CN112054241A - Fluorine-containing sulfonate electrolyte additive, electrolyte containing additive and lithium ion battery - Google Patents

Fluorine-containing sulfonate electrolyte additive, electrolyte containing additive and lithium ion battery Download PDF

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CN112054241A
CN112054241A CN202011105431.6A CN202011105431A CN112054241A CN 112054241 A CN112054241 A CN 112054241A CN 202011105431 A CN202011105431 A CN 202011105431A CN 112054241 A CN112054241 A CN 112054241A
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electrolyte
lithium
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lithium ion
carbonate
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李健辉
范伟贞
信勇
赵经纬
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Guangzhou Tinci Materials Technology Co Ltd
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0567Liquid materials characterised by the additives
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/4235Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0025Organic electrolyte
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    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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Abstract

The invention discloses a fluorine-containing sulfonate electrolyte additive, an electrolyte containing the additive and a lithium ion battery, wherein the electrolyte additive comprises a structural formula I, wherein A can be one of benzene ring, pyridine and silane; b may be a fluoroalkyl group. The fluorine-containing alkyl in the structural formula is represented by the general formula CaFmHnWherein a is 1-6, n is not less than 0, m is not less than 1, and m + n is 2a + 2. The additive can react with both the anode and the cathode of the battery to form a stable interfacial film on the surface of the electrode, thereby effectively inhibiting the circulating gas generation of the electrolyte, improving the circulating performance and low-temperature discharge performance of the electrolyte under high voltage, and particularly ensuring the excellent performance of the lithium ion battery of a lithium cobaltate and NCM ternary system under high temperature and high voltage.

Description

Fluorine-containing sulfonate electrolyte additive, electrolyte containing additive and lithium ion battery
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of lithium ion batteries, in particular to a fluorine-containing sulfonate electrolyte additive, electrolyte containing the additive and a lithium ion battery.
Background
With the wide application of lithium ion batteries in portable electronic devices such as mobile phones and notebook computers, the demands for small size, light weight and performance improvement are increasingly remarkable. In recent years, as lithium ion batteries are used as power sources for Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and pure Electric Vehicles (EVs), development competition for improvement in performance and cost reduction has been increased. Meanwhile, the research on the storage battery used for the solar and wind power generation energy storage device is continuously heated, and the application requirements in the fields need to improve the energy density and the safety of the lithium ion battery, prolong the service life of the lithium ion battery and reduce the cost of the lithium ion battery. Especially, after nuclear substance leakage accidents occur in the nuclear power station of fukushima of japan, the development and utilization of clean energy and the matching of lithium ion batteries as key energy storage devices are further concerned.
The charge cut-off voltage of the existing anode materials such as lithium manganate, lithium cobaltate, NCM ternary materials and lithium iron phosphate is generally not more than 4.2V. And the ternary material of lithium cobaltate and NCM can improve the energy density of the lithium ion battery by increasing the charging voltage. However, the electrochemical window of conventional carbonate electrolytes is narrow (< 4.3V vs. Li)+Li), after the voltage is increased, on one hand, the electrolyte can be decomposed; on the other hand, the side reaction between the positive electrode and the electrolyte is accelerated, and the transition metal in the NCM is eluted, thereby further decomposing the electrolyte. Therefore, a large amount of gas is generated, and combustion and explosion are easily caused.
In view of the above problems, the addition of the film-forming additive is a simple, easy to operate and inexpensive method, compared to the relatively complicated and expensive improvement method of material coating. Sulfonate additives such as 1, 3-propylene sultone (PES), 1, 3-Propane Sultone (PS), Methylene Methanedisulfonate (MMDS) and the like form a protective film on the surface of the electrode under high voltage, the protective film is insoluble in organic solvents, lithium ions are allowed to be freely inserted into and extracted from the electrode without allowing solvent molecules to pass through, and damage to the electrode caused by further reaction of organic electrolyte and the electrode can be effectively prevented, so that the normal-temperature cycle performance and the high-temperature and low-temperature performance of the battery are improved.
In addition, the fluorine-containing additive is a material which is researched more deeply at present, has wide application in developing lithium ion battery electrolyte with special functions, and is represented as fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC). The outermost layer of the fluorine electron orbit has 7 electrons, has strong electronegativity and weak polarity, and the fluorine substitution can reduce the freezing point of a solvent, increase the flash point, improve the oxidation resistance and contribute to improving the contact performance between the electrolyte and an electrode. Therefore, the use of the fluoro-solvent or the additive in the electrolyte can effectively improve the low-temperature performance, the oxidation resistance, the flame retardant performance and the wettability of the electrolyte to the electrode, and further obtain the electrolyte with special functions, such as a high-voltage-containing electrolyte, a flame retardant electrolyte, a wide-temperature-window electrolyte and other types of electrolytes.
Patent application CN201711313228.6 discloses that fluorosulfonate compounds are added into battery electrolyte as additives, the addition amount is 0.1-10% of the mass of the battery electrolyte, and the fluorosulfonate compounds are one or a combination of more of formula I, formula II, formula III and formula IV; by adding fluorosulfonate compounds to lithium battery electrolytes, batteries are excellent in low-temperature discharge characteristics and life cycle characteristics.
The cycle performance of the scheme can reach more than 80% at 45 ℃. But this solution will not be able to reach more than 80% universally at 45 c when it is expected that 1000 cycles will be used.
Based on the background, the development of a film forming additive with better performance than 1, 3-propylene sultone, 1, 3-propane sultone, methylene methanedisulfonate and fluoroethylene carbonate by utilizing the synergistic effect of sulfonate and fluoro has important significance.
Disclosure of Invention
One of the objectives of the present invention is to provide an electrolyte additive for lithium ion battery electrolyte, which effectively inhibits cycle gassing and improves the cycle performance and low-temperature discharge performance of the electrolyte at high voltage.
The second object of the present invention is to provide an electrolyte for a lithium ion battery, which contains the above electrolyte additive, effectively suppresses cycle gassing, and improves the cycle performance and low-temperature discharge performance of the electrolyte at high voltage.
The invention also aims to provide a lithium ion battery which contains the electrolyte, effectively inhibits cycle gas generation, and improves the cycle performance and low-temperature discharge performance of the electrolyte under high voltage.
To achieve the above objects, the present invention provides an electrolyte additive comprising a compound having a structure represented by formula i:
Figure BDA0002726790600000021
wherein, A can be one of benzene ring, pyridine and silane group; b may be a fluoroalkyl group. The fluorine-containing alkyl in the structural formula is represented by the general formula CaFmHnWherein a is 1-6, n is not less than 0, m is not less than 1, and m + n is 2a + 2.
Specifically, the structural formula (I) includes any one of the following structural formulas.
Figure BDA0002726790600000022
Figure BDA0002726790600000031
The invention also provides an electrolyte, which comprises lithium salt, a solvent and an additive, wherein the additive comprises the electrolyte additive.
Preferably, the mass percentage of the electrolyte additive in the invention in the total mass of the lithium salt and the solvent is 0.1-5.0%.
Preferably, the lithium salt of the electrolyte of the present invention is selected from the group consisting of the conductive lithium salt being lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF)6) Lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF)4) Lithium bis (oxalato) borate (LiBOB), lithium difluoro (oxalato) borate (LiODFB), lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide (LiFSI), lithium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI).
Preferably, the concentration of the lithium salt in the electrolyte of the present invention is 0.5M to 1.5M. Specifically, the concentration of the lithium salt of the electrolyte of the present invention in the electrolyte may be, but is not limited to, 0.5M, 0.75M, 1M, 1.25M, 1.5M.
Preferably, the solvent of the electrolyte of the present invention is one or more selected from chain and cyclic carbonates and carboxylates. Cyclic carbonates refer to Ethylene Carbonate (EC), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), Propylene Carbonate (PC); the chain carbonate refers to dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), Ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC); the carboxylic acid esters refer to Propyl Acetate (PA), Ethyl Acetate (EA), Propyl Propionate (PP).
The present invention also provides a lithium secondary battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a lithium secondary battery electrolyte, wherein: the positive electrode material is selected from transition metal oxide of lithium, wherein the transition metal oxide of lithium is LiCoO2、LiMn2O4、LiMnO2、Li2MnO4、LiFePO4、Li1+aMn1-xMxO2、LiCo1-xMxO2、LiFe1-xMxPO4、Li2Mn1-xO4Wherein M is one or more selected from Ni, Co, Mn, Al, Cr, Mg, Zr, Mo, V, Ti, B and F, and a is more than or equal to 0<0.2,0≤x<1; the negative electrode material is selected from at least one of graphite, silicon-carbon composite material and lithium titanate.
Compared with the prior art, the electrolyte additive of the invention can form a film on the surfaces of the anode and the cathode due to the sulfonate-containing group, the oxidation resistance of the surface film can be improved due to the fluorine-containing group, and Li+Transmission capability. In addition, fluorine also increases the wettability of the electrolyte. The interface film has good ion conductivity due to the fluorine element, ensures the rapid insertion and extraction of lithium ions on the surface of the electrode, and improves the low-temperature discharge performance of the electrolyte; on the other hand, the electrolyte additive reduces the surface activity of the electrode, further improves the stability of the electrode/electrolyte interface under different temperature conditions, plays a role in protecting the positive electrode of the battery, effectively inhibits the dissolution of metal ions, and inhibits the dissolution of metal ionsSide reaction between the electrode and the electrolyte occurs, so that oxidative decomposition of the electrolyte in a high-temperature and high-voltage environment and gas generation in a circulating process are inhibited, the circulating performance of the electrolyte in a high voltage environment is improved, and the excellent performance of the lithium ion battery is ensured.
Detailed Description
The invention will now be further described with reference to the following examples, which are not to be construed as limiting the invention in any way, and any limited number of modifications which can be made within the scope of the claims of the invention are still within the scope of the claims of the invention.
In order to explain the technical contents of the present invention in detail, the following description is further made in conjunction with the embodiments.
The first embodiment is as follows:
1. preparing an electrolyte: ethylene Carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) and Ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC) were mixed in a mass ratio of EC: DEC: EMC ═ 1:1:1, and 1mol of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF) was added thereto6) After the lithium salt was completely dissolved, 0.5% of compound 1 was added.
2. Preparing a positive plate: LiNi prepared from nickel cobalt lithium manganate ternary material0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2Uniformly mixing the conductive agent SuperP, the adhesive PVDF and the Carbon Nano Tubes (CNT) according to the mass ratio of 97.5:1.5:1:1 to prepare lithium ion battery anode slurry with certain viscosity, and coating the lithium ion battery anode slurry on an aluminum foil for a current collector, wherein the coating weight is 324g/m2Drying at 85 ℃ and then carrying out cold pressing; and then trimming, cutting into pieces, slitting, drying for 4 hours at 85 ℃ under a vacuum condition after slitting, and welding tabs to prepare the lithium ion battery positive plate meeting the requirements.
3. Preparing a negative plate: mixing artificial graphite and silicon according to a mass ratio of 90:10, preparing the mixture into slurry with a conductive agent SuperP, a thickening agent CMC and a binding agent SBR (styrene butadiene rubber emulsion) according to a mass ratio of 95:1.5:1.0:2.5, uniformly mixing, coating the mixed slurry on two sides of a copper foil, drying and rolling to obtain a negative plate, and preparing the lithium ion battery negative plate meeting the requirements.
4. Preparing a lithium ion battery: and (3) preparing the positive plate, the negative plate and the diaphragm prepared by the process into a lithium ion battery with the thickness of 4.7mm, the width of 55mm and the length of 60mm by a lamination process, wherein the capacity of the lithium ion battery is 1800mAh, vacuum baking is carried out at 85 ℃ for 48 hours, and the electrolyte is injected to complete the battery preparation.
Examples two to nine, the preparation of the electrolyte, the positive electrode sheet, the negative electrode sheet, and the lithium ion battery were one-to-one as in the examples, but the compounds therein were changed to compounds 2 to 9, respectively.
Example ten:
1. preparing an electrolyte: ethylene Carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) and Ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC) were mixed in a mass ratio of EC: DEC: EMC ═ 1:1:1, and 1mol of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF) was added thereto6) After the lithium salt was completely dissolved, 0.5% of compound 1 was added.
2. Preparing a positive plate: preparing lithium cobaltate material LiCoO2Uniformly mixing the conductive agent SuperP, the adhesive PVDF and the Carbon Nano Tubes (CNT) according to the mass ratio of 97.5:1.5:1:1 to prepare lithium ion battery anode slurry with certain viscosity, and coating the lithium ion battery anode slurry on an aluminum foil for a current collector, wherein the coating weight is 316g/m2Drying at 85 ℃ and then carrying out cold pressing; and then trimming, cutting into pieces, slitting, drying for 4 hours at 85 ℃ under a vacuum condition after slitting, and welding tabs to prepare the lithium ion battery positive plate meeting the requirements.
3. Preparing a negative plate: mixing artificial graphite and silicon according to a mass ratio of 90:10, preparing the mixture into slurry with a conductive agent SuperP, a thickening agent CMC and a binding agent SBR (styrene butadiene rubber emulsion) according to a mass ratio of 95:1.5:1.0:2.5, uniformly mixing, coating the mixed slurry on two sides of a copper foil, drying and rolling to obtain a negative plate, and preparing the lithium ion battery negative plate meeting the requirements.
4. Preparing a lithium ion battery: and (3) preparing the positive plate, the negative plate and the diaphragm prepared by the process into a lithium ion battery with the thickness of 4.7mm, the width of 55mm and the length of 60mm by a lamination process, wherein the capacity of the lithium ion battery is 2000mAh, vacuum baking is carried out for 48 hours at the temperature of 85 ℃, and the electrolyte is injected to complete the preparation of the battery.
Examples eleven to eighteen, the preparation of the electrolyte, the positive electrode sheet, the negative electrode sheet, and the lithium ion battery were one-to-one, but the compounds therein were changed to compounds 2 to 9, respectively.
Comparative examples one to five, electrolyte formulation method and cell preparation method referring to examples one to nine, additives were not added, PES, PS, MMDS and FEC, respectively. Comparative examples five to eight, electrolyte formulation methods and cell preparation methods ten to eighteen reference examples, additives being no additive, PES, PS, MMDS and FEC, respectively.
Table one: electrolyte compositions and battery systems of examples and comparative examples.
Figure BDA0002726790600000051
Figure BDA0002726790600000061
Figure BDA0002726790600000071
Lithium ion battery performance testing
Normal temperature cycle test at 25 ℃ 1.0C/1.0C: charging to 4.5V at 25 deg.C under constant current of 1.0C and constant voltage of 4.5V to 0.05C at cut-off current, and discharging at constant current of 1.0C to obtain discharge capacity C0Repeating the charging and discharging steps for 1000 weeks to obtain the discharge capacity C at 1000 weeks1000Capacity retention rate ═ C1000/C0 × 100%.
High temperature cycle test at 45 ℃ 1.0C/1.0C: charging to 4.5V at 45 deg.C under constant current of 1.0C, constant voltage charging to 0.05C at cut-off current, and discharging at constant current of 1.0C to obtain discharge capacity C0Repeating the charging and discharging steps for 1000 weeks to obtain the discharge capacity C at 1000 weeks1000Capacity retention rate ═ C1000/C0*100%。
-20 ℃ low temperature discharge test: charging to 4.5V at 25 deg.C with a constant current of 1.0C, charging to 0.05C with a constant voltage of 4.5V to a cut-off current, discharging the battery with a constant current of 0.5C,the discharge capacity was designated as C0. Charging to 4.5V at constant current of 1.0C and charging to cutoff current of 0.05V at constant voltage of 4.5V at 25 deg.C, transferring the battery to-20 deg.C, standing for 240min, and discharging at constant current of 0.5C to obtain discharge capacity C1Discharge rate at-20 ═ C1/C0*100%。
After the electrolyte in the above embodiment is prepared into a lithium ion battery, the normal temperature cycle performance, the high temperature cycle performance and the low temperature discharge performance of the lithium ion battery are tested, and the results are shown in table two:
table two: lithium ion battery performance test results
Figure BDA0002726790600000072
Figure BDA0002726790600000081
By comparing examples one to nine, and examples ten to eighteen, it was found that the normal and high temperature cycle and low temperature discharge performance containing the benzene ring and directly connecting the sulfonate group are the best, probably because the benzene ring has the best effect of reducing the surface activity of the electrode. Moreover, carbon chains are not suitable to be added between the benzene ring and the pyridine ring for connecting the sulfonate, and the longer the carbon chain, the poorer the performance is, probably because the addition of the carbon chain can cause the compactness of the film to be reduced and the film is not resistant to HF corrosion. Furthermore, the greater the fluorine content, the stronger its oxidation resistance and rate capability, which results in compound seven performing better than compound eight. Overall, the first to ninth examples, and the tenth to eighteen examples were superior to the comparative example containing no additive in normal temperature cycle, high temperature cycle, and low temperature discharge, and the additive containing PES, PS, MMDS, and FEC was superior in the NCM ternary system or the LCO lithium cobaltate system. The additive of the electrolyte has the advantages that due to the excellent synergistic effect of the sulfonate group and the fluorine group, compared with additives PES, PS, MMDS and FEC, the surface activity of a battery material is better reduced, the stability of a battery material/electrolyte interface is improved, and the effect of protecting an anode is achieved, so that the dissolution of metal ions can be effectively inhibited by the addition of the additive, the oxidative decomposition of the electrolyte on the surface of the anode under the high-voltage and high-temperature condition of 4.5V and the gas generation in the circulating process are inhibited, and the circulating performance of a 4.5V lithium cobaltate and NCM ternary system battery is improved. In addition, the film contains fluorine groups, so that the interfacial film has good ion conducting capacity, and the rapid insertion and extraction of lithium ions on the surface of an electrode are ensured, thereby improving the low-temperature discharge performance of the 4.5V lithium cobaltate and NCM ternary system battery.
Meanwhile, compared with the test means disclosed in the scheme patent application CN201711313228.6 in the background technology, the test methods of the two methods are comparable. The 1000-turn cycle performance of the compound can be comparable to the 500-turn cycle performance of the compound disclosed in the patent application CN201711313228.6, and therefore, the performance of the compound disclosed in the present application at 1000 turns can be expected to be significantly better than that of the compound disclosed in the patent application CN 201711313228.6.

Claims (7)

1. An electrolyte additive comprising a compound having a structure represented by formula i:
Figure FDA0002726790590000011
wherein A is one of benzene ring, pyridine and silane group; b is fluorine-containing alkyl, and the structural general formula of the fluorine-containing alkyl in the structural formula (I) is CaFmHnWherein a is 1-6, n is not less than 0, m is not less than 1, and m + n is 2a + 2.
2. An electrolyte comprising a lithium salt, a solvent, and a lithium salt additive, wherein the additive comprises the electrolyte additive of claim 1.
3. The electrolyte according to claim 2, wherein the mass percentage of the electrolyte additive to the total mass of the lithium salt and the solvent is 0.1 to 5.0%.
4. The electrolyte of claim 2, wherein the lithium salt is selected from the group consisting of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF)6) Lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF)4) Lithium bis (oxalato) borate (LiBOB), lithium difluoro (oxalato) borate (LiODFB), lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide (LiFSI), lithium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI).
5. The electrolyte of claim 2, wherein the concentration of the lithium salt in the electrolyte is between 0.5M and 1.5M.
6. The electrolyte of claim 2, wherein the solvent is selected from one or more of chain and cyclic carbonates and carboxylates. Cyclic carbonates refer to Ethylene Carbonate (EC), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), Propylene Carbonate (PC); the chain carbonate refers to dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), Ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC); the carboxylic acid esters refer to Propyl Acetate (PA), Ethyl Acetate (EA), Propyl Propionate (PP).
7. A lithium secondary battery characterized in that: the lithium secondary battery comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode and the lithium secondary battery electrolyte according to any one of claims 2 to 6, wherein: the positive electrode material is selected from transition metal oxide of lithium, wherein the transition metal oxide of lithium is LiCoO2、LiMn2O4、LiMnO2、Li2MnO4、LiFePO4、Li1+aMn1-xMxO2、LiCo1-xMxO2、LiFe1-xMxPO4、Li2Mn1-xO4Wherein M is one or more selected from Ni, Co, Mn, Al, Cr, Mg, Zr, Mo, V, Ti, B and F, and a is more than or equal to 0<0.2,0≤x<1; the negative electrode material is selected from at least one of graphite, silicon-carbon composite material and lithium titanate.
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