as a "signal strength guide".

After displaying the signal strength guide, the terminal may determine current conditions, such as radio conditions or other indications of radio conditions, and update the signal strength display in real time or at certain periods. The change in the representation of the radio conditions may be caused by the user touching/blocking a different area of the handset or changing the holding position.

Fig. 26 shows an example weak signal 2600 when a finger touches/blocks the antenna according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The embodiment of weak signal 2600 shown in fig. 26 is for illustration only. Fig. 26 does not limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular embodiment.

This effect is illustrated in fig. 26. On the left side of fig. 26, the signal strength guideline shows a weak signal condition when the user touches/blocks an area on top of the antenna module, which in turn may cause the signal to be severely degraded. On the other hand, on the right side of fig. 26, the signal strength guideline displays a strong signal state when the user touches/blocks an area away from the antenna module.

Figure 27 shows an example weak signal 2700 when using the handset housing 1 according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The embodiment of weak signal 2700 shown in fig. 27 is for illustration only. Fig. 27 does not limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular embodiment.

The terminal may also estimate the signal strength as a result of the mounting of the handset housing to assess the effect of the material and design of the handset housing on the wireless performance. This effect is illustrated in fig. 27. On the left side of fig. 27, the signal strength guideline shows a weak signal state when the handset case 1 is used. On the other hand, on the right side of fig. 27, when the mobile phone case 2 is used, the signal strength guideline shows a strong signal state.

The signal strength level in the signal strength guide may be calculated or derived from the same input of a conventional signal strength indicator, typically located in the upper right corner of the handset. However, the signal strength level may also be calculated or derived from inputs other than those of conventional signal strength indicators. There are several possible reasons or benefits. For example, assume that the signal strength guide is displaying mmWave signal strength.

In one example, a conventional signal strength indicator may incorporate the wireless effect of a handset for all frequency bands of a wireless connection (e.g., in lower frequency bands (e.g., both sub-GHz and mmWave frequency bands) — however, the mmWave signal strength guide may only represent the signal strength of the mmWave frequency band.

In another example, a conventional signal strength indicator may take some measurements averaged over time, so the reaction to any blockage may be slower. However, it may be more useful to the user if the mmWave signal strength guideline reacts faster to any blockage to provide the user with accurate and more immediate knowledge.

In yet another example, the mmWave signal strength guideline may obtain signals from sources other than wireless modules, which may also be used as predictors or estimators of mmWave wireless conditions. For example, the signal strength may be derived using the output of one or more sensors (e.g., a touch sensor, a proximity sensor, a fingerprint sensor placed near the mmWave antenna module) or the output of a WiGig-based detection module in combination based on a mathematical formula or a mapping table predetermined and stored on the terminal. The presence of other sensor types is not excluded. An example process flow diagram is shown in fig. 28.

Fig. 28 shows a flow diagram of a method 2800 for terminal operation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of the method 2800 shown in FIG. 28 is for illustration only. Fig. 28 does not limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular embodiment.

For the above reasons, the mmWave signal strength guide may be displayed separately from the conventional signal indicator, and the mmWave signal strength guide does not necessarily display the same intensity level to the user, as shown in fig. 29.

Fig. 29 shows an example conventional signal indicator 2900 and mmWave signal strength guideline according to embodiments of the disclosure. The embodiment of the conventional signal indicator 2900 shown in FIG. 29 is for illustration only. Fig. 29 is not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular embodiment.

Furthermore, for terminals equipped with more than one mmWave antenna module, there may be one mmWave signal strength guideline that presents the radio conditions of each mmWave antenna module exclusively. As shown in fig. 30, there is a signal strength guide near each mmWave antenna module to indicate the radio conditions of the nearest antenna module. Alternatively, there is only one mmWave signal strength guideline to represent the overall or combined radio conditions of all mmWave antenna modules.

Fig. 30 shows an example plurality of mmWave signal strength guidelines 3000 according to embodiments of the disclosure. The embodiment of the multiple mmWave signal strength guide 3000 shown in fig. 30 is for illustration only. Fig. 30 does not limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular embodiment.

When the signal strength reaches a certain level, a certain number of signal bars may be colored (or occupied). In one option, the color of the occupied signal strip varies depending on the number of occupied signal strips. For example, if the number of signal bars occupied is less than integer X, the color is red; if the number of occupied signal bars is greater than X but less than the integer Y (Y > X), the color is yellow, and if the number of occupied signal bars is greater than Y, the color is green. In addition, text such as "bad", "medium", or "good" may also appear on the terminal screen to provide other visual guidance.

In addition to visually displaying the signal strength, other embodiments of indicating the signal strength are possible. For example, if a user touches an area that results in a signal loss greater than a threshold, a sound may be emitted in place of the visual signal indicator. In another example, if a user touches an area that results in a signal loss greater than a threshold, a vibration may be generated.

In another embodiment, upon activation, the area near the mmWave antenna module may be highlighted or marked to inform the user of the area to avoid (typically near the edge of the handset). This process is described in fig. 31. An illustration of the screen display is given in fig. 32. In addition to highlighting, prompts in the form of text may also appear to provide information to the user to avoid touching or blocking the highlighted area.

Fig. 31 shows a flowchart of a method 3100 for terminal operation according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The embodiment of the method 3100 shown in fig. 31 is for illustration only. Fig. 31 is not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular embodiment.

Fig. 32 illustrates an example marking 3200 on a screen to inform a user to avoid touching a marked area according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of marking 3200 on the screen shown in fig. 32 is for illustration only. Fig. 32 does not limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular embodiment.

In one embodiment, the terminal detects the blocking condition (e.g., by hand) and initiates a process to guide the user in removing the blocking condition. In addition to the blocking condition, other conditions may be required before the process is initiated to remove the blocking condition.

For example, an additional condition may be that the drop in wireless performance exceeds a certain threshold. Whether a blocking condition is detected may be determined based on input from an RF module, a modem module, or a sensor (such as a touch sensor, proximity sensor, fingerprint sensor). Upon detecting a condition to initiate the process, the terminal guides the user to remove the blocking condition. If the condition is successfully removed, the process terminates, otherwise the instructions will continue to run or provide further instructions. An exemplary process is given in fig. 33.

Fig. 33 shows a flowchart of a method 3300 for terminal operation, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The embodiment of method 3300 shown in FIG. 33 is for illustration only. Fig. 33 does not limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular embodiment.

In one embodiment of the terminal guide, a message appears on the user interface requesting the user to remove the hand/finger from an undesired position. An example is shown in fig. 34.

Fig. 34 shows an example message 3400 appearing on a screen requesting a user to move a hand/finger away from an undesired location according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of the method 3400 shown in FIG. 34 is for illustration only. Fig. 34 does not limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular embodiment.

The process may terminate upon user compliance or upon user confirmation. For example, if the user moves a finger or clicks an "OK" button, the pop-up message is deleted. In addition to displaying messages, other methods may be employed to prevent the user from placing an undesired finger. For example, if the user touches an area that results in a signal loss greater than a threshold, a sound may be emitted. In another example, if a user touches an area that causes a signal loss greater than a threshold, a vibration is generated. In another example, a visual guide as shown in fig. 26, 29, and 32 may appear automatically to provide guidance to the user.

Although the present disclosure has been described with exemplary embodiments, various changes and modifications may be suggested to one skilled in the art. The present disclosure is intended to embrace such alterations and modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Any description in this application should not be construed as implying that any particular element, step, or function is an essential element that must be included in the claim scope. The scope of patented subject matter is defined only by the claims. Furthermore, all claims are not intended to be recitations of 35u.s.c. § 112(f), unless the precise word "means for …" is followed by a word "section".

Claims

1. A User Equipment (UE) in a wireless communication system, the UE comprising:

a display; and

a processor operatively connected to the display, the processor configured to:

providing a marker indicating placement of the UE under beam training conditions;

in response to confirming placement of the UE under the beam training condition, performing beam codebook training including confirming beam usage statistics; and

generating a beam codebook for beam generation of an antenna array of the UE for the beam training condition based on the ascertained beam usage statistics, the beam codebook including a UE-specific sub-codebook.

2. The UE of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to: determining a size of the UE-specific sub-codebook based on a requirement of at least one of a beam scanning delay or spherical coverage performance.

3. The UE of claim 1, the UE further comprising:

a sensor configured to sense a location of the UE, wherein the processor is further configured to: confirming placement of the UE under the beam training condition based on the confirmed position of the UE from the output of the sensor, and

wherein the UE-specific sub-codebook comprises at least one codeword, each of the at least one codeword being selected based on at least one of a usage rate, a signal strength, a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), or a signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR).

4. The UE of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to:

confirming placement of the UE under the beam training condition based on user input; and

identifying a particular type of the beam training condition based on an arrangement of the UE.

5. The UE of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to:

receiving an activation command from a user for an interactive user guide;

in response to receiving the activation command, calculating a signal strength level based on a sensing result of a sensor;

displaying, by the display, a signal strength level of the interactive user guide; and

removing the displayed signal strength level from the display in response to receiving a deactivation command from the user.

6. A method of a User Equipment (UE) in a wireless communication system, the method comprising:

7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: determining a size of the UE-specific sub-codebook based on a requirement of at least one of a beam scanning delay or spherical coverage performance.

8. The method of claim 6, further comprising:

sensing a location of the UE; and

confirming placement of the UE under the beam training condition based on the confirmed position of the UE from the output of the sensor,

9. The method of claim 6, further comprising:

10. The method of claim 6, further comprising:

receiving an activation command from a user for an interactive user guide;

displaying, by a display, a signal strength level of the interactive user guide; and

11. A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising instructions that, when executed by at least one processor of a User Equipment (UE), cause the UE to:

12. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11, further comprising instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the UE to: determining a size of the UE-specific sub-codebook based on a requirement of at least one of a beam scanning delay or spherical coverage performance.

13. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11, further comprising instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the UE to:

a control sensor configured to sense a location of the UE;

confirming placement of the UE under the beam training condition based on a position of the UE confirmed from an output of the sensor, wherein the UE-specific sub-codebook includes at least one codeword, each of the at least one codeword being selected based on at least one of a usage rate, a signal strength, a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), or a signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR).

14. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11, further comprising instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the UE to:

15. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11, further comprising instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the UE to:

receiving an activation command from a user for an interactive user guide;