CN112085409B - Underground water level regulation and control method for synergistically relieving desertification and secondary salinization of arid region - Google Patents
Underground water level regulation and control method for synergistically relieving desertification and secondary salinization of arid region Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a groundwater level regulation and control method for synergistically relieving desertification and secondary salinization of soil in arid regions, which comprises the following steps: collecting data on the basis of analyzing the internal relation between desertification and secondary salinization of the arid region; calculating the critical burial depth of the soil salinized underground water; calculating the critical buried depth of the soil desertification underground water; determining the root length of a vegetation community in a research area; determining a groundwater level recovery mode and parameters in the desert area; determining a mode and parameters for reducing the groundwater level in the salinization area; and the groundwater level regulation and control of desertification and secondary salinization are synergistically relieved. The method has universality for solving desertification and soil secondary salinization caused by unreasonable control of underground water level, and provides reliable theoretical and technical support for guiding reasonable development and utilization of underground water resources in arid regions and ecological restoration.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a technical method for regulating and controlling underground water level for synergistically relieving desertification and secondary salinization of soil in arid regions, which is a calculation method for hydrology and water conservancy and is an ecological and environment-friendly technical method.
Background
The expansion of desert and the secondary salinization are the biggest threats to ecological safety of oasis in arid regions in the northwest inland, and the two have close relation to a certain extent, so that the development of combined regulation and control research on the two in the aspect of hydrological mechanism has very important significance for promoting local ecological protection, and is also a technical difficulty to be broken through urgently in the follow-up ecological restoration of arid regions. The main reason for the desertification of the transition zone at the periphery of the oasis in the arid region is the use of a large amount of water resources in the irrigation region, so that the subsurface flow field of the groundwater retreats, the groundwater level of the transition zone is reduced, the vegetation cannot be supplemented by the groundwater, and the desertification is pushed to the oasis. The main reasons for secondary salinization in the oasis are that irrigation district water resources are used intensively, irrigation return water is discharged improperly, so that the underground position of a local area in the oasis is lifted, and soil water is evaporated to bring salt to the surface for crystallization and separation; one of secondary salinization and transition zone desertification in the oasis is caused by shallow underground water burial depth, and the other is caused by deep underground water burial depth which is closely related to the underground water burial depth. At present, the independent research aiming at the two problems is very common, the groundwater level in a salt alkalization area is reduced, redundant water is discharged at will, a protection forest is planted manually, water consumption is increased, both the problems lack a clear target, and the water resource is also double waste. Aiming at the two problems, the single research cannot meet the actual requirement, and a better treatment effect is difficult to obtain in practice.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the problems of the prior art, the invention provides a groundwater level regulation and control method for synergistically relieving desertification and secondary salinization in arid regions.
The purpose of the invention is realized as follows: a groundwater level regulation and control method for synergistically relieving desertification and secondary salinization of arid regions, which comprises the following steps:
step 1, collecting necessary data in a research area on the basis of determining the internal relation between desertification and secondary salinization in an arid area. Mainly by analyzing the mechanisms causing the two problems, the desertification is that the water resources of the oasis are used in a centralized way, the undercurrent field shrinks, and the vegetation on the earth surface loses the support of the underground water; salinization is that a large amount of return water is discharged near the oasis irrigation, and the water level of local underground water is raised. Based on the underground water continuous subsurface flow field concept of the supporting ecological circle layer structure, the water level is in a high-low state under the natural condition, the two problems are complementary in water quantity, and the two problems are considered together;
step 2, calculating the critical burial depth h of the groundwater in the salinization area0；
In the formula: h is0The unit is m, the critical burial depth of the saline-alkali underground water; t isminThe temperature is the lowest soil water temperature in unit for the vegetation growth cycle; n soil porosity; d effective particle size of soil, unit m; sigma is the tension of soil water, and the unit is N/m; rhowThe density of water in kg/m at the lowest soil temperature before the irrigation period3(ii) a g is gravity acceleration in m/s2；
Step 3, according to the investigation of the vegetation community of the research area, through the research of the root characteristics of the investigation vegetation by combining the related documents, the maximum root length D of the dominant species in the vegetation community of the research area is determinedmax；
Step 4, calculating the critical burial depth of the desertification underground water: groundwater is realized through dive evaporation to the supply of vegetation, when dive influence layer and root system effect layer have the contact, can realize groundwater to the supply of vegetation. On the contrary, when the two layers do not intersect, the vegetation can not absorb the groundwater, and the groundwater can not supply the vegetation, so the critical burial depth of the groundwater causing the desertification of the transition zone is defined as the sum of the diving influence layer and the root system action layer. Because the groundwater recharge can be obtained in consideration of the whole physiological period of the vegetation, the liquid surface tension corresponding to the average temperature T is taken, and the maximum rising height formula of the capillary water after correction is as follows:
in the formula: h is2The unit is m, which is the critical buried depth of the underground water in the transition zone desertification; dmaxThe maximum root length of dominant species in the vegetation population is m;
step 5, determining a mode and parameters for restoring the groundwater level of the desertification area: mainly adopts a method of recharging a well or a ditch to determine that the surface vegetation can effectively absorb and utilize groundwater moisture and avoid salinization, needs to determine the depth L of the recharging well or the ditch, and has the following requirements:
Dmax<L<h2
step 6, determining the mode and parameters for reducing the groundwater level in the salinization area: the mode that utilizes the drainage well to draw water reduces to below the salinization district groundwater water level that salinization groundwater critical buried depth, eliminates the salinization harm, reduces back water level h and requires as follows:
h>h0
and 7, synergistically relieving groundwater level regulation and control of desertification and secondary salinization of the arid region: through the surplus water yield of the too high secondary salinization district of groundwater water level through rationally laying the transition zone region (being located oasis and desert alternating region, the vegetation is sparse) that carries the groundwater water level that needs to resume through laying drainage shaft discharge for the moisture of increase vegetation reaches and improves desertification and secondary salinization simultaneously, realizes that the water resource high efficiency utilizes.
The invention has the following beneficial effects: the invention clarifies the processes of causing the soil desertification and the salinization by analyzing the hydrological action mechanism of causing the desertification and the secondary salinization of the arid region, defines the critical burial depth of causing the soil desertification, simultaneously carries out the synergic research on the two problems, analyzes the key of causing the two problems to be the control of the groundwater level and provides a groundwater level regulation and control scheme for synergistically relieving the desertification and the secondary salinization. The method has clear physical process and action mechanism, has universality for solving desertification and soil secondary salinization caused by unreasonable control of groundwater level, and provides reliable theoretical and technical support for guiding reasonable development and utilization of groundwater resources and ecological restoration in arid regions.
Drawings
The invention is further illustrated by the following figures and examples.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of groundwater level regulation for synergistically alleviating desertification and secondary salinization in arid regions;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the calculation of critical burial depth of land river desertification groundwater in arid region;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of groundwater level for restoring vegetation in a transition zone;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of reducing groundwater level in a salt alkalization zone;
wherein H0The thickness of a water-containing layer is shown, Q is the water yield of the pumping well, R is the radius of the pumping well, R is the influence radius of the pumping well, and S is the pumping well depth reduction (S1 and S2 are the depth reduction of the pumping wells 1 and 2 respectively, and the water pumping amount is the same);
fig. 5 is a flow chart of a method according to an embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
Example (b):
the embodiment is a technical method for regulating and controlling the underground water level for synergistically relieving the desertification and the secondary salinization (soil salinization) of the soil in the arid region. The principle of the method is as follows:
the main reason for the desertification of the transition zone at the periphery of the oasis of the continental river in the arid region is the use of a large amount of water resources in the irrigation region, so that the subsurface flow field of the groundwater retreats, the groundwater level of the transition zone is reduced, the vegetation can not be supplemented by the groundwater, and the desertification is pushed to the oasis. The main reasons for secondary salinization in the oasis are that irrigation district water resources are used intensively, irrigation return water is discharged improperly, so that the underground position of a local area in the oasis is lifted, and soil water is evaporated to bring salt to the surface for crystallization and separation; one of secondary salinization and transition zone desertification in the oasis is caused by shallow underground water burial depth, and the other is caused by deep underground water burial depth which is closely related to the underground water burial depth.
According to the theory of ecological circle layer structure in arid regions, the key to controlling the expansion of desertification area is to keep the stability of the boundary between vegetation and the desert in the transition zone, and the transition zone disappears due to too low ground water level. The core problem of the ecological hydrology is to maintain a certain submerged burial depth, namely the submerged evaporation vegetation supply critical burial depth. Therefore, the boundary between vegetation and desert in the transition zone can be determined. The salinization formed by irrigation and water discharge is caused by overhigh underground water level, so that the method of reducing and washing salt by using large water generally wastes valuable water resources and aggravates the expansion of the salinization on the whole. Based on the concept of the underground water continuous subsurface flow field supporting the ecological circle layer structure, the water level is in a high-low state under the natural condition, the two problems are complementary in water quantity, and the two problems are considered together to be structurally smooth, so that the reasonable utilization of water resources in arid regions and the ecological safety relationship can be realized.
According to the analysis, how to realize the accurate water level that reduces salinization in the secondary saline and alkaline land that causes too high water level in the oasis, what degree of falling is suitable, what degree is favorable to vegetation absorption utilization scheduling problem is recovered to the crisscross transition zone groundwater water level of oasis and desert. Based on the key problems, the critical burial depth of the desertification underground water in the secondary salinization and oasis desertification staggered transition zone region in the oasis needs to be solved.
The method for calculating the critical burial depth of soil salinization comprises the following steps:
calculating the critical burial depth h of the groundwater in the salinization area according to Chinese patent ZL 201810868841.20；
The method for calculating the critical burial depth of the soil desertification underground water of the oasis desert staggered transition zone comprises the following steps:
according to the investigation of the vegetation population in the research area, the maximum root length D of the dominant species in the vegetation population in the research area is determined by combining the research of the root characteristics of the investigation vegetation in relevant documentsmax；
Groundwater is realized through dive evaporation to the supply of vegetation, when dive influence layer and root system effect layer have the contact, can realize groundwater to the supply of vegetation. On the contrary, when the two layers do not intersect, the vegetation can not absorb the groundwater, and the groundwater can not supply the vegetation, so the critical burial depth of the groundwater causing the desertification of the transition zone is defined as the sum of the diving influence layer and the root system action layer. Because the groundwater recharge can be obtained in consideration of the whole physiological period of the vegetation, the liquid surface tension corresponding to the average temperature T is taken, and the maximum rising height formula of the capillary water after correction is as follows:
in the formula: h is2The unit is m, which is the critical buried depth of the underground water in the transition zone desertification; dmaxThe maximum depth of the vegetation root in the community is m.
Determining the principle of restoring the groundwater level of the desertification area: mainly adopts a method of recharging a well or a ditch, determines that the surface vegetation can effectively absorb and utilize groundwater moisture, avoids salinization, needs to determine the depth L of the recharging well or the ditch, and has the following requirements:
Dmax<L<h2
determining the principle of reducing the groundwater level in the salinization area: the mode that utilizes the drainage well to draw water reduces to below the salinization district groundwater water level that salinization groundwater critical buried depth, eliminates the salinization harm, reduces back water level h and requires as follows:
h>h0
determining a groundwater level regulation method for synergistically relieving desertification and secondary salinization of an arid region: through the surplus water yield of the too high secondary salinization district of groundwater water level through rationally laying the transition zone region (being located oasis and desert alternating region, the vegetation is sparse) that carries the groundwater water level that needs to resume through laying drainage shaft discharge for the moisture of increase vegetation reaches and improves desertification and secondary salinization simultaneously, realizes that the water resource high efficiency utilizes.
The method comprises the following steps, and the flow chart is shown in FIG. 5:
step 1, determining the internal relation between desertification and secondary salinization in an arid region and collecting data in a research region. Mainly by analyzing the mechanisms causing the two problems, the desertification is that the water resources of the oasis are used in a centralized way, the undercurrent field shrinks, and the vegetation on the earth surface loses the support of the underground water; salinization is that a large amount of return water is discharged near the oasis irrigation, and the water level of local underground water is lifted. Based on the underground water continuous subsurface flow field concept of the supporting ecological circle layer structure, the water level is in a high-low state under the natural condition, the two problems are complementary in water quantity, and the two problems are considered together;
step 2, calculating the critical buried depth h of the groundwater in the salinization area0；
In the formula: h is0Is the critical buried depth of the salinized underground water, and the unit is m; t isminThe temperature is the lowest soil water temperature in unit for the vegetation growth cycle; n soil porosity; d effective particle size of soil, unit m; sigma is the tension of soil water, and the unit is N/m; rhowThe density of water in kg/m at the lowest soil temperature before the irrigation period3(ii) a g is gravity acceleration in m/s2。
Step 3, according to the investigation of the vegetation community of the research area, through the research of the root characteristics of the investigation vegetation by combining the related documents, the maximum root length D of the dominant species in the vegetation community of the research area is determinedmax；
Step 4, calculating the critical burial depth of the desertification underground water: groundwater is realized through dive evaporation to the supply of vegetation, when dive influence layer and root system effect layer have the contact, can realize groundwater to the supply of vegetation. On the contrary, when the two layers do not intersect, the vegetation can not absorb the groundwater, and the groundwater can not supply the vegetation, so the critical burial depth of the groundwater causing the desertification of the transition zone is defined as the sum of the diving influence layer and the root system action layer. Because groundwater recharge can be obtained in consideration of the whole physiological cycle of vegetation, the liquid surface tension corresponding to the average temperature T is taken, and according to a calculation formula about the maximum capillary water rising height in Chinese patent ZL 201810868841.2, the modified maximum capillary water rising height formula is as follows:
in the formula: h is2The unit is m, which is the critical buried depth of the underground water in the transition zone desertification; dmaThe maximum root length of the dominant species in the vegetation population is in m.
Step 5, determining the principle of restoring the groundwater level of the desertification area: mainly adopts a method of recharging a well or a ditch, determines that the surface vegetation can effectively absorb and utilize groundwater moisture, avoids salinization, needs to determine the depth L of the recharging well or the ditch, and has the following requirements:
Dmax<L<h2
step 6, determining the principle of reducing the groundwater level in the salinization area: the mode that utilizes the drainage well to draw water reduces to below the salinization district groundwater water level that salinization groundwater critical buried depth, eliminates the salinization harm, reduces back water level h and requires as follows:
h>h0
step 7, determining a groundwater level regulation and control method for synergistically relieving desertification and secondary salinization of the arid region: through the surplus water yield of the too high secondary salinization district of groundwater water level through rationally laying the transition zone region (being located oasis and desert alternating region, the vegetation is sparse) that carries the groundwater water level that needs to resume through laying drainage shaft discharge for the moisture of increase vegetation reaches and improves desertification and secondary salinization simultaneously, realizes that the water resource high efficiency utilizes.
Application example:
and selecting a Luo city irrigation area in Gastrin county of Zhangye city with serious salinization at the lower reaches in the black river basin as a case area for research. And calculating the critical underground water burial depth of salinization in the Luo city irrigation area by adopting a constructed theoretical formula, and verifying and analyzing the calculation result by combining with the actual observation data in the underground water field.
According to statistics related to the black river basin texture of the frigid-arid institute, the soil in different regions of the research area is subjected to statistical analysis by referring to a classification system adopted by national soil species, the main soil type of the Luo city irrigation area is aeolian sandy soil, and the effective grain sizes of the soil in different types of the research area are given by referring to effective grain size values of the soil in different types summarized by the Majianlin. Wherein, the aeolian sandy soil type is mainly loamy sandy soil, the effective grain diameter d is 0.1mm, and the void degree n is 42 percent.
According to the sampling condition of 33 points of field sampling, the soil temperature range before the irrigation period in the research area is 10-30 ℃. The minimum temperature of the soil is 10 ℃. Studies have shown that the surface tension of water is influenced primarily by temperature, in a range of inverse ratios. Taking the surface tension of 74 multiplied by 10 corresponding to the soil temperature of 10 DEG C-3N/m, the maximum value of the surface tension of water at 10 ℃. The density of water is 1 x 103kg/m3The change in density of water is small and therefore the change in density of water with temperature is ignored. The gravity acceleration g takes 9.8N/kg.
Calculating the critical burial depth of the soil salinization underground water:
and (3) calculating the soil salinization critical groundwater burial depth of the Luocheng irrigated area by combining the investigation of the groundwater level burial depth, the soil hydraulic characteristic parameters, the soil temperature and the like of the Luocheng irrigated area and adopting a constructed theoretical calculation formula:
substituting the related parameters into a formula, and calculating to obtain the salinization critical underground water level of 1.29 m.
The groundwater in the transition zone can be continuously supplemented in consideration of the whole physiological period of the vegetation, and the average diving influence layer thickness is obtained. The vegetation growing period is mainly 6-9 months according to the transition zone of the Luo city irrigation area of the black river basin, the most vigorous vegetation period is 8 months, and the main temperature range of soil water measured by TDR is 10-30 ℃ according to a large amount of field investigation in 8 months. Taking the average temperature T as 20 ℃, the corresponding liquid surface tension sigma corresponding to the same look-up table is 72.5 x 10-3N/m. Substituting into a formula to obtain diving influenceThe average thickness of the layers was 1.26 m.
According to the field survey of the Luo city irrigation area, 235 sampling points are mainly distributed, and the length of the root system of the vegetation in the Luo city irrigation area is statistically analyzed by combining the researches on the root system of the northern vegetation such as Chengyi \37892. The root length range of the haloxylon ammodendron + nitraria + Calligonum mongolicum community is 1.50-7.00 cm, the root range of the tamarix chinensis + reed community is 2.00-10.00 cm, and the root range of the camel thorn + reed + Salicornia mongolica community is 2.20-12.00 cm.
Substituting the parameters into a formula to obtain the underground water critical burial depth h of different vegetation communities2The critical buried depth of the groundwater desertified in the transition zone is closely related to the vegetation communities, and the critical buried depth of the groundwater desertified in different vegetation communities is as follows: the total number of the haloxylon ammodendron, the total number of the nitraria tangutorum bobr and the total number of the calligonum mongolicum is 8.26m, the total number of the tamarisk and the reed is 11.26m, and the total number of the alhagi sparsifolia, the total number of the reed and the total number of the agriophyllum mongolicum is 13.26 m.
Field verification based on actual measurement underground water burial depth data:
the change of the soil water content corresponding to different depths can reflect the maximum rising height of underground water capillary water, wherein the key is to find the position of the soil water content mutation, namely the point that the soil water content is rapidly increased from small soil, and the distance between the rapid change point and the underground water buried depth of the observation point is the maximum rising height of the underground water capillary at the observation point. In this example, the different depth of 33 points using field observation correspond to the observation verification data. The area of field investigation is about 600km with Luocheng irrigation area as main body2The investigation points are distributed on both sides of the main flow of the black river. The maximum rising height of the capillary water in the area is analyzed to be between 0.50 and 1m, and is within the range of 1.29m of the result of the deduced theoretical calculation.
And (3) obtaining 235 vegetation sampling points through field investigation for 5 times in 2017-2018, obtaining the relation between the average coverage of vegetation in each area and the underground water burial depth of the area through investigation of vegetation coverage in a 10 × 10m sample of 5-10 vegetation on different sampling points, and performing fitting analysis by using a Gaussian curve. The ecological range of the tamarix chinensis and the alhagi sparsifolia is relatively wide, and the ecological range of the nitraria tangutorum, the alhagi sparsifolia, the calligonum mongolicum and the reed is relatively narrow. The relation curve of the relative vegetation communities and the underground water burial depth shows that: the average coverage of the nitraria tangutorum bobr is lower than 5% after the groundwater is more than 10m, the coverage of the haloxylon ammodendron and the Calligonum mongolicum is lower than 5% after the groundwater is lower than 11m, and the coverage of the tamarix chinensis is lower than 5% after the groundwater is buried for 12-13 m. The camel thorn community has partial limitation due to actual investigation, the deepest underground water burial depth of a sample collected in practice is 7-8 m, the vegetation community coverage is about 10%, but the main root can reach about 12m deepest through literature consultation, the desertification vegetation community coverage defined herein is lower than 5%, so the camel thorn community vegetation coverage can still be determined to be the existence of the vegetation community between 5-10%, only the vegetation community is sparse, the distribution is less, and the maximum root depth value analyzed by combining literature is adopted in the final value taking process.
In conclusion, when the underground water burial depth exceeds 10m, the cover degrees of several key dominant species, namely white thorns, Calligonum mongolicum, haloxylon ammodendron and tamarix chinensis, in the vegetation transition zone are all seriously reduced, the average cover degree is basically lower than 10%, and when the underground water burial depth exceeds about 13m, the cover degree is basically lower than 5%, so that the remarkable desertification characteristic is realized. The groundwater critical burial depth value calculated by the research statistical analysis text is approximate to the groundwater burial depth value corresponding to the vegetation with the average coverage degree lower than 5%, so that the result of theoretical calculation has certain credibility.
Finally, it should be noted that the above is only for illustrating the technical solution of the present invention and not for limiting, although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred arrangement, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that the technical solution of the present invention (such as various terrains and soil types, derivation process of application of formula, sequence of steps, etc.) may be modified or equivalently replaced without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (1)
1. A groundwater level regulation and control method for synergistically relieving desertification and secondary salinization of soil in arid regions is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the method comprises the following steps:
step 1: carrying out data acquisition on a research area;
step 2, calculating the critical burial depth of the groundwater in the secondary salinization area, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
in the formula: h is0The critical burial depth of the groundwater for secondary salinization is m; t isminThe temperature of the lowest soil water in the vegetation growth cycle is in units of; n soil porosity; d, the effective grain diameter of the soil is m; sigma is the tension of soil water, and the unit is N/m; rhowThe density of water in kg/m at the lowest soil temperature before the irrigation period3(ii) a g is the acceleration of gravity in m/s2；
Step 3, determining the maximum root length D of dominant species in the vegetation community of the research areamax；
Step 4, calculating the critical burial depth of the desertification underground water, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
in the formula: h is2The unit is m, which is the critical buried depth of the underground water in the transition zone desertification; dmaxThe maximum root length of dominant species in the vegetation population is m;
the water average temperature of the soil in the vegetation growth period is expressed in unit; n soil porosity; d, the effective grain diameter of the soil is m; sigma is the tension of soil water, and the unit is N/m; rhowThe density of water in kg/m at the lowest soil temperature before the irrigation period3(ii) a g is the acceleration of gravity in m/s2；
Step 5, determining a mode and parameters for recovering the groundwater level of the desertification area: the groundwater level of the desertification area is recovered by adopting a recharging well or ditch way, and the depth L of the recharging well or ditch is as follows:
Dmax<L<h2；
step 6, determining a water level reduction mode and parameters of underground water in the salinization area: the mode that utilizes the drainage well to draw water reduces and falls the saline and alkaline district groundwater water level below the saline and alkaline groundwater critical burial depth, and it is to reduce back water level h:
h>h0；
and 7, synergistically relieving groundwater level regulation and control of desertification and secondary salinization of the arid region: and discharging the excessive water in the secondary salinization area with overhigh groundwater level through a drainage well, and conveying the excessive water to a transition zone area needing groundwater level restoration, wherein the transition zone area is positioned in a staggered area of the oasis and the desert.
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