CN112098320B - Testing device for adhesive force between gas hydrate particles and wax crystal particles - Google Patents
Testing device for adhesive force between gas hydrate particles and wax crystal particles Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a device for testing the adhesion force between gas hydrate particles and wax crystal particles, which comprises a high-definition microscope, a refrigeration mechanism, a wax crystal generation device and a hydrate particle bearing device, wherein the wax crystal generation device and the hydrate particle bearing device are arranged corresponding to the refrigeration mechanism. The method reduces the step of measuring the elastic modulus of the glass fiber in the experimental process of measuring the adhesion force between the hydrate particles, can also test the acting force between the wax crystal particles and the hydrate particles while generating the wax crystal particles, increases the probe array in the visible window of a high-definition microscope, achieves the experimental effect of one-time multi-test, can greatly reduce the experimental times, improves the experimental efficiency and the accuracy, and has obvious practical values for evaluating the mechanical properties of the hydrate reservoir and directing the exploitation of the hydrate.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of hydrate research, in particular to a device for testing the adhesion force between gas hydrate particles and wax crystal particles.
Background
Natural gas hydrates are generally referred to as the natural gas hydrate formed from the major Constituent (CH) in natural gas 4 ,C 2 H 6 Isogas) with water under high pressure and low temperature conditions. During hydrate resource recovery and oil and gas transport, the components of the fluid in the pipeline comprise natural gas and water. In such a flow state, minute bubbles in the liquid phase and water droplets condensed in the gas phase may form hydrate particles due to low temperature and high pressure conditions in the pipe. Hydrate particles can accumulate and may adhere to the walls of the pipe during flow with the fluid, eventually plugging the pipe, causing a local pressure increase, reduced production efficiency and potential safety issues. A typical hydrate plug formation process in a pipeline consists of 4 stages as follows (1) bubble in liquidSuspension in the phase and condensation of the droplets on the wall of the pipe; (2) nucleation and growth of hydrate particles in a liquid phase and a wall surface; (3) aggregation and deposition of hydrate particles in the flow; (4) the sediment volume gradually increases and eventually plugs the pipeline. In addition to plugging the pipeline with water, wax precipitation and deposition are also common problems that pose a significant threat to subsea flow assurance. When the operating temperature of waxy crude oil falls below the Wax Appearance Temperature (WAT), wax molecules will precipitate out of the liquid phase, forming a three-dimensional structure. The deposition of these particles will further result in a reduction in the cross-sectional area of the flow and an increase in pressure drop, which if severe enough will eventually impede the flow. In addition, once a blockage occurs, remedial measures such as replacement of the blocked pipe and production delays cause significant economic losses. The precipitation and deposition of wax depends to a large extent on the fluid temperature of the pipe. Thus, due to the fact that the fluid in the subsea pipeline is transported under low temperature and high pressure conditions, the formation of gas hydrates and the precipitation of wax may occur simultaneously, resulting in more complex flow conditions and greater challenges to the operation of the subsea pipeline. In the above process, the root cause of aggregation and deposition of the hydrate is the adhesion between hydrate particles and between the hydrate particles and the wall surface of the pipe.
More than 80% of crude oil produced in China is wax-containing crude oil with high condensation point and high viscosity. Wax deposition is easy to generate under the influence of environmental conditions in the process of pipeline transportation, more serious pipeline blockage is caused after the wax deposition is mixed with hydrate, great potential safety hazard is brought to normal operation of the pipeline, and the generated blockage is caused by the adhesion between hydrate particles and wax crystal particles and between the hydrate particles and the wax deposition wall surface when the root cause is the hydrate particles and the wax crystal particles.
The existing testing device for testing micro force between hydrate particles and wax crystal particles generates one wax crystal particle on a probe under a micro-camera, then the hydrate particles on the other probe are bonded with the wax crystal particle and separated, and the adhesion force between the hydrate particles and the wax crystal particle is calculated by recording deformation quantities of the hydrate particles and the wax crystal particle. Meanwhile, in the test, the test plane adopts glass fiber, the elastic modulus of the glass fiber needs to be measured in advance, and the test process is complex and tedious.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: in order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the invention provides the testing device capable of quickly and efficiently measuring the adhesion force between the gas hydrate particles, achieving a group of multi-test, reducing the experiment times, eliminating external influence factors, omitting the step of measuring glass fibers, and being more convenient and quicker.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problem is as follows: a testing device for the adhesion force between gas hydrate particles and wax crystal particles comprises a high-definition microscope, a refrigeration mechanism, a wax crystal generation device and a hydrate particle bearing device, wherein the wax crystal generation device and the hydrate particle bearing device are arranged corresponding to the refrigeration mechanism; the refrigeration mechanism comprises a main pressure kettle, a cold stage and a refrigeration circulator, the refrigeration circulator is provided with a refrigerant inlet and a refrigerant outlet, the refrigerant inlet and the refrigerant outlet are respectively connected with the main pressure kettle through pipelines, the main pressure kettle is also communicated with an air inlet pipeline, the air inlet pipeline is provided with an air inlet valve, and the cold stage is arranged in the main pressure kettle; the wax crystal generating device comprises a hollow fixed cantilever and a plurality of hollow T-shaped probes arranged on the upper surface of the hollow fixed cantilever at intervals, the hollow fixed cantilever and the hollow T-shaped probes are provided with cavities inside and communicated with each other, and the end part of the hollow fixed cantilever is connected with a wax crystal heating device through a line; hydrate granule supporting device including the manual control pole that sets up in pairs, be fixed with horizontal cantilever between the manual control pole, horizontal cantilever below then be fixed with a plurality of mouth style of calligraphy probes, mouth style of calligraphy probe the same and one-to-one with cavity T type probe quantity, the manual control pole be connected with the micron regulator respectively and by micron regulator control removal.
Furthermore, both sides of the hollow fixed cantilever are connected with the wax crystal heating device through conduit lines, a temperature gauge and a pressure gauge are further arranged on the conduit, and a stop valve is arranged on the conduit connecting the hollow fixed cantilever and the wax crystal heating device.
Further, cavity T type probe include stitch portion and reaction platform, stitch portion vertical fixation on the fixed cantilever upper surface of cavity, reaction platform fixes on the last top surface of stitch portion, reaction platform be circular, and the reaction platform center have with the discharge port of the fixed cantilever internal cavity intercommunication of cavity, reaction platform upper surface still swing and be connected with the dauber, the dauber be connected with first computer through data line to by the swing of first computer control.
Preferably, the smearing rod is made of polytetrafluoroethylene materials.
Preferably, the length of the smearing rod is equal to the diameter of the reaction platform, and the smearing rod rotates and swings 120 degrees relative to the upper surface of the reaction platform.
Preferably, the horizontal cantilever is a suspension cable structure, the suspension cable structure comprises a bottom line, two obliquely-pulled edges symmetrically arranged on the bottom line and a top line arranged in parallel with the bottom line, the top points of the two obliquely-pulled edges are overlapped and extend upwards in an oblique manner to two ends and are fixed with manual operating rods on the corresponding sides, the square-shaped probe is hung on the bottom line, a plurality of vertical pull wires are arranged between each obliquely-pulled edge and the bottom line at intervals, the vertical pull wires are perpendicular to the bottom line, the intervals between every two adjacent vertical pull wires are equal, triangular pull wires are also obliquely connected between every two adjacent vertical pull wires, and the two adjacent triangular pull wires are sequentially connected; the bottom line, the top line, the inclined pull edge, the vertical pull line and the triangular pull line are all made of composite glass fibers, and the composite glass fibers comprise glass fibers and aluminum core alloy strips embedded in the glass fibers.
Furthermore, high definition microscope department be equipped with the high definition digtal camera, high definition digtal camera signal connection have the second computer.
Furthermore, the cold platform is a closed annular container, round holes are formed in two sides of the annular container and are respectively connected with the refrigerant inlet and the refrigerant outlet through the round holes, stop valves are respectively arranged on the pipelines, the inner wall of the annular container is a reaction vessel, and a polytetrafluoroethylene lining covers the surface of the reaction vessel.
The testing device for the adhesion force between the gas hydrate particles and the wax crystal particles has the advantages that the step of measuring the elastic modulus of the glass fibers can be reduced in the experimental process of measuring the adhesion force between the hydrate particles, the acting force between the wax crystal particles and the hydrate particles can be tested while the wax crystal particles are generated, the probe array is added in the visual window of a high-definition microscope, the experimental effect of one-time multi-test is achieved, the experimental times can be greatly reduced, the experimental efficiency and the accuracy are improved, and the testing device has obvious practical values for evaluating the mechanical properties of a hydrate reservoir and indicating the exploitation of the hydrate.
Drawings
The invention is further illustrated with reference to the following figures and examples.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic plan view of a hollow T-shaped probe reaction platform according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention (the direction of the arrow is the direction of rotation of the applicator).
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing the principle of the adhesion test between the hydrate particles and the wax crystal particles in the preferred embodiment of the present invention (the arrow direction is the horizontal cantilever movement direction).
FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of the specific linkage at the horizontal cantilever in the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
In the figure, the device comprises a first computer 1, a first computer 2, a pressure gauge 3, a high-definition microscope 4, a window 5, a cold stage 6, a manual control rod 7, an output pipeline 8, a hollow fixed cantilever 9, a stop valve 10, a wax crystal heating device 11, a hollow T-shaped probe 12, a main pressure kettle 13, a second computer 14, a refrigeration circulator 15, a data line 16, a square probe 17-1, a refrigerant inlet 17-2, a refrigerant outlet 18, a micrometer adjuster 19, a smearing rod 20, a reaction platform 21, an exhaust port 22, a thermometer 23, an air inlet valve 24, a horizontal cantilever 24-1, a top line 24-2, a bottom line 24-3, a vertical pull line 24-4, a triangular pull line 24-5 and a diagonal pull edge.
Detailed Description
The present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. These drawings are simplified schematic views illustrating only the basic structure of the present invention in a schematic manner, and thus show only the constitution related to the present invention.
Fig. 1 to 4 show a testing apparatus for adhesion between gas hydrate particles and wax crystal particles, which is the most preferred embodiment of the present invention, and includes a high definition microscope 3, a refrigeration mechanism, a wax crystal generating apparatus corresponding to the refrigeration mechanism, and a hydrate particle supporting apparatus.
High definition microscope 3 department be equipped with the high definition digtal camera, high definition digtal camera signal connection have second computer 13, can real-time recording wax crystal particle and hydrate particle's displacement to carry out the analysis of effort.
The refrigerating mechanism comprises a main pressure kettle 12, a cold platform 5 and a refrigerating circulator 14. The refrigeration circulator 14 is provided with a refrigerant inlet 17-1 and a refrigerant outlet 17-2, the refrigerant inlet 17-1 and the refrigerant outlet 17-2 are respectively connected with the main pressure kettle 12 through pipelines, the main pressure kettle 12 is also communicated with an air inlet pipeline, and the air inlet pipeline is provided with an air inlet valve 23. Meanwhile, the pipeline of the main pressure kettle 12 can be provided with an output pipeline 7 for discharging excessive refrigerant so as to maintain the stable low-temperature environment of the cooling platform 5.
The cooling platform 5 is arranged in the main pressure kettle 12. The cooling table 5 is a closed annular container, round holes are respectively formed in two sides of the annular container and are respectively connected with a refrigerant inlet 17-1 and a refrigerant outlet 17-2 through the round holes, stop valves 9 are respectively arranged on the pipelines, the inner wall of the annular container is a reaction vessel, and a polytetrafluoroethylene lining covers the surface of the reaction vessel. The reaction vessel is made of stainless steel, and a layer of polytetrafluoroethylene lining is covered on the inner wall of the upper part of the reaction vessel to prevent the hydrate from growing on the reaction wall.
The wax crystal generating device comprises a hollow fixed cantilever 8 and a plurality of hollow T-shaped probes 11 arranged on the upper surface of the hollow fixed cantilever 8 at intervals, cavities are formed in the hollow fixed cantilever 8 and the hollow T-shaped probes 11 and communicated with the cavities, and the end part of the hollow fixed cantilever 8 is connected with a wax crystal heating device 10 through a line. The two sides of the hollow fixed cantilever are connected with the wax crystal heating device 10 through pipeline, the guide pipe is further provided with a thermometer 22 and a pressure gauge 2, and the guide pipe connecting the hollow fixed cantilever and the wax crystal heating device 10 is provided with a stop valve 9.
Hollow T type probe 11 include stitch portion and reaction platform 20, stitch portion vertical fixation on the fixed cantilever 8 upper surface of cavity, reaction platform 20 fixes on the last top surface of stitch portion, reaction platform 20 be circular, and reaction platform 20 center have with the fixed cantilever inside cavity intercommunication of cavity discharge port 21, reaction platform 20 upper surface still swing and be connected with dauber 19. The smearing rod 19 is made of polytetrafluoroethylene materials.
During testing, wax heated by the wax crystal heating device 10 is conveyed into the cavity of the hollow T-shaped probe 11 through the guide pipe, reaches the upper surface of the reaction platform 20 through the discharge port 21, and is uniformly coated on the reaction platform 20 by the coating rod 19 according to the required condition or directly generates wax crystal particles on the reaction platform 20. Further, the length of the coating rod 19 is equal to the diameter of the reaction platform 20, and the coating rod 19 rotates and swings 120 degrees relative to the upper surface of the reaction platform 20. The smearing rod 19 is connected with the first computer 1 through a data line 15, and the first computer 1 controls the swinging. The coating rod 19 is controlled by the first computer 1, and can uniformly coat wax on the reaction platform 20 when an experiment that the wax is deposited and covered on the wall surface is carried out; if the experiment is wax crystal particles, the smearing rod 19 is perpendicular to the horizontal axis and is far away from the wax crystal particles, so that the experiment is prevented from being interfered.
Hydrate granule supporting device include the manual control pole 6 that sets up in pairs, be fixed with horizontal cantilever 24 between the manual control pole 6, horizontal cantilever 24 below then be fixed with a plurality of square probes 16, square probe 16 the same and one-to-one with cavity T type probe 11 quantity, manual control pole 6 be connected with micron regulator 18 respectively and by micron regulator 18 control removal. The manual operating rods are respectively arranged on two sides and are regulated and controlled by the same micrometer regulator 18, and the regulator controls the hydrate particles to accurately move in the x direction, the y direction and the z direction, and the regulating precision is 10 mu m/step. The square probe 16 can make the hydrate particles uniformly stressed, and can not cause experimental deviation.
A plurality of groups of hollow T-shaped probes 11 and square probes 16 are arranged in a window 4 of the device, are opposite in pairs and are arranged in an equal level, so that the effect of one group of multi-measurement is achieved.
The horizontal cantilever 24 is a suspension cable structure, which comprises a bottom line 24-2, two inclined pull edges 24-5 symmetrically arranged on the bottom line 24-2, and a top line 24-1 arranged in parallel with the bottom line 24-2. The inclined edge 24-5 connects the middle point of the bottom line 24-2 and the two ends of the top line 24-1, and is in a triangular stable structure. The top points of the two inclined pull edges 24-5 are overlapped, extend upwards in an inclined mode to two ends and are fixed with the manual operating rods on the corresponding sides, the square-shaped probe 16 is hung on the bottom line 24-2, a plurality of vertical pull lines 24-3 are arranged between each inclined pull edge 24-5 and the bottom line 24-2 at intervals, the vertical pull lines 24-3 are perpendicular to the bottom line 24-2, the distance between every two adjacent vertical pull lines 24-3 is equal, triangular pull lines 24-4 are further connected between every two adjacent vertical pull lines 24-3 in an inclined mode, and the two adjacent triangular pull lines 24-4 are connected in sequence. The bottom line 24-2, the top line 24-1, the diagonal edge 24-5, the vertical stay wire 24-3 and the triangular stay wire 24-4 are all made of composite glass fibers, and the composite glass fibers comprise glass fibers and aluminum core alloy strips embedded in the glass fibers.
In this way, by the arrangement of the individual suspension cable structures, a suspension cable is formed which is arranged by a stable triangular structure at the level of the horizontal jib 24. The suspension cables are embedded together in a triangular stable structure by using aluminum-zinc alloy. The structure can not generate deformation due to experiments when the hydrate particles are separated from the wax crystal particles, and the step of measuring the elastic modulus of the glass fiber is omitted.
Specifically, the device for testing the adhesion force between the gas hydrate particles and the wax crystal particles comprises the following specific steps:
B1. preparing wax crystal particles or wax deposition wall surfaces;
B2. generating hydrate particles on the square-shaped probe 16;
B3. measuring the adhesive force between the gas hydrate particles and the wax crystal particles;
further, in step B1, wax is placed in the wax crystal heating device 10 to obtain liquid wax in a dissolved state, the liquid wax is conveyed to the hollow fixed cantilever 8 through the input pipeline, the hollow fixed cantilever 8 is communicated with the hollow T-shaped probe 11, the liquid wax after being heated and dissolved is conveyed to the platform of the T-shaped probe, the liquid wax is gradually cooled in the low-temperature environment of the cooling table 5, and the wax is uniformly smeared on the platform or directly generates wax crystal particles on the platform by the smearing rod 19 according to the required conditions.
In step B2, a very small droplet was first made on the glass fiber using a dropper, and then the droplet was immersed in liquid nitrogen for 20 seconds to produce ice particles. Rapidly transferring the ice particles into a cooling vessel, gradually raising the temperature, melting the ice particles, generating hydrates, staying for 30min to balance when the set temperature is reached, and transferring the liquid drops from the glass fibers onto the square-shaped probe 16.
In step B3, the manual operating lever 6 is controlled to draw the hydrate particles close to the wax crystal particles or wax deposition coated wall surface, and after the droplets contact the hydrate particles, the droplets are moved continuously to apply a certain preload force to the particles. The probes are all in the window 4 of the microscope, then the liquid drop is pulled in the opposite direction to make the liquid drop gradually far away from the wax crystal particles until the wax crystal particles are completely separated, the adhesive force is measured according to the deformation quantity, and because the multiple groups of particles are measured simultaneously, multiple groups of data under the same temperature and pressure condition can be obtained, the efficiency is high, and the speed is high.
Compared with the prior art, the benefits of the invention are as follows:
realize a set of survey more in window 4 monitoring range and can avoid the error that adjustment experimental apparatus caused at every turn, and multiunit data all surveys under the same condition, convenient and fast efficient.
The wax crystal heating device 10 arranged outside the main pressure kettle 12 is communicated with the hollow fixed cantilever 8 and the T-shaped probe, so that the purpose of testing the adhesive force while generating is realized.
The smearing rod 19 on the hollow T-shaped probe 11 can evenly smear wax on the platform, the situation of the wax deposition wall surface is considered, if the experiment is used for measuring the adhesion force between the wax crystal particles and the hydrate particles, the experiment is prevented from being interfered because the wax crystal particles are perpendicular to the horizontal axis and far away from the wax crystal particles.
The horizontal cantilever 24 is embedded with aluminum core alloy, which is a rigid structure, so that the hydrate particles and the wax crystal particles are not deformed due to experiments when being separated, and the step of measuring the elastic modulus of the glass fiber is omitted.
In light of the foregoing description of the preferred embodiment of the present invention, many modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The technical scope of the present invention is not limited to the content of the specification, and must be determined according to the scope of the claims.
Claims (7)
1. The utility model provides a testing arrangement of adhesion between gas hydrate granule and wax crystal granule which characterized in that: the device comprises a high-definition microscope (3), a refrigeration mechanism, a wax crystal generation device and a hydrate particle bearing device, wherein the wax crystal generation device and the hydrate particle bearing device are arranged corresponding to the refrigeration mechanism;
the refrigeration mechanism comprises a main pressure kettle (12), a cold platform (5) and a refrigeration circulator (14), the refrigeration circulator (14) is provided with a refrigerant inlet (17-1) and a refrigerant outlet (17-2) which are respectively connected with the main pressure kettle (12) through pipelines, the main pressure kettle (12) is also communicated with an air inlet pipeline, the air inlet pipeline is provided with an air inlet valve (23), and the cold platform (5) is arranged in the main pressure kettle (12);
the wax crystal generating device comprises a hollow fixed cantilever (8) and a plurality of hollow T-shaped probes (11) arranged on the upper surface of the hollow fixed cantilever (8) at intervals, cavities are formed in the hollow fixed cantilever (8) and the hollow T-shaped probes (11) and communicated with the cavities, and the end part of the hollow fixed cantilever (8) is connected with a wax crystal heating device (10) through a line;
the hydrate particle bearing device comprises manual operating levers (6) which are arranged in pairs, horizontal cantilevers (24) are fixed between the manual operating levers (6), a plurality of square probes (16) are fixed below the horizontal cantilevers (24), the square probes (16) are the same in number as the hollow T-shaped probes (11) and correspond to the hollow T-shaped probes one by one, and the manual operating levers (6) are respectively connected with a micrometer adjuster (18) and controlled by the micrometer adjuster (18) to move;
the horizontal cantilever (24) is of a suspension cable structure, the suspension cable structure comprises a bottom line (24-2), two inclined pull edges (24-5) symmetrically arranged on the bottom line (24-2), and a top line (24-1) arranged in parallel with the bottom line (24-2), the vertexes of the two inclined pull edges (24-5) are overlapped, extend upwards in an inclined manner to two ends and are fixed with manual control levers on the corresponding sides, the square probe (16) is hung on the bottom line (24-2), a plurality of vertical pull lines (24-3) are arranged between each inclined pull edge (24-5) and the bottom line (24-2) at intervals, the vertical pull lines (24-3) are perpendicular to the bottom line (24-2), the intervals between two adjacent vertical pull lines (24-3) are equal, and triangular pull lines (24-4) are further connected between the two adjacent vertical pull lines (24-3) in an inclined manner, and two adjacent triangular pull wires (24-4) are connected in sequence;
the bottom line (24-2), the top line (24-1), the diagonal edge (24-5), the vertical stay wire (24-3) and the triangular stay wire (24-4) are all made of composite glass fibers, and the composite glass fibers comprise glass fibers and aluminum core alloy strips embedded in the glass fibers.
2. The apparatus for testing the adhesion between gas hydrate particles and wax crystal particles as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the fixed cantilever both sides of cavity all with be connected through the pipeline between the brilliant heating device of wax (10), and still be equipped with thermometer (22) and manometer (2) on the pipe, and be equipped with stop valve (9) on the pipe that fixed cantilever of cavity (8) and brilliant heating device of wax (10) are connected.
3. The apparatus for testing the adhesion between gas hydrate particles and wax crystal particles according to claim 1, wherein: hollow T type probe (11) include stitch portion and reaction platform (20), stitch portion vertical fixation at the fixed cantilever of cavity (8) upper surface, reaction platform (20) are fixed on the last top surface of stitch portion, reaction platform (20) be circular, and reaction platform (20) center have discharge port (21) with the fixed cantilever of cavity (8) inner cavity intercommunication, reaction platform (20) upper surface still swing and be connected with daub pole (19), daub pole (19) have first computer (1) through data line (15) line connection to by first computer (1) control swing.
4. A device for testing the adhesion between gas hydrate particles and wax crystal particles as claimed in claim 3, wherein: the smearing rod (19) is made of polytetrafluoroethylene materials.
5. A device for testing the adhesion between gas hydrate particles and wax crystal particles as claimed in claim 3, wherein: the length of the coating rod (19) is equal to the diameter of the reaction platform (20), and the coating rod (19) rotates and swings 120 degrees relative to the upper surface of the reaction platform (20).
6. The apparatus for testing the adhesion between gas hydrate particles and wax crystal particles as claimed in claim 1, wherein: high definition microscope (3) department be equipped with high definition digtal camera, high definition digtal camera signal connection have second computer (13).
7. The apparatus for testing the adhesion between gas hydrate particles and wax crystal particles as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the cooling table (5) is a closed annular container, round holes are formed in two sides of the annular container and are respectively connected with a refrigerant inlet (17-1) and a refrigerant outlet (17-2) through round holes in a pipeline mode, stop valves (9) are arranged on the pipelines respectively, the inner wall of the annular container is a reaction vessel, and a polytetrafluoroethylene lining covers the surface of the reaction vessel.
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| CN112691610A (en) * | 2020-12-25 | 2021-04-23 | 中国石油大学(华东) | High-pressure visual microscopic acting force testing device |
| CN113029727A (en) * | 2021-04-26 | 2021-06-25 | 常州大学 | Adhesion testing device capable of forming regular spherical hydrate particles |
| CN116125053B (en) * | 2023-02-21 | 2024-05-31 | 天津美士邦涂料化工有限公司 | Test equipment for detecting phenolic epoxy resin |
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