CN112067678A - Electrochemical sensing electrode of selenium functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheet - Google Patents
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Abstract
An electrochemical sensing electrode based on selenium functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheets. The invention belongs to the technical field of electrochemical sensors, and particularly relates to an electrochemical sensing electrode based on selenium functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheets. The invention aims to solve the problems of complex preparation, slow response speed and poor sensitivity of the existing enzyme-free sensor for detecting guanosine. The product is as follows: the composite material consists of a GCE electrode and a honeycomb porous carbon nanosheet composite based on a selenization function and wrapped outside the GCE electrode; the electrochemical sensor constructed on the basis of the electrochemical sensing electrode has excellent detection performance on guanosine.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of electrochemical sensors, and particularly relates to an electrochemical sensing electrode based on selenium functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheets.
Background
Purine compounds have close relationship with various biological activities. At present, many purine substances have been researched and developed as effective chemotherapeutic drugs, and the detection of elevated levels of purine bases in vivo is of great significance for studying DNA metabolic processes and DNA damage. Guanine, one of the four bases of DNA, is most easily oxidized because it has the lowest oxidation potential, and most electrochemical analytical methods for detecting guanine concentration are based on oxidation of guanine. The determination of the concentration of guanine in DNA is as important as the determination of the concentration of DNA itself. Guanosine is a product formed after reactive oxygen radicals oxidatively damage nuclear DNA or mitochondrial DNA. Guanosine has attracted a great deal of interest in the biomedical community as a more desirable biomarker for the oxidative damage of DNA. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a method for accurately detecting the content of guanosine.
Hydrotalcite is also known as layered double hydroxide composite metal oxide (LDHs) and is a novel inorganic functional material. The hydrotalcite has the characteristics of adjustable metal ions of the laminate, adjustable inner space, adjustable types and quantity of anions between layers and the like, and can expose more active sites by stripping the hydrotalcite, thereby increasing the active area of the catalyst and improving the catalytic performance. Modified hydrotalcite with different structures, properties and functions can be obtained through modification such as doping, intercalation and the like. The nickel-iron hydrotalcite (Ni-Fe LDH) has the advantages of alkalinity, high thermal stability, interlayer anion exchangeability, catalysis and the like, so that the nickel-iron hydrotalcite has good application prospects in the fields of electrochemical catalysis, ion exchange, ion adsorption and the like.
Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) consist of metal centers/clusters and functional organic ligands, and have received much attention in recent years due to their large specific surface area, high porosity and abundance and open metal active sites. Zeolite-imidazolate-metal organic framework materials (ZIFs), which are MOFs materials having a zeolite framework structure, have high porosity and large specific surface area, and also have high stability of inorganic zeolite materials. Compared with other MOFs, the zeolite-imidazolate-metal organic framework material has better thermal, water and chemical stability, so that the material is more and more applied to the aspects of gas storage, separation, catalysis, sensing and the like. The calcined zeolite-imidazolate-metal organic framework shows a stable porous structure and shows more excellent sensing performance.
The selenium ions are added as anions to change the charge distribution around metal atoms, so that the charges are rearranged, the conductivity of the material is improved, and the sensing performance of the electrochemical sensor is further improved.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems of low detection speed and poor sensitivity of the existing enzyme-free sensor for detecting guanosine, and provides an electrochemical sensing electrode based on a selenium functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheet.
The invention discloses an electrochemical sensing electrode based on selenium functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheets, which is characterized in that the electrochemical sensing electrode based on the selenium functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheets is composed of a GCE electrode and a selenium functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheet compound wrapped outside the GCE electrode.
In the selenium-based functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheet composite, the nanosheet presents a honeycomb porous structure.
The electrochemical sensing electrode based on the selenium functionalized cellular porous carbon nanosheet is characterized in that the concentration of nickel nitrate hexahydrate in the selenium functionalized cellular porous carbon nanosheet compound is 9-11 mM; the concentration of the ferric nitrate nonahydrate is 4 mM-6 mM.
The electrochemical sensing electrode based on the selenium functionalized cellular porous carbon nanosheet is characterized in that the concentration of cobalt nitrate hexahydrate in the selenium functionalized cellular porous carbon nanosheet composite is 1.4 g-1.5 g.
The electrochemical sensing electrode based on the selenium functionalized cellular porous carbon nanosheet is characterized in that the ratio of the carbon nanosheet to the selenium powder in the selenium functionalized cellular porous carbon nanosheet composite is 1: 10-1: 11.
The electrochemical sensing electrode based on the selenium functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheet is obtained by sampling 9-11 mu L of electrochemical sensing electrode, dripping the electrochemical sensing electrode on a GCE electrode by adopting a dripping method, and naturally airing the electrochemical sensing electrode.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
compared with the traditional enzyme-free sensor, the electrochemical sensing electrode based on the selenium functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheet is constructed. Solves the problems of slow detection speed, poor sensitivity and the like in guanosine detection in practical application. The main reason is that the nickel-iron hydrotalcite and the zeolite-imidazole ester-metal organic framework have synergistic effect, namely the transmission rate of electrons on the surface of the electrode is promoted, and the active adsorption sites of small biological molecules on the surface of the electrode are expanded, so that the electrocatalytic performance of the electrode is greatly improved.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a scanning electron microscope image of a nickel-iron hydrotalcite nanosheet obtained in the first test;
FIG. 2 is a scanning electron microscope image of the ferronickel hydrotalcite @ zeolite-imidazolate-metal organic framework obtained in test one;
FIG. 3 is a scanning electron microscope image of a cellular porous carbon nanosheet obtained in a first test;
FIG. 4 is a scanning electron microscope image of a full-spectrum of an X-ray photoelectron spectrum of a selenium-functionalized cellular porous carbon nanosheet composite in a range of 0 eV to 1320 eV, obtained in the first experiment;
FIG. 5 is a differential pulse voltammogram of a guanosine oxidation reaction of an electrochemical sensor in a validation experiment I; the concentration range from bottom to top is 0.053 mu M-227 mu M;
fig. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between the response current and the concentration of guanosine added in the process of catalyzing guanosine by the electrochemical sensor in the first experiment.
Detailed Description
The first embodiment is as follows: the electrochemical sensing electrode based on the selenium functionalized cellular porous carbon nanosheet is characterized by being composed of a GCE electrode and a selenium functionalized cellular porous carbon nanosheet compound wrapped outside the GCE electrode.
The second embodiment is as follows: the first difference between the present embodiment and the specific embodiment is: the concentration of nickel nitrate hexahydrate in the selenium-based functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheet composite is 9-11 mM. Other steps and parameters are the same as those in the first embodiment.
The third concrete implementation mode: the present embodiment differs from the first or second embodiment in that: the concentration of ferric nitrate nonahydrate in the selenium-based functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheet composite is 4 mM-6 mM. Other steps and parameters are the same as those in the first or second embodiment.
The fourth concrete implementation mode: the difference between this embodiment mode and one of the first to third embodiment modes is: the concentration of urea in the selenium-functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheet composite is 34-36 mM. Other steps and parameters are the same as those in one of the first to third embodiments.
The fifth concrete implementation mode: the difference between this embodiment and one of the first to fourth embodiments is: the mass of dimethyl imidazole in the selenium-based functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheet composite is 3.2 g-3.4 g. Other steps and parameters are the same as those in one of the first to fourth embodiments.
The sixth specific implementation mode: the difference between this embodiment and one of the first to fifth embodiments is: the selenium-based functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheet composite is obtained by dripping 9-11 mu L of selenium-based functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheet composite on a GCE electrode through a dripping method and naturally drying the selenium-based functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheet composite. Other steps and parameters are the same as those in one of the first to fifth embodiments.
The sixth specific implementation mode: the preparation method of the electrochemical sensing electrode based on the selenium functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheet comprises the following steps:
firstly, preparing a nickel-iron hydrotalcite nanosheet: firstly, dissolving 9 mM-11 mM nickel nitrate hexahydrate, 4 mM-6 mM ferric nitrate nonahydrate and 34 mM-36 mM urea in 48 mL-52 mL deionized water under stirring; secondly, transferring the solution into a three-neck flask, refluxing at 97-100 ℃, and continuously stirring for 46-48 h; thirdly, filtering the obtained product, washing the product for several times by using deionized water and ethanol, and drying the product for 6 hours at the temperature of 60 ℃ to obtain the nickel-iron hydrotalcite nano-sheet.
The molar concentration of the nickel nitrate hexahydrate solution in the first step is 9 mM-11 mM;
in the first step, the molar concentration of the ferric nitrate nonahydrate solution is 4 mM-6 mM;
in the first step, the molar concentration of the urea solution is 34 mM-36 mM;
II, preparing a nickel iron hydrotalcite @ zeolite-imidazole ester-metal organic framework: adding 3.2-3.4 g of dimethyl imidazole into 100 mL of methanol solution containing 0.5 g of nickel-iron hydrotalcite; secondly, 50 mL of methanol solution containing 1.4 g to 1.5 g of cobalt nitrate hexahydrate is poured into the solution, stirred for 15 min, the product is filtered, washed by methanol for a plurality of times and dried for 6 h at the temperature of 60 ℃ to 70 ℃.
In the second step, the mass of the dimethyl imidazole is 3.2 g-3.4 g;
the mass of the cobalt nitrate hexahydrate in the second step is 1.4-1.5 g;
in the second step, the drying temperature is 60-70 ℃;
thirdly, preparing the selenium functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheet: naturally cooling the obtained nickel iron hydrotalcite @ zeolite-imidazole ester-metal organic framework composite material, soaking the obtained nickel iron hydrotalcite @ zeolite-imidazole ester-metal organic framework composite material in 10 wt% of HF solution, performing ultrasonic treatment for 20 min, and continuously stirring for 22-24 h; and secondly, centrifuging the product, washing the product with deionized water for multiple times, and drying the product at the temperature of between 60 and 70 ℃ for 12 hours to obtain the porous carbon nanosheet. Thirdly, mixing the prepared porous carbon nanosheet with selenium powder according to the weight ratio of 1: 10-1: 11, annealing for 4 hours at 800 ℃ in nitrogen atmosphere at the boosting rate of 10 ℃/min, and obtaining the product of the selenium functionalized cellular porous carbon nanosheet.
Fourthly, preparing the electrochemical sensing electrode based on the selenium functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheet: firstly, mixing 1-3 mg of sample with 230-250 mul of ethanol/naphthol solution (volume ratio is 24: 1), carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 25-35 min, after the mixture is uniform, dripping 9-11 mul of the mixture on a GCE electrode by adopting a dripping method, and naturally drying the GCE electrode to obtain the electrochemical sensing electrode based on the selenium functionalized cellular porous carbon nanosheet, and marking the electrochemical sensing electrode as the GCE electrode modified based on the selenium functionalized cellular porous carbon nanosheet.
The electrochemical sensing electrode prepared by the method has the advantages of simplicity in preparation, high response speed and the like, and is sensitive to guanosine detection. The main reason is that the nickel-iron hydrotalcite and the zeolite-imidazole ester-metal organic framework have synergistic effect, namely the transmission rate of electrons on the surface of the electrode is promoted, and the active adsorption sites of small biological molecules on the surface of the electrode are expanded, so that the electrocatalytic performance of the electrode is greatly improved.
The seventh embodiment: the sixth embodiment is different from the sixth embodiment in that: in the first step, the molar concentration of the nickel nitrate hexahydrate solution is 10 mM. Other steps and parameters are the same as those in the sixth embodiment.
The specific implementation mode is eight: the sixth or seventh embodiment is different from the sixth or seventh embodiment in that: in the first step, the molar concentration of the ferric nitrate nonahydrate solution is 5 mM of stirring temperature, and other steps and parameters are the same as those of the sixth or seventh specific embodiment.
The specific implementation method nine: this embodiment differs from one of the sixth to eighth embodiments in that: in the first step, the molar concentration of the urea solution is 35 mM, and other steps and parameters are the same as those of one of the sixth to eighth embodiments.
The detailed implementation mode is ten: the present embodiment differs from one of the sixth to ninth embodiments in that: in the second step, the cobalt nitrate hexahydrate of dimethylimidazole is 3.3 g, and other steps and parameters are the same as those of one of the sixth to ninth embodiments.
The concrete implementation mode eleven: this embodiment differs from one of the sixth to tenth embodiments in that: in the second step, the mass of the cobalt nitrate hexahydrate is 1.4 g, and other steps and parameters are the same as those of one of the sixth to tenth embodiments.
The specific implementation mode twelve: this embodiment differs from one of the sixth to eleventh embodiments in that: in the second step, the drying temperature is 60 ℃, and other steps and parameters are the same as those of one of the sixth to eleventh specific embodiments.
The specific implementation mode is thirteen: this embodiment differs from one of the sixth to twelfth embodiments in that: in the third step, the continuous stirring time is 24 hours, and other steps and parameters are the same as those of the sixth to twelfth embodiment.
The specific implementation mode is fourteen: this embodiment differs from one of the sixth to thirteenth embodiments in that: the drying time in the third step is 60 ℃, and other steps and parameters are the same as those in one of the sixth to the thirteenth specific embodiments.
The concrete implementation mode is fifteen: this embodiment differs from one of the sixth to fourteenth embodiments in that: in the third step, the ratio of the porous carbon nanosheet to the selenium powder is 1:10, the other steps and parameters are the same as those of the sixth to the fourteenth embodiment.
The specific implementation mode is sixteen: this embodiment differs from one of the sixth to fifteenth embodiments in that: and in the fourth step, a sample is taken and 2 mg is mixed with 240 mu L of ethanol/naphthol solution (the volume ratio is 24: 1), ultrasonic treatment is carried out for 30 min, 10 mu L of the mixture is dropwise coated on the CGE electrode, and the CGE electrode is naturally dried to obtain the electrochemical sensing electrode based on the selenium functionalized cellular porous carbon nanosheet and is marked as the GCE electrode modified based on the selenium functionalized cellular porous carbon nanosheet compound.
The following experiments were conducted to verify the effects of the present invention
The first test is that the preparation method of the electrochemical sensing electrode based on the selenium functionalized cellular porous carbon nanosheet is carried out according to the following steps:
firstly, preparing a nickel-iron hydrotalcite nanosheet: dissolving 10 mM nickel nitrate hexahydrate, 5 mM iron nitrate nonahydrate and 35 mM urea in 50 mL deionized water under stirring; secondly, transferring the solution into a three-neck flask, refluxing at 97 ℃, and continuously stirring for 48 hours; thirdly, filtering the obtained product, washing the product for several times by using deionized water and ethanol, and drying the product for 6 hours at the temperature of 60 ℃ to obtain the nickel-iron hydrotalcite nano-sheet.
In the first step, the molar concentration of the nickel nitrate hexahydrate solution is 10 mM;
in the first step, the molar concentration of the ferric nitrate nonahydrate solution is 5 mM;
in the first step, the molar concentration of the urea solution is 35 mM;
II, preparing a nickel iron hydrotalcite @ zeolite-imidazole ester-metal organic framework: 3.284 g of dimethylimidazole is added into 100 mL of methanol solution containing 0.5 g of nickel iron hydrotalcite; ② then 50 mL of methanol solution containing 1.456 g of cobalt nitrate hexahydrate is poured into the solution, stirred for 15 min, the product is filtered, washed by methanol for several times and dried for 6 h at 60 ℃.
The mass of the cobalt nitrate hexahydrate of the dimethylimidazole in the second step is 3.284 g;
the mass of the cobalt nitrate hexahydrate in the second step is 1.456 g;
in the second step, the drying temperature is 60 ℃;
thirdly, preparing the selenium functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheet: naturally cooling the obtained nickel iron hydrotalcite @ zeolite-imidazole ester-metal organic framework composite material, soaking the obtained nickel iron hydrotalcite @ zeolite-imidazole ester-metal organic framework composite material in 10 wt% of HF solution, performing ultrasonic treatment for 20 min, and continuously stirring for 24 h; and secondly, centrifuging the product, washing the product with deionized water for multiple times, and drying the product at 60 ℃ for 12 hours to obtain the porous carbon nanosheet. Thirdly, mixing the prepared porous carbon nano sheet with selenium powder according to the weight ratio of 1:10, annealing for 4 hours at 800 ℃ in nitrogen atmosphere, and increasing the pressure at a rate of 10 ℃/min to obtain the product, namely the selenium functionalized cellular porous carbon nano sheet.
Fourthly, preparing the electrochemical sensing electrode based on the selenium functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheet: mixing a 2 mg sample with 240 mu L of ethanol/naphthol solution (the volume ratio is 24: 1), carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 30 min, uniformly mixing, then taking 10 mu L, dripping the mixture on a GCE electrode by adopting a dripping method, and naturally airing to obtain the electrochemical sensing electrode based on the selenium functionalized cellular porous carbon nanosheet, which is marked as the GCE electrode based on selenium functionalized cellular porous carbon nanosheet modification.
(I) performing morphology characterization on the selenium-based functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheet compound on the GCE electrode obtained in the first test
Obtaining a scanning electron microscope image of the nickel-iron hydrotalcite nanosheet obtained in the first experiment shown in figure 1 and a scanning electron microscope image of the nickel-iron hydrotalcite @ zeolite-imidazole ester-metal organic framework material obtained in the first experiment shown in figure 2. A scanning electron microscope image of the honeycomb porous carbon nanosheet obtained in the first test shown in fig. 3 was obtained.
(II) characterizing the selenium-based functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheet compound on the GCE electrode obtained in the first test by utilizing an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer
And obtaining a full spectrogram of an X-ray photoelectron spectrum of the selenium-based functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheet composite on the GCE electrode in the range of 0 eV-1320 eV, which is obtained in the first test shown in FIG. 4. According to the XPS diagram, the peak positions of nickel, iron, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and selenium elements show that the nickel-iron hydrotalcite, selenium and cobalt metal organic frameworks are successfully combined on the composite.
(III) verifying the sensing performance of the GCE electrode modified by the selenium-functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheet compound obtained in the first experiment of the application
Preparation of electrochemical sensor
The GCE electrode modified based on the selenium functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheet compound obtained in the first experiment of the application is used as a working electrode, an Ag/AgCl electrode is used as a reference electrode, a platinum wire electrode is used as an auxiliary electrode, and a three-electrode system formed by the electrodes is an electrochemical sensor.
Secondly, detecting guanosine by the electrochemical sensor obtained in the step one
And (4) conclusion: obtaining a differential pulse voltammogram of the catalytic guanosine of the electrochemical sensor shown in FIG. 5 and a relationship graph of the response current and the concentration of the added guanosine shown in FIG. 6; wherein the concentration range from bottom to top in FIG. 6 is 0.0053 μ M to 227 μ M. As can be seen from FIG. 5, an irreversible oxidation peak, i.e., the catalytic potential of guanosine, appeared at 0.86V after the addition of guanosine, and the catalytic peak current value at the catalytic potential of 0.86V also uniformly and linearly increased with the increasing concentration of guanosine (as shown in FIG. 6). This is based on the corresponding change in peak current caused by the catalytic oxidation reaction of guanosine by the selenium functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheet composite. Therefore, the electrochemical sensor constructed on the basis of the selenium functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheet compound has good detection performance for detecting guanosine.
In conclusion, the electrochemical sensing electrode based on the selenium functionalized honeycomb porous carbon nanosheet is successfully prepared, and the electrochemical sensor constructed on the basis of the sensing electrode has excellent sensing performance on guanosine.
Claims (5)
1. The electrochemical sensing electrode based on the selenium functionalized honeycomb-shaped porous carbon nanosheet is characterized by being composed of a GCE electrode and a selenium functionalized honeycomb-shaped porous carbon nanosheet compound wrapped outside the GCE electrode.
2. The electrochemical sensing electrode based on the selenium functionalized cellular porous carbon nanosheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein the concentration of nickel nitrate hexahydrate in the selenium functionalized cellular porous carbon nanosheet composite is 9 mM to 11 mM; the concentration of the ferric nitrate nonahydrate is 4 mM-6 mM.
3. The electrochemical sensing electrode based on the selenium functionalized cellular porous carbon nanosheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein the concentration of cobalt nitrate hexahydrate in the selenium functionalized cellular porous carbon nanosheet composite is 1.4 g to 1.5 g.
4. The electrochemical sensing electrode based on the selenium functionalized cellular porous carbon nanosheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ratio of carbon nanosheets to selenium powder in the selenium functionalized cellular porous carbon nanosheet composite is 1: 10-1: 11.
5. The electrochemical sensing electrode based on the selenium functionalized cellular porous carbon nanosheet according to claim 1, characterized in that the selenium functionalized cellular porous carbon nanosheet composite is obtained by dripping 9-11 μ L of selenium functionalized cellular porous carbon nanosheet composite on a GCE electrode by a dripping method and naturally drying the GCE electrode.
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