CN112129631A - Cold deformation die working curve design method based on full-size strain strengthening - Google Patents
Cold deformation die working curve design method based on full-size strain strengthening Download PDFInfo
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- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 76
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 79
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000000110 cooling liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001039 duplex stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 10
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910000963 austenitic stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000013467 fragmentation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000006062 fragmentation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013213 extrapolation Methods 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UGKDIUIOSMUOAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron nickel Chemical compound [Fe].[Ni] UGKDIUIOSMUOAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003129 oil well Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010622 cold drawing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005097 cold rolling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005476 size effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
Abstract
The invention relates to a cold deformation die working curve design method based on full-size strain strengthening, and belongs to the technical field of stainless steel pipe machining. The method comprises the following steps: 1. preparing a sample with a nearly cylindrical shape; 2. placing the sample on a pressure tester stably; 3. a pressure tester is adopted to apply load stably, and strain rate and strain quantity are controlled to obtain strain strengthening samples with different parameters; 4. splitting the sample along the longitudinal section, processing a transverse full-size tensile sample, and performing a tensile test to obtain the yield strength of the material after strain strengthening; 5. fitting the strength values of different strain strengthening parameters to obtain a full-size strain strengthening characteristic curve of the material; 6. and (4) solving a derivative of the strain strengthening characteristic curve to obtain a strain strengthening rate characteristic curve. According to the method, the strain strengthening characteristic curve of the austenitic and duplex stainless steel thick-wall pipe can be quickly and accurately established; the strength value of materials such as austenite, duplex stainless steel and the like can be effectively predicted.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a cold deformation die working curve design method based on full-size strain strengthening, and belongs to the technical field of stainless steel pipe machining.
Background
In deep oil and gas production, oil well strings typically reach 5000 meters or even more. Therefore, it is generally required that the oil well pipe body has high strength, such as 110 steel grade (758 MPa), 125 steel grade (862 MPa), 140 steel grade (965 MPa). In addition, the aerospace industry generally requires high strength, light weight, and the like for the piping system.
Currently, strain strengthening is the primary strengthening mechanism for austenitic, duplex stainless steel pipes. Therefore, high strength austenitic, duplex stainless steel pipes are typically designed and manufactured using cold deformation processes, such as cold rolling, cold drawing, and the like.
Furthermore, due to safety considerations and requirements, strict requirements are usually placed on the uniformity of the energy industry piping system, such as a requirement of yield strength length direction, a fluctuation value between batches of not more than 75MPa, and some even a fluctuation value of not more than 50 MPa.
Therefore, how to precisely design and control the cold deformation process and the cold deformation die of the austenitic duplex stainless steel, so as to achieve precise control of the strain strength is an important direction for designing and manufacturing the stainless steel pipe with high precision and high requirements.
The relevant data indicate that uniaxial stretching or uniaxial twisting methods can be used to characterize constitutive models of materials. However, due to the influence of the material shaping, the strain amount is generally not large, and when the strain amount is larger than a certain value (such as about 30%), the material is subject to significant necking phenomenon and is broken, so that the strengthening characteristic of the material under large strain (such as strain amount > 50%) cannot be effectively represented and predicted. Furthermore uniaxial compression is often used only for constitutive model studies of materials and the specimen dimensions are very small, (typically no more than 15mm in diameter). In addition, the three methods are generally used for representing the deformation resistance of the material, and the checking of the loading capacity of the equipment is realized. In conclusion, the above methods cannot quickly and intuitively reflect the change of the strength value of the material after the material is subjected to strain strengthening, and the design of the cold deformation die is lack of guidance.
At present, a great difference still exists between the research idea of obtaining a material constitutive model and a small-size sample of a stress-strain curve and engineering practice, and particularly after the size of a material is enlarged, the result of the method cannot be accurately guided and applied to the engineering practice when the size effect is caused by the nonuniformity of the material.
In addition, in order to accurately obtain the strain strengthening value of the material, the working curve of the cold deformation die needs to be reasonably designed to be matched with the material hardening rate characteristic curve, and when the material strain strengthening characteristic curve is inconsistent with the die working curve required by cold machining, the material deformation process and difficulty are usually in a counter-measure. Meanwhile, different materials have different hardening rate characteristic curves. Therefore, the working curve design of the cold working die also needs to be adjusted according to the change of materials. However, the design of the cold deformation working curve of the current mold is often based on an empirical rule, such as a polynomial, exponential, or linear design method, which results in the problems of reduced efficiency, increased cost, and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a cold deformation die working curve design method based on full-size strain strengthening. The strain strengthening rule of stainless steel and other materials is mastered, so that the design and the manufacture of the high-precision strain strengthening stainless steel pipe are rapidly and accurately guided.
The technical scheme for solving the problems is as follows:
a cold deformation die working curve design method based on full-size strain strengthening comprises the following steps:
firstly, preparing a nearly cylindrical sample by adopting a machining mode;
step two, the sample is stably placed on a lower die holder of a pressure testing machine, so that the bottom of the sample is closely matched with the lower die holder; then, the upper die base is reversely buckled on the top of the sample;
step three, applying a load to the upper die base stably by adopting a pressure testing machine, and controlling the strain rate and the strain quantity so as to obtain strain strengthening samples with different parameters;
step four, splitting the strain-strengthened sample along the longitudinal section, processing a transverse full-size tensile sample, and performing a tensile test to obtain the yield strength of the material after strain strengthening;
fifthly, fitting the strength values of different strain strengthening parameters to obtain a full-scale strain strengthening characteristic curve of the material;
and step six, solving a derivative of the strain strengthening characteristic curve to obtain a strain strengthening rate characteristic curve.
In the technical scheme of the invention, the derivative of the strengthening characteristic curve is obtained to obtain the strain strengthening rate characteristic curve, and the method can be used for designing the deformation curve of the working section of the cold deformation die. When the strain strengthening parameters are changed, the strength values of materials such as austenite, duplex stainless steel and the like can be effectively predicted by combining an interpolation method and an extrapolation method.
Preferably, the diameter of the sample is not less than 70mm, and the ratio of the height to the diameter is 1.2-3.0; the deviation value of the height and the outer diameter of the sample is +/-0.50 mm, and the parallelism of the upper plane and the lower plane is less than or equal to 0.50 mm; the upper and lower planes of the sample are both processed with arc guide surfaces of R10.
As the optimization of above-mentioned technical scheme, the die holder of compression testing machine includes inner liner, well lining and outer liner, and wherein the inner liner is the bearing layer, and well lining is the protective layer, and the outer liner is the supporting layer.
In the technical scheme of the invention, the lining layer is a pressure bearing layer and mainly bears the load in the deformation process; the middle lining layer is a protective layer and mainly prevents the abnormal fragmentation of the bearing layer in the loading process, so that the safety of the die holder system is improved; the outer lining layer is a supporting layer and plays a role in supporting the middle lining layer.
Preferably, the middle lining layer and the outer lining layer are provided with a small hole on the lateral surface; during the test, the cooling liquid is used for rapidly cooling the sample through the small holes.
According to the technical scheme, in the loading process, the sample is stressed to generate extrusion deformation, and high heat is generated to cause the temperature of the sample to rise. As the temperature increases, the material strain enhancement decreases. Therefore, in order to counteract the temperature rise effect, cooling liquid can flow out of the small hole and rapidly cool the sample, so that the effect of accurately controlling strain strengthening can be achieved. The cooling liquid flow rate is not lower than 50 ml/s.
Preferably, the upper die base system of the pressure testing machine comprises an inner liner layer and an outer liner layer, wherein the inner liner layer is a pressure bearing layer, and the outer liner layer is a supporting layer.
In the technical scheme of the invention, the inner liner layer is a pressure bearing layer, and the outer liner layer is a supporting layer. In the strain strengthening process, the inner liner layer is a main pressure-bearing member, and the outer liner layer mainly plays a role in supporting the inner liner layer.
Preferably, the inner liners of the upper die base and the lower die base are provided with a diversion trench with the depth not more than 10 mm; when a sample is loaded and tested, lubricating grease is coated in the diversion trench in advance.
According to the technical scheme, the inner liners of the upper die base and the lower die base are respectively provided with the flow guide groove with the depth not more than 10mm, so that the flow guide grooves can be conveniently and closely matched with a nearly cylindrical sample during installation, and the sample loading test can play a role in metal flow guide. Meanwhile, the angle of the groove is 5-15 degrees, and a layer of solid lubricating grease is coated in the groove, so that the demoulding after strain strengthening is facilitated.
Preferably, in the above-described aspect, the movement speed and the amount of variation of the upper die base are controlled by a displacement sensor and a pressure sensor provided when the pressure tester applies a load. The maximum axial strain can reach 85 percent. And the load change is monitored timely through the pressure sensor.
Preferably, in the fourth step, the diameter of the processed standard transverse tensile sample is at least 15mm, and a tensile test is performed to obtain the yield strength of the sample after strain strengthening.
Preferably, in the fifth step, the yield strengths of the samples obtained after different strain strengthening parameters are fitted to obtain a mathematical expression of the full-scale strengthening characteristic curve of the stainless steel material.
In conclusion, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. according to the method, the strain strengthening characteristic curve of the austenite and duplex stainless steel thick-wall pipe (the wall thickness is more than 10 mm) can be quickly and accurately established.
2. According to the strain strengthening characteristic curve obtained by the method, a corresponding mathematical expression is obtained; when the strain strengthening parameters are changed, the strength values of materials such as austenite, duplex stainless steel and the like can be effectively predicted by combining an interpolation method and an extrapolation method.
3. The method can provide basis for the manufacturing process parameters of the thick-wall stainless steel pipe and the design of the cold deformation die, accurately predict the strain strength of the stainless steel pipe, and greatly save human resources and time cost.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an upper and lower die holder system of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph of the hardening rate of material 1;
fig. 3 is a graph of the hardening rate of material 2.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples.
Example one
The material 1 of the first embodiment is super duplex stainless steel, the specification of a seamless steel pipe is ∅ 251mm multiplied by 25mm multiplied by 10000mm, and the chemical composition (mass percent) is as follows: 0.015% of C, 25.7% of Cr, 6.9% of Ni, 3.8% of Mo, 0.27% of N and the balance of Fe.
The cold deformation die working curve design method based on full-size strain strengthening mainly comprises the following steps:
step one, preparing a nearly cylindrical sample by adopting a machining mode. The maximum diameter of the near-cylindrical sample is 80mm, and the height is 180 mm. The deviation value between the height and the outer diameter of the sample is +/-0.15 mm, and the parallelism of the upper plane and the lower plane is 0.25 mm. The upper surface and the lower surface of the nearly cylindrical sample are both processed with arc guide surfaces of R10.
And step two, stably placing the nearly cylindrical sample on a lower die base of the pressure testing machine, wherein the bottom of the sample is closely matched with the lower die base. The upper die base was inverted over the top of the near cylindrical sample (as shown in figure 1).
The upper die base system of the pressure testing machine comprises two layers, wherein the inner liner layer is a pressure bearing layer, and the outer liner layer is a supporting layer. In the process of strain strengthening, the inner liner layer is a main pressure-bearing member, and the outer liner layer mainly plays a role in supporting the inner liner layer (as shown in figure 1).
The lower die base system of the pressure testing machine mainly comprises a three-layer structure, wherein the lining layer is a pressure bearing layer and mainly bears mechanical load in the deformation process. The middle lining layer is a protective layer and mainly prevents the abnormal fragmentation of the bearing layer in the loading process. The outer liner layer is a support layer and plays a role of supporting the middle liner layer (as shown in fig. 1).
A small hole (as shown in figure 1) is formed in the side faces of the lining layer and the outer lining layer in the lower die base system of the pressure testing machine, and cooling liquid flows out of the small hole and rapidly cools a sample, so that the effect of accurately controlling strain strengthening can be achieved. The cooling liquid flow rate was 100 ml/sec.
The inner liners of the upper die base system and the lower die base system of the pressure testing machine are provided with a diversion trench, so that the pressure testing machine can be closely matched with a near cylindrical sample during installation. When the sample is subjected to a loading test, the metal flow guide effect is achieved. Meanwhile, the angle of the groove is 10 degrees, and a layer of solid lubricating grease is coated in the groove, so that the demoulding after strain strengthening is facilitated.
Step three, stably applying load to the upper die base by adopting a compression testing machine, and controlling the strain rate to be 0.15s-1The strain amounts are respectively 10-60%, so that strain strengthening samples with different parameters are obtained.
And step four, splitting along the longitudinal section of the nearly-circular-truncated-cone-shaped sample after strain strengthening, processing a transverse tensile sample (a rod-shaped standard sample with the diameter of a parallel section of 10 mm) and performing a tensile test to obtain corresponding yield strengths of the material after different strain strengthening.
Step five, fitting the intensity values of different strain strengthening parameters and solving the derivativeSo as to quickly acquire the full-scale strengthening rate characteristic curve of the material 1, as shown in fig. 2, with the mathematical expression of y = -25.6+3108.6e(-3.39x)Wherein x is the amount of strain and y is the strengthening rate. Therefore, the expansion curve of the working section of the cold deformation die can be designed into a curvature shape.
When the high-strength super duplex stainless steel pipe with the yield strength of 862-1000 MPa is obtained through calculation of an interpolation method, the strain value is designed to be 15 +/-3% when the strain rate is about 0.15s < -1 >.
Example two
The material 2 of the second embodiment is an austenitic iron-nickel-based alloy, the specification of the seamless steel pipe is ∅ 219mm multiplied by 42mm multiplied by 3000mm, and the chemical composition (mass percent) is as follows: 0.018% of C, 26.8% of Cr, 30.5% of Ni, 3.3% of Mo, 0.95% of Cu, 0.09% of N and the balance of Fe.
The method mainly comprises the following steps:
step one, preparing a nearly cylindrical sample by adopting a machining mode. The maximum diameter of the near-cylindrical sample is 100mm, and the height is 220 mm. The deviation value between the height and the outer diameter of the sample is +/-0.25 mm, and the parallelism of the upper plane and the lower plane is 0.30 mm. The upper surface and the lower surface of the nearly cylindrical sample are both processed with arc guide surfaces of R10.
And step two, stably placing the nearly cylindrical sample on a lower die base of the pressure testing machine, wherein the bottom of the sample is closely matched with the lower die base. The upper die base was inverted over the top of the near cylindrical sample (as shown in figure 1).
The upper die base system of the pressure testing machine comprises two layers, wherein the inner liner layer is a pressure bearing layer, and the outer liner layer is a supporting layer. In the process of strain strengthening, the inner liner layer is a main pressure-bearing member, and the outer liner layer mainly plays a role in supporting the inner liner layer (as shown in figure 1).
The lower die base system of the pressure testing machine mainly comprises a three-layer structure, wherein the lining layer is a pressure bearing layer and mainly bears mechanical load in the deformation process. The middle lining layer is a protective layer and mainly prevents the abnormal fragmentation of the bearing layer in the loading process. The outer liner layer is a support layer and plays a role of supporting the middle liner layer (as shown in fig. 1).
A small hole (as shown in figure 1) is formed in the side faces of the lining layer and the outer lining layer in the lower die base system of the pressure testing machine, and cooling liquid flows out of the small hole and rapidly cools a sample, so that the effect of accurately controlling strain strengthening can be achieved. The cooling liquid flow rate was 150 ml/sec.
The inner liners of the upper die base system and the lower die base system of the pressure testing machine are provided with a diversion trench, so that the pressure testing machine can be closely matched with a near cylindrical sample during installation. When the sample is subjected to a loading test, the metal flow guide effect is achieved. Meanwhile, the angle of the groove is 10 degrees, and a layer of solid lubricating grease is coated in the groove, so that the demoulding after strain strengthening is facilitated.
And step three, stably applying a load to the upper die base by using a pressure testing machine, and controlling the strain rate to be 0.15s < -1 > and the strain amount to be 10-75% respectively so as to obtain strain strengthening samples with different parameters.
And step four, splitting along the longitudinal section of the nearly-circular-truncated-cone-shaped sample after strain strengthening, processing a transverse tensile sample (a rod-shaped standard sample with the diameter of a parallel section of 10 mm) and performing a tensile test to obtain corresponding yield strengths of the material after different strain strengthening.
And step five, performing data fitting on the intensity values of different strain strengthening parameters to quickly obtain a full-size strengthening rate characteristic curve of the material 2, as shown in fig. 3, wherein the mathematical expression of the curve is y =1509.1-114.5x, where x is a strain amount and y is a strengthening rate. Therefore, the working section expansion curve of the cold deformation die can be designed to be conical.
When the calculation of an interpolation method is carried out to obtain the austenitic iron nickel base stainless steel pipe with the yield strength of 758 and 965MPa, the strain value is designed to be 42 +/-6 percent when the strain rate is about 0.15s < -1 >.
Claims (9)
1. A cold deformation die working curve design method based on full-size strain strengthening comprises the following steps:
firstly, preparing a nearly cylindrical sample by adopting a machining mode;
step two, the sample is stably placed on a lower die holder of a pressure testing machine, so that the bottom of the sample is closely matched with the lower die holder; then, the upper die base is reversely buckled on the top of the sample;
step three, applying a load to the upper die base stably by adopting a pressure testing machine, and controlling the strain rate and the strain quantity so as to obtain strain strengthening samples with different parameters;
step four, splitting the strain-strengthened sample along the longitudinal section, processing a transverse full-size tensile sample, and performing a tensile test to obtain the yield strength of the material after strain strengthening;
fifthly, fitting the strength values of different strain strengthening parameters to obtain a full-scale strain strengthening characteristic curve of the material;
and step six, solving a derivative of the strain strengthening characteristic curve to obtain a strain strengthening rate characteristic curve.
2. The method for designing the working curve of the cold-deformation die based on the full-scale strain strengthening as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the diameter of the sample is not less than 70mm, and the ratio of the height to the diameter is 1.2-3.0; the deviation value of the height and the outer diameter of the sample is +/-0.50 mm, and the parallelism of the upper plane and the lower plane is less than or equal to 0.50 mm; the upper and lower planes of the sample are both processed with arc guide surfaces of R10.
3. The method for designing the working curve of the cold-deformation die based on the full-scale strain strengthening as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the lower die holder of the pressure testing machine comprises an inner liner layer, a middle liner layer and an outer liner layer, wherein the inner liner layer is a pressure bearing layer, the middle liner layer is a protective layer, and the outer liner layer is a supporting layer.
4. The method for designing the working curve of the cold-deformation die based on the full-scale strain strengthening as claimed in claim 3, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the side surfaces of the middle lining layer and the outer lining layer are provided with a small hole; during the test, the cooling liquid is used for rapidly cooling the sample through the small holes.
5. The method for designing the working curve of the cold-deformation die based on the full-scale strain strengthening as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the upper die base system of the pressure testing machine comprises an inner liner layer and an outer liner layer, wherein the inner liner layer is a pressure bearing layer, and the outer liner layer is a supporting layer.
6. The method for designing the working curve of the cold-deformation die based on the full-scale strain strengthening as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the inner liners of the upper die base and the lower die base are respectively provided with a diversion trench with the depth not more than 10 mm; when a sample is loaded and tested, lubricating grease is coated in the diversion trench in advance.
7. The method for designing the working curve of the cold-deformation die based on the full-scale strain strengthening as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: when the pressure testing machine applies load, the moving speed and the strain quantity of the upper die holder are controlled through the arranged displacement sensor and the pressure sensor.
8. The method for designing the working curve of the cold-deformation die based on the full-scale strain strengthening as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and in the fourth step, the diameter of the processed standard transverse tensile sample is at least 15mm, and a tensile test is carried out to obtain the yield strength of the sample after strain strengthening.
9. The method for designing the working curve of the cold-deformation die based on the full-scale strain strengthening as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and step five, fitting the yield strength of the sample obtained after different strain strengthening parameters to obtain a mathematical expression of the full-size strengthening characteristic curve of the stainless steel material.
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