CN112138512A - 用于借助于叶片式压缩机和膜分离单元处理甲烷和二氧化碳流的设备 - Google Patents

用于借助于叶片式压缩机和膜分离单元处理甲烷和二氧化碳流的设备 Download PDF

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CN112138512A
CN112138512A CN202010579548.1A CN202010579548A CN112138512A CN 112138512 A CN112138512 A CN 112138512A CN 202010579548 A CN202010579548 A CN 202010579548A CN 112138512 A CN112138512 A CN 112138512A
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methane
carbon dioxide
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F·巴罗
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LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于处理至少包含甲烷和二氧化碳的进料气体流的设备，所述设备包括：能够压缩所述进料气体流的油润滑或水润滑的叶片式压缩机；和能接收被压缩的气体流并能将甲烷与二氧化碳分离的膜分离单元。本发明还涉及用于利用上述设备处理至少包含甲烷和二氧化碳的进料气体流以生产富含甲烷的气体流的方法。

Description

用于借助于叶片式压缩机和膜分离单元处理甲烷和二氧化碳 流的设备
本发明涉及一种用于对至少包含甲烷和二氧化碳的进料气体流进行膜渗透处理以生产富含甲烷的气体流的设备，其中，甲烷含量满足其应用的需求，本发明还涉及用于利用所述设备对这样的进料气体流进行处理的方法。
本发明尤其涉及沼气的压缩，用于根据用于注入天然气网络的规格来生产生物甲烷的目的。
沼气是有机物质在没有氧的情况下分解(厌氧发酵)期间产生的气体，也称为甲烷化。这可以是自然分解-因此会在沼泽地或在家庭垃圾填埋场观察到-但沼气也可能是因为已知为甲烷转化器或蒸煮器的专用反应器中的废物的甲烷化而产生。
由于其主要成分--甲烷和二氧化碳—沼气是一种强大的温室气体；同时，在化石燃料日益缺乏的背景下，沼气也构成相当可观的再生能源的资源。
沼气主要包含甲烷(CH4)和二氧化碳(CO2)，甲烷和二氧化碳的比例可根据其获得的方式而变化，但还以较小的比例包含水、氮气、硫化氢、氧气和微量的其它有机化合物。
取决于已分解的有机物质并取决于所用技术，组分的比例可不同，但通常或平均而言，基于干燥气体，沼气包含30％至75％的甲烷、15％至60％的CO2、0％至15％的氮气、0％至5％的氧气和微量的化合物。
沼气以各种不同的方式被经济地利用。其可在温和化处理之后在生产位置附近就近利用以提供热、电、或热和电的组合(热电联产)；高的二氧化碳含量降低了沼气的热值，增加了压缩和运输成本并限制了就近经济地利用沼气的经济优势。
更充分地纯化沼气允许沼气被更广泛地利用；特别地，沼气的更充分的纯化使得能够获得已被纯化至天然气的规格并且能替代天然气的沼气；因此纯化的沼气被称为“生物甲烷”。因此，生物甲烷以领域内生产的可再生比例补充天然气资源；生物甲烷可应用至与化石来源的天然气完全一样的应用中。生物甲烷可供给天然气网络或车辆加油站；生物甲烷还可被液化以便以液化天然气(LNG)的形式储存。
生物甲烷被经济地利用的方式特别地根据当地背景环境确定：当地的能源需求、作为生物甲烷燃料被经济地利用的可能性、是否存在于天然气分布或运输网络的附近。通过在给定领域内活动的各方(农民、制造商、市政当局)之间产生协同作用，生物甲烷的生产能有助于这些领域获得更大的能源自主权。
在收集沼气和获得生物甲烷之间需要完成多个步骤，最终产品能够是被压缩的或液化的。
特别地，在处理之前必须进行多个步骤，目的是分离二氧化碳以生产纯甲烷流。
第一步骤包括压缩已生产并在大气压力下运输的沼气；本发明涉及用于执行该步骤的技术。
接下来的步骤目的在于使沼气不含腐蚀性组分，这些腐蚀性组分是硫化氢和挥发性有机化合物(VOC)；所用的技术通常是变压吸附(PSA)和活性炭吸附。接下来是包括分离二氧化碳以最后具有处于其后续应用所需纯度下的可用甲烷的步骤。
二氧化碳是典型地存在于天然气中的污染物并且通常需要将其从天然气中去除。取决于情况而为此采用不同的技术；其中，在二氧化碳含量高时尤其广泛应用的是膜技术；并且因此，针对分离沼气中的且尤其是填埋场气体中的二氧化碳而言尤其有效。
用于纯化气体的膜气体分离方法不管它们是否采用一个或多个膜步骤，它们都需要能够以低成本生产所需品质的气体，同时最少化对将投入有利应用中的气体的损失。因此，在沼气纯化的情况下，执行的分离主要是CH4/CO2分离，取决于其应用，该CH4/CO2分离需要允许生产包含多于85％的CH4，优选多于95％的CO2，更优选多于97.5％的CH4的气体，同时最少化残余气体中的CH4损失和最少化纯化成本，后者很大程度上与膜上游的压缩气体的装置的电力消耗相关联。
因此，本发明是一种用于处理至少包含甲烷和二氧化碳的进料气体流的设备，所述设备包括：
-能够压缩所述进料气体流的油润滑或水润滑的叶片式压缩机；和
-能接收被压缩的气体流并能将甲烷与二氧化碳分离的膜分离单元。
叶片式压缩机经由吸入开口抽吸气体流并将气体流引导至壳体/壳腔，该壳腔因叶片的旋转而使其体积减小并因此增大该气体流的压力。
特别精确的润滑作用对于叶片式压缩机的操作而言至关重要，不仅是对于转子的轴承，而且还对于壳腔内部，以便限制叶片与壳腔自身之间的摩擦，从而确保密封性和保护两者。
油或水被用于这种润滑作用。
根据情况，根据本发明的设备可具有以下特征中的一个或多个特征：
-该设备包括至少一个用于测量膜分离单元入口处的、进料气体流的压力的机构、一个用于与目标值进行比较的机构；和一个用于调节叶片式压缩机内的、进料气体流的压缩的机构；
-被润滑的叶片式压缩机能够将进料气体流的压力增大至介于6barg与13barg之间；
-该膜分离单元包括：第一膜分离子单元，所述第一膜分离子单元能够接收离开吸附器的气体流并生产第一富含二氧化碳的渗透物和第一富含甲烷的渗余物；第二膜分离子单元，其能够接收第一渗余物并生产第二富含二氧化碳的渗透物和第二富含甲烷的渗余物；第三膜分离子单元，其能够接收所述第一渗透物并生产第三富含甲烷的渗余物和第三富含二氧化碳的渗透物。
本发明的另一个主题是用于利用根据本发明的设备处理至少包含甲烷和二氧化碳的进料气体流以生产富含甲烷的气体流的方法，该方法包括：
a)借助于油润滑或水润滑的叶片式压缩机将进料气体流压缩至介于6-13barg之间的压力的步骤；
b)除去并过滤掉杂质和水蒸气或油蒸气的步骤；
c)在膜分离单元中分离二氧化碳和甲烷的步骤；
d)测量膜分离单元的入口处的、进料气体流的压力的步骤；
e)将步骤c)中获得的测量值与目标值进行比较的步骤；以及
f)在获得的测量值与目标值不同的情况下，对叶片式压缩机内的、进料气体流的压缩进行修改的步骤。
根据情况，根据本发明的方法可具有以下特征中的一个或多个特征：
-步骤d)、e)和f)通过数据传输和数据处理机构自动执行；
-步骤a)至f)被连续地执行；
-进料气体流是沼气。

Claims (8)

1.一种用于处理至少包含甲烷和二氧化碳的进料气体流的设备，所述设备包括：
-能够压缩所述进料气体流的油润滑或水润滑的叶片式压缩机；和
-能接收被压缩的气体流并能将甲烷与二氧化碳分离的膜分离单元。
2.根据权利要求1所述的设备，其特征在于，该设备包括：
-至少一个用于测量该膜分离单元的入口处的、进料气体流的压力的第一机构；
-用于与目标值进行比较的机构；和
-用于调节该叶片式压缩机内的、进料气体流的压缩的机构。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的设备，其特征在于，被润滑的该叶片式压缩机能够将该进料气体流的压力增大至介于6barg与13barg之间的压力。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的设备，其特征在于，该膜分离单元包括：
-第一膜分离子单元，其能够接收离开吸附器的气体流并生产第一富含二氧化碳的渗透物和第一富含甲烷的渗余物；
-第二膜分离子单元，其能够接收第一渗余物并生产第二富含二氧化碳的渗透物和第二富含甲烷的渗余物；
-第三膜分离子单元，其能够接收第一渗透物并生产第三富含甲烷的渗余物和第三富含二氧化碳的渗透物。
5.用于利用根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的设备处理至少包含甲烷和二氧化碳的进料气体流以生产富含甲烷的气体流的方法，该方法包括：
a)借助于油润滑或水润滑的叶片式压缩机将进料气体流压缩至介于6barg与13barg之间的压力的步骤；
b)除去并过滤掉杂质和水蒸气或油蒸气的步骤；
c)在膜分离单元中分离二氧化碳和甲烷的步骤；
d)测量该膜分离单元的入口处的、进料气体流的压力的步骤；
e)将步骤d)中获得的测量值与目标值进行比较的步骤；以及
f)在该获得的测量值与该目标值不同的情况下，对该叶片式压缩机内的、进料气体流的压缩进行修改的步骤。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于，步骤d)、e)和f)通过数据传输和数据处理机构自动执行。
7.根据权利要求5或6所述的方法，其特征在于，步骤a)至f)被连续地执行。
8.根据权利要求5-7中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，该进料气体流是沼气。
CN202010579548.1A 2019-06-26 2020-06-23 用于借助于叶片式压缩机和膜分离单元处理甲烷和二氧化碳流的设备 Pending CN112138512A (zh)

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