CN112127987B - Temperature control method for independent cooling system of special vehicle - Google Patents

Temperature control method for independent cooling system of special vehicle Download PDF

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Publication number
CN112127987B
CN112127987B CN202011074639.6A CN202011074639A CN112127987B CN 112127987 B CN112127987 B CN 112127987B CN 202011074639 A CN202011074639 A CN 202011074639A CN 112127987 B CN112127987 B CN 112127987B
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fan
temperature
radiator
current
target
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CN112127987A (en
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赵凯
董庆丽
曹京
姜红霞
王凝岚
刘朔
徐长英
夏元清
翟希华
张金华
戴荔
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Beijing Fengkai Heat Exchanger Co ltd
Beijing Institute of Technology BIT
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Beijing Fengkai Heat Exchanger Co ltd
Beijing Institute of Technology BIT
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01P7/00—Controlling of coolant flow
    • F01P7/02—Controlling of coolant flow the coolant being cooling-air
    • F01P7/04—Controlling of coolant flow the coolant being cooling-air by varying pump speed, e.g. by changing pump-drive gear ratio
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01P3/00—Liquid cooling
    • F01P3/18—Arrangements or mounting of liquid-to-air heat-exchangers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01P7/00—Controlling of coolant flow
    • F01P7/02—Controlling of coolant flow the coolant being cooling-air
    • F01P7/10—Controlling of coolant flow the coolant being cooling-air by throttling amount of air flowing through liquid-to-air heat exchangers
    • F01P7/12—Controlling of coolant flow the coolant being cooling-air by throttling amount of air flowing through liquid-to-air heat exchangers by thermostatic control
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01P3/00—Liquid cooling
    • F01P3/18—Arrangements or mounting of liquid-to-air heat-exchangers
    • F01P2003/182—Arrangements or mounting of liquid-to-air heat-exchangers with multiple heat-exchangers

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of temperature dynamic control, and particularly relates to a temperature control method of an independent radiating system of a special vehicle, wherein an electric control unit acquires air temperature information, water temperature information, oil temperature information and current rotating speed information of a fan, generates driving information through logical operation, controls the state of an electromagnetic valve, adjusts the oil inlet quantity of hydraulic oil of a fan system, and depends on the control of the rotating speed and the radiating quantity of the fan, so that the accurate adjustment and control of the temperature of an air radiator, a water radiator and an oil radiator are realized. Compared with the prior art, the technical scheme of the invention has the advantages of small calculated amount, easy realization of embedded programming, strong self-adaptive capacity, effective realization of accurate control of the temperature of the independent cooling system and control of the temperature in an optimal range. Under the condition of ensuring controllable temperature, the fan rotating speed changes stably and the noise is low, and meanwhile, the temperature control method of the independent cooling system can be widely applied to various independent cooling systems of special vehicles by modifying calibration parameters.

Description

Temperature control method for independent cooling system of special vehicle
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of temperature dynamic control, and particularly relates to a temperature control method for an independent cooling system of a special vehicle.
Background
With the rapid development of electronic information, the system automation electric control becomes the mainstream trend and the important direction of the development of the current vehicle-mounted equipment in China, and especially plays a very important role in the automatic transformation process of the independent heat dissipation system of the domestic special vehicle, thereby having good market application prospect.
The independent radiating system detects the oil temperature, the water temperature, the temperature of compressed air and the rotating speeds of an engine and a fan by a temperature sensor, transmits signals to an electric control unit, and generates fan electromagnetic valve control signals through signal conditioning and control operation. The output pressure of the proportional valve is changed by adjusting the input current of the proportional valve, so that the pressure difference between the inlet and the outlet of the hydraulic motor is adjusted, the rotating speed of the fan is adjusted (the cooling fan is driven by the hydraulic motor, and the rotating speed determines the size of the heat dissipation air volume), the heat exchange volume and the outlet temperature of each radiator are changed, and the vehicle power transmission device system is in the optimal working state.
The independent heat dissipation system has the main function of adjusting the heat exchange quantity of the heat sink, so that temperature control is realized. The following problems exist in the temperature control strategy design process: 1. one fan is difficult to balance the temperature of a plurality of radiators; 2. temperature models of different heat dissipation systems are difficult to accurately obtain and estimate; 3. the response time of the temperature change of the system is long, so that the rotating speed of the fan is oscillated; 4. the control method needs to have adaptive capability.
Disclosure of Invention
Technical problem to be solved
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: how to provide a temperature control method for an independent cooling system of a special vehicle.
(II) technical scheme
In order to solve the technical problem, the invention provides a temperature control method for an independent cooling system of a special vehicle, which comprises the following steps:
step 1: firstly, the electronic control unit carries out short-circuit and open-circuit diagnosis on hardware of a temperature sensor and a fan rotating speed sensor, and carries out open-circuit and short-circuit diagnosis on a fan electromagnetic valve, and if no fault information exists, the step 2 is carried out;
step 2: selecting a fan control mode; according to the current oil temperature T of the radiatoroilWater temperature T of radiatorwaterAnd radiator air temperature TairTo set a target fan control rotation speed Ntarget；
And step 3: estimating an individual fan speed; according to the current oil temperature T of the radiatoroilWater temperature TwaterAnd air temperature TairRespectively calculating fan rotating speeds N corresponding to independent radiator oil temperaturesoilFan speed N corresponding to radiator water temperaturewaterFan speed N corresponding to radiator temperatureair：
Noil＝Tableoil(Toil)
Nwater＝Tablewater(Twater)
Nair＝Tableair(Tair)
Wherein Tableoil、Tablewater、TableairThe method comprises the following steps of (1) respectively setting independent target fan rotating speeds required under different oil, water and air temperatures for a calibration table;
and 4, step 4: calculating the target control rotating speed of the fan;
fan speed N corresponding to independent radiator oil temperatureoilFan speed N corresponding to radiator water temperaturewaterFan speed N corresponding to radiator temperatureairAnd the oil temperature coefficient K of the radiatoroilWater temperature coefficient K of radiatorwaterAnd air temperature coefficient K of radiatorairCalculating the target fan control speed Ntarget：
Figure BDA0002716239450000021
Wherein, Koil+Kwater+Kair＝100；
And 5: rotating speed closed-loop control;
if the target control rotating speed of the fan is larger than the current rotating speed of the fan, N istarget>NcurrentAnd the current electromagnetic valve control current is larger than the electromagnetic valve current and is reduced by step length Icurrent>Idown-stepWhen the current is equal to the target current I, the target current is controlled by the electromagnetic valvetarget＝Icurrent-Idown-step-IoffsetWhen the fan rotating speed is expected to be increased, the current of the electromagnetic valve needs to be reduced, the overflow valve port is reduced, the overflow of a pump motor system is reduced, more flow enters the motor through the pump, and therefore the rotating speed of the fan is increased;
if the target control rotating speed of the fan is less than the current rotating speed N of the fantarget<NcurrentAnd the current electromagnetic valve control current is less than the maximum allowable current Icurrent<ImaxWhen the current is equal to the target current I, the target current is controlled by the electromagnetic valvetarget＝Icurrent+Iup-stepWhen the fan rotating speed is desired to be reduced, the current of the electromagnetic valve needs to be increased, the overflow of a pump motor system is increased, the inflow of the motor is reduced, and therefore the rotating speed of the fan is reduced;
in the rest cases Itarget＝IcurrentKeeping the same;
wherein, IoffsetCompensating current for hysteresis of the electromagnetic valve; i isup-stepIncreasing step length for the current of the electromagnetic valve;
step 6: driving and controlling an electromagnetic valve; the solenoid valve control target current I obtained by calculation in the step 5targetAnd set as the present solenoid valve driving current.
Wherein, the execution frequency of the steps 1 to 6 is once every 100 ms.
In step 1, if there is a sensor fault, the target fan speed is controlled to be NtargetSetting as the default setting speed N of the fandefaultAnd skipping to step 5 to carry out rotating speed closed-loop control.
In the step 1, if the fan electromagnetic valve has a fault, the target current I of the electromagnetic valve is settargetSet to 0 and skip to step 6 to stop the fan control.
Wherein, the step 2 comprises:
step 21: if the radiator oil temperature ToilGreater than the upper limit T of the calibrated oil temperature of the radiatoroil-upTarget fan control speed NtargetSet as the maximum rotation number N of the fanmaxIf the radiator oil temperature ToilLower than the upper limit T of the calibrated oil temperature of the radiatoroil-downTarget fan control speed NtargetSet as the minimum rotation number N of the fanmin。
Wherein, the step 2 further comprises:
step 22: if the radiator temperature TwaterGreater than the upper limit T of the radiator calibration water temperaturewater-upTarget fan control speed NtargetSet as the maximum rotation number N of the fanmaxIf the water temperature T of the radiatorwaterLower limit T of water temperature less than radiator calibrationwater-downTarget fan control speed NtargetSet as the minimum rotation number N of the fanmin。
Wherein, the step 2 further comprises:
step 23: if the radiator temperature TairGreater than the upper limit T of the calibrated air temperature of the radiatorair-upTarget fan control speed NtargetSet as the maximum rotation number N of the fanmaxIf the radiator temperature TairLower limit T of air temperature less than radiator calibrationair-downTarget fan control speed NtargetSet as the minimum rotation number N of the fanmin。
Wherein, the step 2 further comprises:
step 24: if the current radiator oil temperature ToilWater temperature T of radiatorwaterAnd radiator air temperature TairAnd respectively entering step 3 between the set thresholds, otherwise entering step 5.
Wherein, in the step 4, the oil temperature coefficient K of the radiatoroilWater temperature coefficient K of radiatorwaterAnd air temperature coefficient K of radiatorairThe initial values are 35, 35 and 30.
Wherein, theIn the step 5, the hysteresis compensation current I of the electromagnetic valveoffsetThe electromagnetic valve current flow characteristic test method is related to the characteristics of the electromagnetic valve, and can be obtained through the electromagnetic valve current flow characteristic test.
(III) advantageous effects
Compared with the prior art, the temperature control method of the independent cooling system of the special vehicle has the advantages of small calculated amount, easy realization of embedded programming, strong self-adaptive capacity, effective realization of accurate control of the temperature of the independent cooling system and control of the temperature in an optimal range. Under the condition of ensuring controllable temperature, the fan rotating speed changes stably and the noise is low, and meanwhile, the temperature control method of the independent cooling system can be widely applied to various independent cooling systems of special vehicles by modifying calibration parameters.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an independent heat dissipation system according to the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the technical scheme of the invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, contents, and advantages of the present invention clearer, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and examples.
Fig. 1 is a diagram of a stand-alone heat dissipation system. In the figure, 1 is a hydraulic oil tank, 2 is hydraulic oil, 3 is a hydraulic oil pump, 4 is an electromagnetic valve body, 5 is an electronic control unit, 6 is a fan system (including a motor), 7 is an air radiator, 8 is a water radiator, and 9 is an oil radiator.
The working logic of the independent cooling system is as follows: the electric control unit 5 collects air temperature information of the gas radiator 7, water temperature information of the water radiator 8, oil temperature information of the oil radiator 9 and current rotating speed information of a fan of the fan system 6 through sensors, generates driving information through logical operation, controls the state of the electromagnetic valve 4, adjusts the oil inlet amount of hydraulic oil 2 of the fan system, and depends on the control of the rotating speed and the heat dissipation amount of the fan, so that the accurate temperature adjustment and control of the gas radiator 7, the water radiator 8 and the oil radiator 9 are realized.
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of the temperature control method of the independent cooling system of the special vehicle. The flow chart is executed once every 100ms, and when the flow is triggered, the method comprises the following steps:
steps 1 to 6 are sequentially executed in the embedded electronic control unit every 100ms period. First, the definitions of the technical parameters related to the technical scheme of the present invention are shown in table 1:
TABLE 1
Figure BDA0002716239450000051
Figure BDA0002716239450000061
Step 1: firstly, the electronic control unit 5 carries out short-circuit and open-circuit diagnosis on hardware of the temperature sensor and the fan rotating speed sensor, and controls the rotating speed N of the fan target if a sensor fault existstargetSetting as the default setting speed N of the fandefaultSkipping to the step 5 to carry out rotating speed closed-loop control;
secondly, the electronic control unit 5 carries out open circuit and short circuit diagnosis on the fan electromagnetic valve, and if the fan electromagnetic valve has a fault, the target current I of the electromagnetic valve is detectedtargetSetting the value to be 0, and skipping to the step 6 to stop the fan control; if no fault information exists in the step 1, entering a step 2;
step 2: selecting a fan control mode; according to the current oil temperature T of the radiatoroilWater temperature T of radiatorwaterAnd radiator air temperature TairTo set a target fan control rotation speed Ntarget；
The step 2 comprises the following steps:
step 21: if the radiator oil temperature ToilGreater than the upper limit T of the calibrated oil temperature of the radiatoroil-upTarget fan control speed NtargetSet as the maximum rotation number N of the fanmaxIf the radiator oil temperature ToilLower than the upper limit T of the calibrated oil temperature of the radiatoroil-downTarget fan control speed NtargetSet as the minimum rotation number N of the fanmin；
Step 22: if the radiator temperature TwaterGreater than the upper limit T of the radiator calibration water temperaturewater-upTarget fan control speed NtargetSet as the maximum rotation number N of the fanmaxIf the water temperature T of the radiatorwaterLower limit T of water temperature less than radiator calibrationwater-downTarget fan control speed NtargetSet as the minimum rotation number N of the fanmin；
Step 23: if the radiator temperature TairGreater than the upper limit T of the calibrated air temperature of the radiatorair-upTarget fan control speed NtargetSet as the maximum rotation number N of the fanmaxIf the radiator temperature TairLower limit T of air temperature less than radiator calibrationair-downTarget fan control speed NtargetSet as the minimum rotation number N of the fanmin；
Step 24: if the current radiator oil temperature ToilWater temperature T of radiatorwaterAnd radiator air temperature TairRespectively entering step 3 between the set threshold values, otherwise entering step 5;
and step 3: individual fan speeds are estimated. According to the current oil temperature T of the radiatoroilWater temperature Twater and air temperature TairRespectively calculating fan rotating speeds N corresponding to independent radiator oil temperaturesoilFan speed N corresponding to radiator water temperaturewaterFan speed N corresponding to radiator temperatureair：
Noil＝Tableoil(Toil)
Nwater＝Tablewater(Twater)
Nair＝Tableair(Tair)
Wherein Tableoil、Tablewater、TableairThe method comprises the following steps of (1) respectively setting independent target fan rotating speeds required under different oil, water and air temperatures for a calibration table;
and 4, step 4: calculating the target control rotating speed of the fan;
fan speed N corresponding to independent radiator oil temperatureoilWind corresponding to water temperature of radiatorFan speed NwaterFan speed N corresponding to radiator temperatureairAnd the oil temperature coefficient K of the radiatoroilWater temperature coefficient K of radiatorwaterAnd air temperature coefficient K of radiatorairCalculating the target fan control speed Ntarget：
Figure BDA0002716239450000071
Wherein, Koil+Kwater+Kair100, radiator oil temperature coefficient KoilWater temperature coefficient K of radiatorwaterAnd air temperature coefficient K of radiatorairThe initial values are 35, 35 and 30;
and 5: rotating speed closed-loop control;
if the target control rotating speed of the fan is larger than the current rotating speed of the fan, N istarget>NcurrentAnd the current electromagnetic valve control current is larger than the electromagnetic valve current and is reduced by step length Icurrent>Idown-stepWhen the current is equal to the target current I, the target current is controlled by the electromagnetic valvetarget＝Icurrent-Idown-step-IoffsetWhen the fan rotating speed is expected to be increased, the current of the electromagnetic valve needs to be reduced, the overflow valve port is reduced, the overflow of a pump motor system is reduced, more flow enters the motor through the pump, and therefore the rotating speed of the fan is increased;
if the target control rotating speed of the fan is less than the current rotating speed N of the fantarget<NcurrentAnd the current electromagnetic valve control current is less than the maximum allowable current Icurrent<ImaxWhen the current is equal to the target current I, the target current is controlled by the electromagnetic valvetarget＝Icurrent+Iup-stepWhen the fan rotating speed is desired to be reduced, the current of the electromagnetic valve needs to be increased, the overflow of a pump motor system is increased, the inflow of the motor is reduced, and therefore the rotating speed of the fan is reduced;
in the rest cases Itarget＝IcurrentKeeping the same;
wherein, IoffsetTo compensate current for hysteresis loop of solenoid valve, and to increase the speed of overflow valve port of solenoid valve, hysteresis loop compensation is subtracted when current is decreasedThe current compensation, the hysteresis compensation current and the characteristics of the electromagnetic valve are related, and the current compensation current can be obtained by testing the current flow characteristics of the electromagnetic valve; i isup-stepIncreasing step length for the current of the electromagnetic valve;
step 6: driving and controlling an electromagnetic valve; the solenoid valve control target current I obtained by calculation in the step 5targetAnd set as the present solenoid valve driving current.
And finishing the temperature control process of the independent cooling system of the special vehicle after the steps are executed.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, several modifications and variations can be made without departing from the technical principle of the present invention, and these modifications and variations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. A temperature control method for an independent cooling system of a special vehicle is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1: firstly, the electronic control unit carries out short-circuit and open-circuit diagnosis on hardware of a temperature sensor and a fan rotating speed sensor, and carries out open-circuit and short-circuit diagnosis on a fan electromagnetic valve, and if no fault information exists, the step 2 is carried out;
step 2: selecting a fan control mode; according to the current oil temperature T of the radiatoroilWater temperature T of radiatorwaterAnd radiator air temperature TairTo set a target fan control rotation speed Ntarget；
And step 3: estimating an individual fan speed; according to the current oil temperature T of the radiatoroilWater temperature TwaterAnd air temperature TairRespectively calculating fan rotating speeds N corresponding to independent radiator oil temperaturesoilFan speed N corresponding to radiator water temperaturewaterFan speed N corresponding to radiator temperatureair：
Noil＝Tableoil(Toil)
Nwater＝Tablewater(Twater)
Nair＝Tableair(Tair)
Wherein Tableoil、Tablewater、TableairThe method comprises the following steps of (1) respectively setting independent target fan rotating speeds required under different oil, water and air temperatures for a calibration table;
and 4, step 4: calculating the target control rotating speed of the fan;
fan speed N corresponding to independent radiator oil temperatureoilFan speed N corresponding to radiator water temperaturewaterFan speed N corresponding to radiator temperatureairAnd the oil temperature coefficient K of the radiatoroilWater temperature coefficient K of radiatorwaterAnd air temperature coefficient K of radiatorairCalculating the target fan control speed Ntarget：
Figure FDA0002716239440000011
Wherein, Koil+Kwater+Kair＝100；
And 5: rotating speed closed-loop control;
if the target control rotating speed of the fan is larger than the current rotating speed of the fan, N istarget>NcurrentAnd the current electromagnetic valve control current is larger than the electromagnetic valve current and is reduced by step length Icurrent>Idown-stepWhen the current is equal to the target current I, the target current is controlled by the electromagnetic valvetarget＝Icurrent-Idown-step-IoffsetWhen the fan rotating speed is expected to be increased, the current of the electromagnetic valve needs to be reduced, the overflow valve port is reduced, the overflow of a pump motor system is reduced, more flow enters the motor through the pump, and therefore the rotating speed of the fan is increased;
if the target control rotating speed of the fan is less than the current rotating speed N of the fantarget<NcurrentAnd the current electromagnetic valve control current is less than the maximum allowable current Icurrent<ImaxWhen the current is equal to the target current I, the target current is controlled by the electromagnetic valvetarget＝Icurrent+Iup-stepWhen it is desired to reduce the fan speed, the solenoid current is increased, pump motor system flooding is increased, motor inflow is reduced, and the fan rotatesThe speed is reduced;
in the rest cases Itarget＝IcurrentKeeping the same;
wherein, IoffsetCompensating current for hysteresis of the electromagnetic valve; i isup-stepIncreasing step length for the current of the electromagnetic valve;
step 6: driving and controlling an electromagnetic valve; the solenoid valve control target current I obtained by calculation in the step 5targetAnd set as the present solenoid valve driving current.
2. A special vehicle independent cooling system temperature control method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the steps 1-6 are performed every 100 ms.
3. A special vehicle independent cooling system temperature control method according to claim 1, wherein in the step 1, if a sensor fault exists, the target fan control rotating speed N is settargetSetting as the default setting speed N of the fandefaultAnd skipping to step 5 to carry out rotating speed closed-loop control.
4. The special vehicle independent cooling system temperature control method according to claim 1, wherein in the step 1, if the fan solenoid valve has a fault, the solenoid valve target current I is settargetSet to 0 and skip to step 6 to stop the fan control.
5. The special vehicle independent cooling system temperature control method according to claim 1, wherein the step 2 comprises the following steps:
step 21: if the radiator oil temperature ToilGreater than the upper limit T of the calibrated oil temperature of the radiatoroil-upTarget fan control speed NtargetSet as the maximum rotation number N of the fanmaxIf the radiator oil temperature ToilLower than the upper limit T of the calibrated oil temperature of the radiatoroil-downTarget fan control speed NtargetSet as the minimum rotation number N of the fanmin。
6. The special vehicle independent cooling system temperature control method according to claim 5, wherein the step 2 further comprises:
step 22: if the radiator temperature TwaterGreater than the upper limit T of the radiator calibration water temperaturewater-upTarget fan control speed NtargetSet as the maximum rotation number N of the fanmaxIf the water temperature T of the radiatorwaterLower limit T of water temperature less than radiator calibrationwater-downTarget fan control speed NtargetSet as the minimum rotation number N of the fanmin。
7. The special vehicle independent cooling system temperature control method according to claim 6, wherein the step 2 further comprises:
step 23: if the radiator temperature TairGreater than the upper limit T of the calibrated air temperature of the radiatorair-upTarget fan control speed NtargetSet as the maximum rotation number N of the fanmaxIf the radiator temperature TairLower limit T of air temperature less than radiator calibrationair-downTarget fan control speed NtargetSet as the minimum rotation number N of the fanmin。
8. The special vehicle independent cooling system temperature control method according to claim 7, wherein the step 2 further comprises:
step 24: if the current radiator oil temperature ToilWater temperature T of radiatorwaterAnd radiator air temperature TairAnd respectively entering step 3 between the set thresholds, otherwise entering step 5.
9. The special vehicle independent cooling system temperature control method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step 4, the radiator oil temperature coefficient KoilWater temperature coefficient K of radiatorwaterAnd air temperature coefficient K of radiatorairThe initial values are 35, 35 and 30.
10. The special vehicle independent cooling system temperature control method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step 5, the hysteresis compensation current I of the electromagnetic valveoffsetThe electromagnetic valve current flow characteristic test method is related to the characteristics of the electromagnetic valve, and can be obtained through the electromagnetic valve current flow characteristic test.
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