CN112036721A - GDAL-based land resource development double-evaluation method, device and equipment - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a GDAL-based land resource development double-evaluation method, a GDAL-based land resource development double-evaluation device and GDAL-based land resource development double-evaluation equipment, and belongs to the technical field of land evaluation; performing aggregation operation on the grid plots in the preliminary evaluation result based on a preset aggregation rule to obtain connected plots; analyzing the connected plots to obtain plot connection degree data; and (4) polymerizing the connected plots based on a polymerization technology to obtain a final evaluation result. Therefore, the double evaluation results of resource environment bearing capacity evaluation and land space development suitability evaluation are realized, the comprehensive condition of the target land is rapidly mastered, and the land development is accurately evaluated. The adaptability of the indexes and the threshold value enables the evaluation result to be closer to the actual conditions of all places, the effect of adjusting the conditions according to the places is achieved, and the elastic interface is reserved according to the planning of all the places, so that the evaluation result is more practical.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of land evaluation, and particularly relates to a GDAL-based land resource development double-evaluation method.
Background
China is a large population, and with the development of science and technology and the improvement of environmental protection requirements, the reasonable utilization of land resources becomes one of the key points of attention in the prior art. In the development of land resources in the prior art, the land resources can be evaluated in advance by adopting double evaluations. Among other things, double evaluation may involve various data calculations and algorithms, such as: the method comprises the following steps of point spatialization, terrain to grid conversion, slope analysis, terrain relief degree analysis, surface to grid conversion, aggregation analysis and other algorithms, a plurality of ready-made interfaces exist for the algorithms, some interfaces need to purchase ready-made software, some algorithms have no universality, and most of the algorithms are scattered and have no systematicness.
At present, units on the market develop corresponding algorithms based on ArcGIS, and the algorithms are called and used by centralized management. However, this method has two problems: firstly, a systematic flow is not available, and configuration and selection are needed for each use; secondly, the existing algorithm can not meet the requirements on speed or some special applications, so that the function is lost, or a plurality of algorithms are used for realizing the effect of one algorithm, thereby greatly reducing the efficiency.
Therefore, how to promote systematization of the evaluation process and improve evaluation efficiency becomes a technical problem to be solved urgently in the prior art.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to at least solve the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a GDAL-based land resource development double-evaluation method, device and equipment.
The technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows:
on one hand, the GDAL-based land resource development double-evaluation method is applied to the building industry and comprises the following steps:
obtaining a preliminary evaluation result of the target land based on the GDAL, wherein the preliminary evaluation result comprises a plurality of grid plots;
performing aggregation operation on the grid plots in the preliminary evaluation result based on a preset aggregation rule to obtain connected plots;
analyzing the connected plots to obtain plot connection degree data;
and polymerizing the connected plots based on a polymerization technology to obtain a final evaluation result.
Optionally, each grid land has a pixel value;
the aggregation operation is performed on the grid land blocks in the preliminary evaluation result based on a preset aggregation rule to obtain the connected land blocks, and the method comprises the following steps:
acquiring pixel values of grid plots adjacent to each grid plot;
and traversing each grid land block, enabling the difference of pixel values to be within a preset range, and aggregating connected grid land blocks to obtain the connected land blocks.
Optionally, traversing each grid land, aggregating the differences between the pixel values in a preset range, and obtaining the connected grid lands, includes:
and traversing each grid land block, and aggregating the grid land blocks which have the same pixel value and are connected to obtain the connected land blocks.
Optionally, the analyzing the connected parcel to obtain parcel connection degree data includes:
judging whether the area of each connected land parcel is within a preset area threshold value or not;
and if not, degrading the pixel value of the connected land block, and giving the degraded pixel value to the connected land block.
Optionally, the aggregating the connected plots based on the aggregation technology to obtain a final evaluation result includes:
and traversing the pixel value of each connected land block, keeping the difference of the pixel values within a preset range, and aggregating the connected land blocks to obtain the final connected land block.
Optionally, the final evaluation result includes: resource environment bearing capacity evaluation and homeland space development suitability evaluation.
In another aspect, a GDAL-based land resource development double-evaluation device applied to the construction industry includes: the device comprises a preliminary evaluation module, a first aggregation module, an acquisition module and a second aggregation module;
the preliminary evaluation module is used for obtaining a preliminary evaluation result of the target land based on GDAL, and the preliminary evaluation result comprises a plurality of grid plots;
the first aggregation module is used for carrying out aggregation operation on the grid land blocks in the preliminary evaluation result based on a preset aggregation rule to obtain connected land blocks;
the acquisition module is used for analyzing the connected plots to acquire plot connection degree data;
and the second polymerization module is used for polymerizing the connected plots based on a polymerization technology to obtain a final evaluation result.
Optionally, each grid land block acquired by the preliminary evaluation module has a pixel value; the first aggregation module is used for acquiring pixel values of grid plots adjacent to each grid plot; and traversing each grid land block, enabling the difference of pixel values to be within a preset range, and aggregating connected grid land blocks to obtain the connected land blocks.
Optionally, the first aggregation module is configured to:
judging whether the area of each connected land parcel is within a preset area threshold value or not;
and if not, degrading the pixel value of the connected land block, and giving the degraded pixel value to the connected land block.
In yet another aspect, a GDAL-based land resource development dual evaluation apparatus includes: a processor, and a memory coupled to the processor;
the memory for storing a computer program for performing at least the GDAL-based dual land resource development assessment method of any of the above;
the processor is used for calling and executing the computer program in the memory.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
according to the GDAL-based land resource development double-evaluation method, device and equipment, the preliminary evaluation result of the target land is obtained based on the GDAL, and the preliminary evaluation result comprises a plurality of grid plots; performing aggregation operation on the grid plots in the preliminary evaluation result based on a preset aggregation rule to obtain connected plots; analyzing the connected plots to obtain plot connection degree data; and (4) polymerizing the connected plots based on a polymerization technology to obtain a final evaluation result. Therefore, the double evaluation results of resource environment bearing capacity evaluation and land space development suitability evaluation are realized, the comprehensive condition of the target land is rapidly mastered, and the land development is accurately evaluated. The adaptability of the indexes and the threshold value enables the evaluation result to be closer to the actual conditions of all places, the effect of adjusting the conditions according to the places is achieved, and the elastic interface is reserved according to the planning of all the places, so that the evaluation result is more practical.
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In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a GDAL-based land resource development dual-evaluation method according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagram of raw data provided by an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of data after destage processing according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the final result provided by the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a GDAL-based land resource development double-evaluation device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a GDAL-based land resource development double-evaluation device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions of the present invention will be described in detail below. It is to be understood that the described embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention, and not restrictive of the full scope of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the examples given herein without any inventive step, are within the scope of the present invention.
In order to at least solve the technical problem provided by the invention, the embodiment of the invention provides a GDAL-based land resource development double-evaluation method.
Fig. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a GDAL-based land resource development double-evaluation method according to an embodiment of the present invention, referring to fig. 1, the method according to the embodiment of the present invention may include the following steps:
and S11, acquiring a preliminary evaluation result of the target land based on the GDAL, wherein the preliminary evaluation result comprises a plurality of grid plots.
In a specific implementation process, the technical scheme provided by the embodiment of the invention can be applied to the building industry, can be used for performing double evaluation of resource environment bearing capacity evaluation and homeland space development suitability evaluation on land, so that the natural resource condition is analyzed to obtain the resource environment bearing capacity evaluation and homeland space development suitability evaluation results, and can also be directly applied to the GIS field.
Wherein, gdal (geospatial Data Abstraction library) is an open source grid space Data conversion library under the X/MIT permission protocol. It uses an abstract data model to express the various file formats supported, and it also has a series of command line tools to do data transformation and processing. GIS is a geographic information system (geographic information system), which is an academic discipline for performing relevant processing on spatial data.
In some embodiments, the land to be developed may be defined as a target land, and the acquisition of raw grid data is achieved based on GDAL as a preliminary evaluation result. The preliminary evaluation result in the picture format can be output according to the target land through the GDAL, wherein the preliminary evaluation result can comprise a plurality of grid plots, each grid plot can represent one plot, and a user can set the distance and the size of each grid plot according to needs.
And S12, performing aggregation operation on the grid land parcels in the preliminary evaluation result based on a preset aggregation rule to obtain the connected land parcels.
In some specific embodiments, optionally, each grid plot has a pixel value; based on a preset aggregation rule, carrying out aggregation operation on the grid plots in the preliminary evaluation result to obtain the connected plots, and the method comprises the following steps: acquiring pixel values of adjacent grid plots of each grid plot; and traversing each grid land, enabling the difference of pixel values to be within a preset range, and aggregating connected grid lands to obtain connected lands.
For example, the preset range may be 0, then, traversing each grid land, setting the difference between the pixel values within the preset range, and aggregating the connected grid lands to obtain a connected land, including: and traversing each grid land, and aggregating the grid land with the same pixel value and connected with each other to obtain a connected land.
And S13, analyzing the connected plots to obtain plot connection degree data.
In some specific embodiments, optionally, analyzing the connected parcel to obtain parcel connection degree data includes: judging whether the area of each connected land parcel is within a preset area threshold value; and if not, degrading the pixel value of the connected land blocks, and giving the degraded pixel value to the connected land blocks.
And S14, based on the polymerization technology, polymerizing the connected plots to obtain the final evaluation result.
In some specific embodiments, optionally, the method includes: and traversing the pixel value of each connected land block, keeping the difference of the pixel values within a preset range, and aggregating the connected land blocks to obtain the final connected land block.
The preset range and the preset range of the difference between the pixel values of each grid land block can be the same or different, and a user can set the preset range according to requirements.
The acquisition of raster Data is realized based on GDAL (geographic Data Abstraction library), Data is read into a memory, traversal search is carried out on the Data, and adjacent Data detection is continuously carried out on adjacent pixels with the same Data until all pixels are found after traversing one pixel. And each adjacent inspection realizes the search of the adjacent pixels in four directions, the result is identified and recorded, and the final result is stored and stored in a new raster data set so as to facilitate subsequent operation.
In order to further explain the technical scheme provided by the embodiment of the invention, the embodiment of the invention provides a specific embodiment.
FIG. 2 is a diagram of raw data provided by an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of data after destage processing according to an embodiment of the present invention; fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating a final result provided by an embodiment of the present invention.
Referring to fig. 1, a preliminary evaluation result of the target land is obtained through GDAL, where each grid land has its own pixel value, as shown in the figure, the pixel values include 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, where the pixel values are obtained according to specific conditions of each grid land, and a user may associate the pixel values according to specific conditions of the landform, the air temperature, and the like of each grid land, which is not described in detail herein. In this embodiment, the original data in fig. 2 is taken as an example to explain.
Referring to fig. 2, grid plots with adjacent pixel values equal are aggregated to obtain a plurality of connected plots; then, the area of each connected plot is judged, and the plot value with the area smaller than the specified condition is subjected to degradation processing, so that the graph 3 is obtained. Referring to fig. 2-3, different shading represents different aggregatable grid plots, where the pixel size of each grid plot may be 30 meters by 30 meters, the preset threshold value of the area may be 3000 square meters, and when the area of a connected plot is less than 3000 square meters, the connected plot is degraded.
Referring to fig. 1-2, the pixel size of each grid land is 900 square meters, wherein 11 grid lands with pixel value of 1 are included, 9 grid lands with pixel value of 1 are adjacent to each other and can be aggregated into a continuous land, the area of the continuous land is 900 × 9 and is larger than 3600, and the aggregated continuous land does not need to be degraded. The method comprises 11 grid plots with the pixel value of 2, 11 grid plots with the pixel value of 2 are adjacent and can be aggregated into a continuous plot, the area of the continuous plot is 900 × 11 and is larger than 3600, and the aggregated continuous plot does not need to be subjected to degradation treatment. The method comprises 6 grid plots with pixel values of 3, wherein 4 grid plots with pixel values of 3 are adjacent and can be aggregated into a continuous plot, the area of the continuous plot is 900 x 4 and is equal to 3600, and the aggregated continuous plot does not need degradation treatment; and 2 grid land blocks with the pixel value of 3 are adjacent and can be aggregated into a continuous land block, the area of the continuous land block is 900 x 2 and is less than 3600, the aggregated continuous land block needs to be degraded into the pixel value of 2, the degraded grid land block is connected with the grid land block with the pixel value of 2, and the pixel values are the same, and the aggregation is carried out again to obtain the picture 4. The method comprises 5 grid plots with the pixel value of 4, wherein the 5 grid plots with the pixel value of 4 are adjacent and can be aggregated into a continuous plot, the area of the continuous plot is 900 x 5 and is larger than 3600, and the aggregated continuous plot does not need to be subjected to degradation treatment. The method comprises the steps that 3 grid plots with the pixel value of 5 are included, the 3 grid plots with the pixel value of 5 are adjacent and can be aggregated into a continuous plot, the area of the continuous plot is 900 x 3 and is smaller than 3600, the aggregated continuous plot needs to be degraded to the pixel value of 4, the degraded grid plot is connected with the grid plot with the pixel value of 4, the pixel values of the degraded grid plot and the grid plot are the same, and the grid plot and the pixel values are aggregated again to obtain the graph 4.
Referring to fig. 4, fig. 4 is a final aggregation evaluation result, where it can be seen that, on a specific overall grid, the distribution positions of grid land pieces with pixel values of 1, 2, 3, and 4, and the aggregation result of the connected land pieces, where the pixel value of each grid land piece can be respectively associated with the resource environment condition and the exploitable affair degree of the land piece, so as to perform double evaluations of resource environment bearing capacity evaluation and suitability evaluation for national space development on the land, thereby analyzing the natural resource condition.
According to the GDAL-based land resource development double-evaluation method provided by the embodiment of the invention, the GDAL is based on to obtain the initial evaluation result of the target land, and the initial evaluation result comprises a plurality of grid plots; performing aggregation operation on the grid plots in the preliminary evaluation result based on a preset aggregation rule to obtain connected plots; analyzing the connected plots to obtain plot connection degree data; and (4) polymerizing the connected plots based on a polymerization technology to obtain a final evaluation result. Therefore, the double evaluation results of resource environment bearing capacity evaluation and land space development suitability evaluation are realized, the comprehensive condition of the target land is rapidly mastered, and the land development is accurately evaluated. The adaptability of the indexes and the threshold value enables the evaluation result to be closer to the actual conditions of all places, the effect of adjusting the conditions according to the places is achieved, and the elastic interface is reserved according to the planning of all the places, so that the evaluation result is more practical.
Based on a general inventive concept, the embodiment of the invention also provides a GDAL-based land resource development double-evaluation device.
Fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a GDAL-based land resource development double-evaluation device according to an embodiment of the present invention, referring to fig. 5, the device according to an embodiment of the present invention may include the following structures: a preliminary evaluation module 51, a first aggregation module 52, an acquisition module 53, and a second aggregation module 54;
the preliminary evaluation module 51 is configured to obtain a preliminary evaluation result of the target land based on the GDAL, where the preliminary evaluation result includes a plurality of grid plots;
the first aggregation module 52 is configured to perform aggregation operation on the grid plots in the preliminary evaluation result based on a preset aggregation rule, so as to obtain connected plots;
an obtaining module 53, configured to analyze the connected parcel and obtain parcel connectivity data;
and the second polymerization module 54 is used for polymerizing the connected plots based on a polymerization technology to obtain a final evaluation result.
Optionally, each grid land block acquired by the preliminary evaluation module 51 has a pixel value; a first aggregation module 52, configured to obtain a pixel value of an adjacent grid block of each grid block; and traversing each grid land, enabling the difference of pixel values to be within a preset range, and aggregating connected grid lands to obtain connected lands.
Optionally, the first aggregation module 52 is configured to:
judging whether the area of each connected land parcel is within a preset area threshold value;
and if not, degrading the pixel value of the connected land blocks, and giving the degraded pixel value to the connected land blocks.
With regard to the apparatus in the above-described embodiment, the specific manner in which each module performs the operation has been described in detail in the embodiment related to the method, and will not be elaborated here.
The GDAL-based land resource development double-evaluation device provided by the embodiment of the invention obtains a preliminary evaluation result of a target land based on the GDAL, wherein the preliminary evaluation result comprises a plurality of grid plots; performing aggregation operation on the grid plots in the preliminary evaluation result based on a preset aggregation rule to obtain connected plots; analyzing the connected plots to obtain plot connection degree data; and (4) polymerizing the connected plots based on a polymerization technology to obtain a final evaluation result. Therefore, the double evaluation results of resource environment bearing capacity evaluation and land space development suitability evaluation are realized, the comprehensive condition of the target land is rapidly mastered, and the land development is accurately evaluated. The adaptability of the indexes and the threshold value enables the evaluation result to be closer to the actual conditions of all places, the effect of adjusting the conditions according to the places is achieved, and the elastic interface is reserved according to the planning of all the places, so that the evaluation result is more practical.
Based on a general inventive concept, the embodiment of the invention also provides GDAL-based land resource development double-evaluation equipment.
Fig. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a GDAL-based land resource development double-evaluation device according to an embodiment of the present invention, referring to fig. 6, a GDAL-based land resource development double-evaluation device according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: a processor 61, and a memory 62 connected to the processor.
The memory 62 is used for storing a computer program, and the computer program is at least used for the GDAL-based land resource development double-evaluation method described in any one of the above embodiments;
the processor 31 is used to invoke and execute the computer program in the memory.
The above description is only for the specific embodiments of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art can easily conceive of the changes or substitutions within the technical scope of the present invention, and the changes or substitutions should be covered within the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.
It is understood that the same or similar parts in the above embodiments may be mutually referred to, and the same or similar parts in other embodiments may be referred to for the content which is not described in detail in some embodiments.
It should be noted that the terms "first," "second," and the like in the description of the present invention are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance. Further, in the description of the present invention, the meaning of "a plurality" means at least two unless otherwise specified.
Any process or method descriptions in flow charts or otherwise described herein may be understood as representing modules, segments, or portions of code which include one or more executable instructions for implementing specific logical functions or steps of the process, and alternate implementations are included within the scope of the preferred embodiment of the present invention in which functions may be executed out of order from that shown or discussed, including substantially concurrently or in reverse order, depending on the functionality involved, as would be understood by those reasonably skilled in the art of the present invention.
It should be understood that portions of the present invention may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof. In the above embodiments, the various steps or methods may be implemented in software or firmware stored in memory and executed by a suitable instruction execution system. For example, if implemented in hardware, as in another embodiment, any one or combination of the following techniques, which are known in the art, may be used: a discrete logic circuit having a logic gate circuit for implementing a logic function on a data signal, an application specific integrated circuit having an appropriate combinational logic gate circuit, a Programmable Gate Array (PGA), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), or the like.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that all or part of the steps carried by the method for implementing the above embodiments may be implemented by hardware related to instructions of a program, which may be stored in a computer readable storage medium, and when the program is executed, the program includes one or a combination of the steps of the method embodiments.
In addition, functional units in the embodiments of the present invention may be integrated into one processing module, or each unit may exist alone physically, or two or more units are integrated into one module. The integrated module can be realized in a hardware mode, and can also be realized in a software functional module mode. The integrated module, if implemented in the form of a software functional module and sold or used as a stand-alone product, may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium.
The storage medium mentioned above may be a read-only memory, a magnetic or optical disk, etc.
In the description herein, references to the description of the term "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "an example," "a specific example," or "some examples," etc., mean that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, the schematic representations of the terms used above do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it is understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the present invention, and that variations, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to the above embodiments by those of ordinary skill in the art within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A GDAL-based land resource development double-evaluation method is characterized by being applied to the construction industry and comprising the following steps:
obtaining a preliminary evaluation result of the target land based on the GDAL, wherein the preliminary evaluation result comprises a plurality of grid plots;
performing aggregation operation on the grid plots in the preliminary evaluation result based on a preset aggregation rule to obtain connected plots;
analyzing the connected plots to obtain plot connection degree data;
and polymerizing the connected plots based on a polymerization technology to obtain a final evaluation result.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the grid fields has a pel value;
the aggregation operation is performed on the grid land blocks in the preliminary evaluation result based on a preset aggregation rule to obtain the connected land blocks, and the method comprises the following steps:
acquiring pixel values of grid plots adjacent to each grid plot;
and traversing each grid land block, enabling the difference of pixel values to be within a preset range, and aggregating connected grid land blocks to obtain the connected land blocks.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein traversing each grid block to obtain the tile blocks with pixel value differences within a predetermined range and aggregating connected grid blocks comprises:
and traversing each grid land block, and aggregating the grid land blocks which have the same pixel value and are connected to obtain the connected land blocks.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein analyzing the connected parcel to obtain parcel continuity data comprises:
judging whether the area of each connected land parcel is within a preset area threshold value or not;
and if not, degrading the pixel value of the connected land block, and giving the degraded pixel value to the connected land block.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the aggregating the connected plots based on the aggregation technique to obtain a final evaluation result comprises:
and traversing the pixel value of each connected land block, keeping the difference of the pixel values within a preset range, and aggregating the connected land blocks to obtain the final connected land block.
6. The method of any one of claims 1-5, wherein said final evaluation comprises: resource environment bearing capacity evaluation and homeland space development suitability evaluation.
7. The utility model provides a two evaluation devices of land resource development based on GDAL which characterized in that is applied to the building trade, includes: the device comprises a preliminary evaluation module, a first aggregation module, an acquisition module and a second aggregation module;
the preliminary evaluation module is used for obtaining a preliminary evaluation result of the target land based on GDAL, and the preliminary evaluation result comprises a plurality of grid plots;
the first aggregation module is used for carrying out aggregation operation on the grid land blocks in the preliminary evaluation result based on a preset aggregation rule to obtain connected land blocks;
the acquisition module is used for analyzing the connected plots to acquire plot connection degree data;
and the second polymerization module is used for polymerizing the connected plots based on a polymerization technology to obtain a final evaluation result.
8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein each of the grid plots obtained by the preliminary evaluation module has a pel value; the first aggregation module is used for acquiring pixel values of grid plots adjacent to each grid plot; and traversing each grid land block, enabling the difference of pixel values to be within a preset range, and aggregating connected grid land blocks to obtain the connected land blocks.
9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the first aggregation module is configured to:
judging whether the area of each connected land parcel is within a preset area threshold value or not;
and if not, degrading the pixel value of the connected land block, and giving the degraded pixel value to the connected land block.
10. A GDAL-based dual evaluation apparatus for land resource development, comprising: a processor, and a memory coupled to the processor;
the memory for storing a computer program for performing at least the GDAL-based land resource development bi-evaluation method of any of claims 1 to 6;
the processor is used for calling and executing the computer program in the memory.
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