CN112033866A - Shale classification method and application thereof and shale lithofacies distribution construction system - Google Patents
Shale classification method and application thereof and shale lithofacies distribution construction system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN112033866A CN112033866A CN202010842778.2A CN202010842778A CN112033866A CN 112033866 A CN112033866 A CN 112033866A CN 202010842778 A CN202010842778 A CN 202010842778A CN 112033866 A CN112033866 A CN 112033866A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- shale
- content
- classification
- siltstone
- grade
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 80
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000002734 clay mineral Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 208000035126 Facies Diseases 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 235000015076 Shorea robusta Nutrition 0.000 claims description 14
- 244000166071 Shorea robusta Species 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000010459 dolomite Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910000514 dolomite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910021532 Calcite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 28
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052683 pyrite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000011028 pyrite Substances 0.000 description 11
- NIFIFKQPDTWWGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrite Chemical compound [Fe+2].[S-][S-] NIFIFKQPDTWWGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 229910001748 carbonate mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 6
- 210000004884 grey matter Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000035 biogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241000195493 Cryptophyta Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000019738 Limestone Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006028 limestone Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- BVPWJMCABCPUQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxy-N-[1-(phenylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]benzamide Chemical compound COC1=CC(N)=C(Cl)C=C1C(=O)NC1CCN(CC=2C=CC=CC=2)CC1 BVPWJMCABCPUQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010040925 Skin striae Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000520664 Spongia Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001174 ascending effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008436 biogenesis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003891 environmental analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010433 feldspar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002706 hydrostatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009545 invasion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035772 mutation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052952 pyrrhotite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002285 radioactive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/02—Investigating particle size or size distribution
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Information Retrieval, Db Structures And Fs Structures Therefor (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a shale classification method, application thereof and a shale lithofacies distribution construction system, wherein the classification method comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of dividing shale to be classified according to the particle size distribution of particles to construct a first level; on the basis of constructing a formed first level, the contents of siliceous minerals, calcareous minerals and clay minerals in the shale are obtained in a targeted manner, a second level is formed by corresponding division, and a unique non-crossing system for shale classification is constructed through the division of the first level and the second level; wherein the siliceous mineral does not include clastic quartz. Through the design, the technical problems that in the prior art, shale classification is only classified according to particle sizes, and classification cross or overlapping relation possibly occurs on the basis of three-end component classification, so that the reliability of classification results is insufficient, and the influence is large in analysis on the environment are solved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of shale classification, in particular to a shale classification method and application thereof and a shale lithofacies distribution construction system.
Background
The shale lithology characteristics are the most direct evidence for recording the deposition environment and the transition, and have great significance for analyzing contents such as shale organic matter enrichment mechanism and the like. At present, no unified method for shale lithofacies classification exists internationally.
At present, shale classification methods mainly have three viewpoints, the traditional viewpoint is that the shale is classified according to sedimentary structures such as bedding, bedding and the like, for example, Campbell classifies and names facies of the shale according to bedding characteristics and O' Brien classifies and names the facies of the shale according to bedding characteristics; the second concept is directly based on the size and relative content of the particles in the rock, such as Lazar et al, which is delimited by particle sizes of 8 μm, 32 μm, 62.5 μm and 2000 μm, and divides the mudstone into fine, medium, coarse and sandy mudstones according to their relative content; in the exploration and development of shale gas, the third view is the most widely applied view, namely, according to the characteristics and the proportion of the components of shale rock, the most common method is to adopt a three-end-component classification method similar to sandstone 'quartz-feldspar-detritus', and select the mineral components with the highest content in the shale, namely clay minerals, carbonate minerals and quartz, as end-component components for classification.
The manner in which three-terminal component classification is employed also varies based on the type of selection. For example, there are currently three main views in China: the first idea is to classify according to the mineral component classification, according to the clay mineral-siliceous mineral-carbonate mineral three-terminal component; the second idea is to incorporate the hydrodynamic environment, sedimentary formations, etc. formed by the shale into lithofacies classification; the third concept is to divide the organic carbon content and the mineral composition content into two categories, namely organic-rich and organic-poor according to the organic carbon content, and further divide the organic carbon content into three categories according to the mineral composition.
However, the above classification methods do not take into account the difference of specific environments, and therefore, under the premise of different environments, the result may be biased by simply analyzing the three-terminal components. In addition, the final results after the classification in the different manners are often non-uniform, so that the different shale types after the classification are in a cross or overlapping relationship.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a shale classification method, application thereof and a shale lithofacies distribution construction system, which aim to solve the technical problems that in the prior art, the shale classification is only classified according to particle size, and classification cross or overlapping relation can occur on the basis of three-terminal component classification, so that the reliability of a classification result is insufficient, and the environmental analysis is greatly influenced.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention specifically provides the following technical scheme:
a method for classifying shale, comprising:
the method comprises the steps of dividing shale to be classified according to the particle size distribution of particles to construct a first level;
on the basis of constructing a formed first level, the contents of siliceous minerals, calcareous minerals and clay minerals in the shale are obtained in a targeted manner, a second level is formed by corresponding division, and a unique non-crossing system for shale classification is constructed through the division of the first level and the second level; wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the siliceous mineral does not include clastic quartz.
As a preferable aspect of the present invention, the first stage includes silt shale and shale; and the number of the first and second electrodes,
the particle size distribution of the particles comprises a siltstone grade with a size fraction of 0.004 mm-0.0625 mm and a mudstone grade with a size fraction of less than 0.004 mm.
As a preferable aspect of the present invention, the silty shale includes silty sand/shale, and argillaceous silty sand/shale in the second level, and the argillaceous shale includes silty shale/shale, silty sand shale/shale, and mudstone/shale in the second level; and the number of the first and second electrodes,
when the content of the siltstone grade is more than 50 percent and the content of the mudstone grade is less than 10 percent, the siltstone/shale is obtained;
when the content of the siltstone grade is more than 50% and the content of the mudstone grade is less than 10-25%, the siltstone/shale containing mud is obtained;
when the content of the siltstone grade is more than 50% and the content of the mudstone grade is less than 25-50%, the siltstone is argillaceous siltstone/shale;
when the content of the siltstone grade is 25-50% and the content of the mudstone grade is more than 50%, the siltstone is silty mudstone/shale;
when the content of the siltstone grade is 10-25% and the content of the mudstone grade is more than 50%, the siltstone is silt/shale containing siltstone;
and when the content of the siltstone grade is less than 10 percent and the content of the mudstone grade is more than 50 percent, the siltstone is mudstone/shale.
As a preferable aspect of the present invention, the siliceous mineral includes microcrystalline quartz;
the calcareous minerals include calcite and dolomite.
As a preferable scheme of the invention, the total weight of the shale to be classified is set as 100, and the classification intervals of the relative content of the siliceous minerals comprise less than 10, 10-25 and 25-50;
the classification interval of the relative content of the calcareous minerals comprises less than 10, 10-25 and 25-50;
the classification interval of the relative content of the clay minerals comprises less than 10, 25-50 and more than 50.
As a preferable scheme of the invention, the method for specifically acquiring the content comprises the steps of flake identification and XRD detection.
In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention further provides the following technical solutions:
the application of the classification method comprises the steps of obtaining shale lithofacies distribution of a research area according to the type of the second level obtained after division in a targeted mode, and obtaining environmental evolution characteristics of the research area according to the shale lithofacies distribution.
In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention further provides the following technical solutions:
a shale lithofacies distribution construction system based on the classification method comprises a database, a classification unit and a distribution diagram construction unit; wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the database is used for storing each shale type and corresponding data characteristics;
the classification unit is used for classifying the shale to be classified, comparing the classified shale with data in a database, collecting a comparison result and inputting the comparison result into the distribution diagram construction unit;
the distribution diagram construction unit is used for corresponding the obtained comparison results to the acquisition positions one by one to form data sets, correspondingly drawing a plurality of data sets in the research area, and constructing the shale rock facies distribution diagram forming the research area.
As a preferred scheme of the present invention, the classification unit includes a plurality of groups of particle size comparison modules arranged in parallel, and a material comparison module, and a sampling module is further arranged between the particle size comparison modules and the material comparison module;
the sampling module is used for respectively extracting parts of the shale to be classified after the shale is compared by the particle size comparison module, then mixing and checking the shale, and sending the checked shale to the material comparison module.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1) a first level and a second level are divided and matched to construct a unique non-cross system for shale classification, so that the uniqueness and accuracy of the classification are guaranteed;
2) after the shale particles are preferentially divided according to the particle size distribution of the particles, the shale particles are divided according to the components and the content of the shale particles to form corresponding shale types, and the shale particles which are particularly divided through the steps can effectively reflect environmental evolution characteristics and pertinently obtain evolution information of a research area;
3) the broken quartz is removed, microcrystalline quartz is reserved, the stability of the classified shale is effectively improved, and the problem of cross overlapping of different shales in the classification process due to substitution of the broken quartz is avoided.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below. It should be apparent that the drawings in the following description are merely exemplary, and that other embodiments can be derived from the drawings provided by those of ordinary skill in the art without inventive effort.
FIG. 1 is a second level of a build diagram provided by an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a component triangle diagram provided by an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a facies of a argillaceous/siliceous mixed shale core containing silt according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 4 is a microscopically enlarged view of a argillaceous/siliceous mixed shale core containing silt according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 5 is a microscopic magnification of the developing pyrite in the argillaceous/siliceous mixed shale rock provided in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a magnified image under a microscope of a spongione needle in argillaceous/siliceous mixed shale containing silt according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a facies of a silty containing siliceous and calcareous clay shale core provided in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 8 is a microscopically enlarged view of a silt-containing, siliceous and calcareous clay-containing shale core provided in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a magnified image under a microscope of dolomite filled in fractures of shale containing silty sand calcareous clay provided by an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 10 is a magnified image under a microscope of pyrite in the silt-containing calcareous clay shale according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 11 and 12 are microscope magnified images of silica silt shale provided in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 13 is a facies of a gray matter dolomite core provided by an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 14 is a microscopically enlarged picture of a dolomitic core according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 15 is a diagram of a division of a Tuo group of rock-phase combinations in the Hanwu system of water in an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The following further describes the present invention.
Firstly, based on the particle size distribution of shale particles, the shale is classified according to structural characteristics to form a first level, wherein the shale is divided into silt shale and argillaceous shale, the silt shale is that the proportion of clastic particles with the particle size of 0.004 mm-0.0625 mm is more than 50%, and the argillaceous shale is that the proportion of clastic particles with the particle size of less than 0.004mm is more than 50%.
Secondly, according to the particle content characteristics of each particle size fraction, the shale is further divided into 6 types by referring to the petrology 'three-level nomenclature', namely siltstone/shale, argillaceous siltstone/shale, siltstone mudstone/shale and mudstone/shale, and the shale is constructed to form a second layer (as shown in figure 1). Further specific classifications for the second level include:
based on the mineral composition of the shale, the shale is subjected to component classification according to components and content thereof. Specifically, the mudstone/shale refers to fine sedimentary rock with silt shale content less than 10%, and the basic components of the mudstone/shale are mainly microcrystalline quartz (siliceous mineral), carbonate mineral (calcareous mineral) and clay mineral 3 minerals, so that the three minerals are selected as classification bases, and a component triangle diagram is developed by referring to the rock science "three-level nomenclature" according to specific proportions, as shown in fig. 2. In the composition triangular diagram, quartz refers to microcrystalline quartz, namely, the land-source scrap quartz needs to be removed. Of course, when the content of microcrystalline quartz is > 50%, it is silicalite and does not participate in the classification of shale, and the content of carbonate minerals > 50% is carbonate and does not participate in the classification of shale.
The classification method comprises the steps of determining the content of the fraction of the silt through analysis means such as slice identification, wherein the main components of the silt are mainly clastic quartz and feldspar, and removing the influence of the clastic quartz content in the application of a mudstone/shale component classification triangular diagram.
The specific classification results are shown in table 1.
The following is a further description by way of specific examples.
The method has the advantages that the shale of the Hanwu system Tuo group is subjected to slice identification, the result shows that the average content of mud and silt particle fractions in the shale of the Hanwu system Tuo group in a research area is 76.2 percent and 23.8 percent on average, the basic name of the shale of the Hanwu system Tuo group classified according to the proposed shale structure is silt shale (namely, the shale with silt types is pertinence land and is developed dolomite); according to the classification research on silty shale and argillaceous shale, after the influence of land-source clastic quartz is removed, the mudstone/shale is subjected to component classification, and then a drawing is put, so that the mudstone/shale of the water-frigid system well Tuo group in the research area can be further subdivided into 3 types of silty-containing argillaceous/siliceous mixed shale, silty-containing siliceous claystone/shale and silty-containing calcareous claystone/shale according to table 1 on the basis of the name of silty-containing. In conclusion, the water well Tuo group in the Hanwu system of the research area can be divided into 5 lithofacies including silty argillaceous/siliceous mixed shale, silty argillaceous and siliceous argillaceous clate/shale, silty calcareous argillaceous/shale, quartz silty argillaceous shale and gray dolomitic rock.
A. Argillaceous/siliceous shale mixture containing silt (corresponding to the type of the component triangle numbered 11, and siliceous mineral > clay mineral)
The argillaceous/siliceous mixed shale containing silt develops in a medium-thick layer widely in a water well Tuo group and is a main lithofacies forming the shale of the water well Tuo group. The whole lithofacies is gray black (as shown in figure 3), and the striation develops, quartz or quartz aggregate (40-300 μm, shown in figure 4) which is in a lens shape and develops parallel to the striation develops and is distributed sporadically; or the distribution of the microcrystalline quartz particles in a sub-circle shape.
Based on the above classification, in combination with the characteristics of the shale classified according to the present invention, for example, the mineral composition of silty-containing argillaceous/siliceous mixed shale is primarily characterized by a high quartz content, while the clay minerals and carbonate minerals are relatively low in content. The quartz content was mainly distributed between 33% and 72%, the average content was 46%, and the average of the clay mineral and carbonate mineral contents was 30% and 9%, respectively (see fig. 3 and 4). The average diameter of a large amount of developed strawberry-shaped pyrite is mainly distributed in the range of 2-6 mu m, and the diameter of most of the strawberry-shaped pyrite is smaller than 5 mu m (as shown in figure 5). No obvious biological disturbance is seen in core observation and slice identification, and abundant biological fossils including spongiosa, radioworms and algae are seen in the observation of the slice under the mirror (shown in fig. 6).
B. Claystone/shale containing silty sand, silicon and calcium (corresponding component triangle picture number is 6)
The color of the fresh surface of the argillite/shale containing silty sand and calcium is lighter than that of the argillite/siliceous mixed shale containing silty sand, the argillite/siliceous mixed shale containing silty sand is mainly dark gray, the texture structure does not have a texture layer which obviously develops on the argillite/siliceous mixed shale containing silty sand, only the texture layer with obvious local development is formed, and the texture structure of other parts is relatively weak or unobvious (shown in figure 7). The lithofacies is also rich in strawberry-shaped pyrite, and the diameters of the pyrrhotite are mainly distributed in the range of 4-8 mu m. The type of the biogenetic stone is similar to that of the argillaceous/siliceous mixed shale containing silt, and comprises biogenetic stone fragments such as spongiosa, radioactive worms, algae and the like, and no biological disturbance structure is seen. In terms of mineral composition, the silty-containing siliceous and calcareous claystone/shale has a lower quartz content and a relatively higher clay mineral content, with average contents of 31% and 53%, respectively, and the carbonate content remains relatively low, averaging 12%. The rock phase has more broken bits, silt and quartz particles, and is dispersed in clay mineral matrix (shown in figure 8), and microcrystalline quartz particles and lenticular quartz aggregates can also be seen.
The TOC of the silty-containing and siliceous-containing claystone/shale is 1.5-4.0%, the average TOC is 3.1%, and the redox indexes Moxs and Uxs, and the ancient productivity indexes Nixs and Si/Al are all lower than the silty-containing claystone/siliceous mixed shale; the bottom, the middle and the upper parts of the water well Tuo group shale are distributed.
C. Claystone/shale containing silt and calcareous (number in triangle picture of corresponding component is 8)
The silty-sand-containing calcareous claystone/shale is characterized by light gray and is mostly distributed in blocks. The mineral component contains clay mineral with relatively high content (average 50%), carbonate mineral with moderate content (average 26%), and quartz with relatively low content (average slightly less than 10%). The carbonate minerals are mostly dolomite, mainly dolomitic in the form of crumb particles or in the form of crack fillers (shown in fig. 9), containing less calcite; the quartz particles are mainly silt single crystal particles and have a sub-round shape and a sub-rhombus shape. Biofossils are emerging. Pyrite is usually produced as large diameter pyrites (shown in fig. 10) larger than 10 μm in diameter, with small diameter strawberry-like pyrites being quite rare in this lithophase.
The TOC content of the silty-sand-containing calcareous claystone/shale is lower and is between 1.0 and 2.4 percent, and the average content is 1.6 percent. The redox indexes Moxs and Uxs of the rock phase and the ancient productivity indexes Nixs and Si/Al all show low values; develops only on the lower part and the upper part of the shale of the water well Tuo group.
D. Quartz powder sandy shale phase
The quartz silty shale phase is dark gray-gray overall, occasionally striated layer development, and a small amount of strawberry-shaped pyrite and sponginum broken stone with the diameter less than 10 μm can be seen, wherein the quartz is mainly silty single crystal quartz particles which are in a sub-rhombus shape-sub-round shape, the sub-rhombus quartz particles are mainly distributed in a clay matrix in a dispersed shape, and the sub-round quartz occasionally is directionally arranged (shown in figures 11 and 12). The rock phase has relatively moderate quartz and clay mineral contents of 35% and 40%, respectively, and relatively low carbonate content of 15% on average.
The TOC content of the quartz silty shale phase is less than that of silty-containing siliceous and calcareous claystone/shale, is 1.3-2.3 percent, the average value is 1.8 percent, and the values of Moxs, Uxs, Nixs and Si/Al are all lower than that of silty-containing siliceous and calcareous claystone/shale; mainly distributed in the middle-lower part of the shale of the water well Tuo group or developed in the calcareous claystone/shale containing silt in the form of a thin interlayer.
E. Grey matter cloud lithofacies
The dolomitic facies are predominantly light gray (shown in fig. 13), mostly blocky in texture, lacking striated structures, and are typically exposed to silt-containing argillaceous/siliceous mixed shales and silt-containing calcareous argillaceous/shales mutations, with dolomite contents exceeding 40%, calcite contents less than 15%, quartz contents less than 20% (as shown in fig. 3 and 4), and clay mineral contents less than 15%. The quartz is mainly sub-round silt single crystal quartz particles. Dolomite, mainly in the shape of rhombohedrons, with diameters of 5-15 μm, is commonly found in the dolomization of fragments and debris particles of biological skeletons (fig. 14).
The TOC of the dolomitic limestone is the lowest, the average TOC is 1.3%, and the dolomitic limestone has the lowest redox condition indexes Moxs and Uxs and ancient productivity indexes Nixs and Si/Al; mainly develops in a lamellar manner at the lower part of the Tuo group of water wells, and occasionally also appears at the middle part of the Tuo group of water wells.
Based on the difference change characteristics of each lithofacies index obtained by the division, dividing the clow rock of the Hanwu system water well into 3 lithofacies combinations, as shown in figure 15:
first facies combination (L1): the shale is distributed at the lower part of a Tuo group shale of a well, mainly based on argillaceous/siliceous mixed shale containing silt, argillaceous and siliceous claystone/shale containing silt, quartz silty shale phase, gray matter cloud shale phase and a calcareous claystone/shale thin layer containing silt, the TOC and quartz contents of the combination of the shale phases show a fluctuation trend with larger amplitude, wherein the TOC value is distributed in a range of 1.1-9.0%, the quartz content is distributed in a range of 13-70%, and the combination of the shale phases represents a fluctuation period of frequent rise and fall of the sea level at the initial rise of the sea level in the West province of early Han Wu Jie;
second facies combination (L2): the shale is distributed in the middle and upper parts of the water well Tuo group shale, argillaceous/siliceous mixed shale containing silt is used as a main material, a small amount of argillaceous and siliceous argillaceous clate/shale thin layer containing silt is sandwiched, the TOC and quartz contents of the rock phase combination are relatively stable and do not fluctuate greatly in the longitudinal direction, the TOC content is generally distributed in 4.0-6.0%, the average value of the quartz content is generally about 50%, and the rock phase combination represents that the sea level in the western region enters a stable ascending period;
lithofacies combination of the third type (L3): the rock phase combination mainly comprises silty-containing calcareous claystone/shale and a small amount of quartz silty shale phase and silty-containing calcareous claystone/shale thin layer, wherein the TOC and quartz contents of the rock phase combination are stable low values, the average value of the TOC content is about 1.7%, the average value of the quartz content is about 12%, the clay mineral content is stable high value, the average value is about 49%, and the rock phase combination represents that the sea level in the western region enters the descent period.
Therefore, the directional significance of the rock classified by the classification method in the invention relative to the deposition environment is obtained.
The development of argillaceous/siliceous mixed shale grain layers containing silt shows that the lithofacies is mainly suspension deposition of a quiet water body, and the sub-round microcrystalline quartz particles usually form the diagenetic action of opals in siliceous organisms such as spongia and radiata, so that the quartz aggregate which is relatively large in lenticular shape is mainly biological cause. The quartz sands that are located far off shore and distributed dispersedly are often the cause of land-sourced debris, possibly from wind effects. The argillaceous/siliceous mixed shale containing silt is mainly grey black, has the highest TOC content, contains rich small-diameter strawberry-shaped pyrite, has no biological disturbance sign, shows that the lithofacies is deposited in the anoxic water body environment at the bottom layer, and also proves the above view by relatively high redox indexes Moxs and Uxs. The lithofacies can be seen as rich siliceous biogasites, and the quartz mainly comes from biogenesis and contains a small amount of detritus cause quartz particles, which shows that the seawater surface layer of a research area has a relatively high paleo-productivity level in the sedimentation period of argillaceous/siliceous mixed shale containing silt, and relatively high paleo-productivity indexes Nixs and Si/Al also confirm the view. Therefore, the argillaceous/siliceous mixed shale containing silt classified based on the classification method of the present application is deposited in marine environments with anoxic bottom water conditions and high ancient productivity levels.
Silty sand containing siliceous and calcareous claystone/shale develops weakly-evident horizontal streaks, indicating that the lithofacies deposits in a more hydrostatic environment. The lithofacies are dark gray in color, have relatively high TOC content, abundant small-diameter strawberry-shaped pyrite and high Moxs and Uxs values, and meanwhile, no obvious biological disturbance structure is seen, so that the lithofacies are comprehensively shown to be deposited in an anoxic bottom water body. However, the color of the argillaceous and siliceous argillaceous shale/argillaceous shale containing silt is lighter than the grayish black color of the argillaceous and siliceous mixed shale containing silt, the TOC content is lower than that of the argillaceous and siliceous mixed shale containing silt, the striae structure does not have the development of the argillaceous and siliceous mixed shale containing silt, the quartz content of the land-source clastic is higher than that of the argillaceous and siliceous mixed shale containing silt, the redox indexes Moxs and Uxs are also lower than those of the argillaceous and siliceous mixed shale containing silt, which indicates that the oxygen content of the water body during the lithofacies sedimentation is increased compared with that during the sedimentary argillaceous and siliceous mixed shale containing silt, further indicates that the sea level height during the lithofacies sedimentation is lower than that during the lithofacies sedimentation of the argillaceous and siliceous mixed shale containing silt, and the land source input is enhanced. The abundant biogenetic stones and the moderate ancient productivity indexes show that the lithofacies have relatively moderate seawater surface ancient productivity when being deposited. Accordingly, it is inferred herein that silty-containing, siliceous and calcareous claystone/shale is deposited in a marine environment where the sea level is lower than the sea level at which silty-containing, argillaceous/siliceous mixed shale is deposited, and where the sea water is anoxic and the surface of the sea water is moderately productive.
The relatively low TOC content, high land-source debris content, and low Moxs and Uxs values of the silica silty sandy shale indicate that the sea level during the deposition of the silica silty sandy shale phase is lower than the sea level during the deposition of the silty-containing, silica-containing, clay-containing shale phase and closer to the land source. Small amounts of small diameter strawberry-like pyrite represent intermittent deposits of this lithophase in anoxic bodies of water, sub-rhombohedral quartz may come from wind effects, and sub-rounded silty quartz may come from river inputs from land sources. A small amount of biogenetic stones and a lower ancient productivity index indicate that the ancient productivity of the surface layer of the water body is lower in the lithofacies sedimentation period. Therefore, the quartz silty shale phases obtained by classification based on the classification method of the application are deposited in a marine environment which is relatively close to a land source, the sea level height is lower than that of silty-containing argillite/shale during deposition, and the surface layer of seawater has low ancient productivity.
The gray matter cloud lithofacies have a light gray color, lowest TOC content (average 1.3%), and lowest Moxs and Uxs values, indicating a relatively eutrophic water environment. Relatively few biogenic stones, a lack of biogenic quartz, and low Nixs and Si/Al ratios indicate low ancient productivity of seawater. Rhombohedral dolomites are generally considered to be the product of early diagenesis, and the predominant formation of this type of dolomite may represent a significant lowering of sea level. Because no sedimentary structures such as wave transformation and the like are found in the lithofacies, the ancient water depth is inferred to be below the normal wave base surface. The dolomitic facies are typically in sudden contact with silty clay/siliceous mixed shales and silty calcium-containing claystone/shales, reflecting the process of sudden elevation or depression of sea level. Therefore, the gray matter cloud lithofacies can be deduced to be formed under the conditions of low energy, shallow water depth and oxygen-enriched water body, and the ancient productivity is relatively low.
The silty-containing calcareous claystone/shale is light gray, has lower TOC content and lower Moxs and Uxs values, and meanwhile, the large-diameter pyrite is widely developed, which shows that the silty-containing calcareous claystone/shale is mainly deposited in the oxygen-rich water body condition. No obvious wave modification trace was seen, and it was speculated that silty-sand calcareous claystone/shale might be deposited under the normal wave bed. Dolomisation of the clast particles often occurs during diagenesis, indicating a process of sea level lowering. Few biogenic quartz and biogenic fossil and lower Nixs and Si/Al ratios, indicating lower paleo-productivity. Accordingly, the silty sand-containing calcareous claystone/shale classified based on the classification method of the present application is deposited in low energy, relatively shallow and oxygen-rich water conditions.
In summary, the water well Tuo group shales classified according to the classification method of the present invention, wherein the silty-containing argillaceous/siliceous mixed shale and the silty-containing siliceous and calcareous argillaceous clate/shale represent shale facies types formed under deeper water conditions, and the quartz silty shale facies, the gray cloud facies and the silty-containing calcareous argillaceous claystone/shale represent facies formed under relatively shallow water conditions. Multiple quartz silty shale, gray matter cloud rock and silty-sand-containing calcareous claystone/shale thin layers developed in the silty-sand-containing argillaceous/siliceous mixed shale in the thick layer at the lower part of the water well Tuo group shale probably reflect multiple transient sea level descending processes occurring at the early stage of the rising of the sea level of the early Carmbrian era, which indicates that the sea level at the early stage of the global sea invasion process of the early Carmbrian era has instability.
In conclusion, the essential of the classification method is to construct a set of basic, scientific and objective shale lithofacies classification system based on a rock three-level naming method starting from two parameters of the structure and the components of the shale lithofacies classification system. Of course, the siltstone grade and the mudstone grade are distinguished by a transmission and reflection polarization microscope, and the microcrystalline quartz content is obtained by comprehensively using the analysis results of the slice identification and the XRD.
The invention provides a novel shale lithofacies 'structure-component' secondary classification scheme. The scheme starts from the basic concept of shale, two traditional parameters of structure and composition are selected as a primary classification basis and a secondary classification basis, namely the shale is divided into 2 major classes and 6 classes of siltstone/shale and mudstone/shale by utilizing the grain size and relative content of particles; and secondly, on the basis of structural classification, further subdividing the shale/shale into 11 subclasses according to components and content thereof, thereby forming a new shale facies 'structure-component' secondary classification scheme.
And further constructing a shale facies distribution map based on the classification result, and effectively obtaining the environmental evolution characteristics of the research area on the basis.
The above embodiments are only exemplary embodiments of the present application, and are not intended to limit the present application, and the protection scope of the present application is defined by the claims. Various modifications and equivalents may be made by those skilled in the art within the spirit and scope of the present application and such modifications and equivalents should also be considered to be within the scope of the present application.
Claims (9)
1. A method for classifying shale, comprising:
the method comprises the steps of dividing shale to be classified according to the particle size distribution of particles to construct a first level;
on the basis of constructing a formed first level, the contents of siliceous minerals, calcareous materials and clay minerals in the shale are obtained in a targeted manner, a second level is formed by corresponding division, and a unique non-crossing system for shale classification is constructed through the division of the first level and the second level; wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the siliceous mineral does not include clastic quartz.
2. A classification method according to claim 1, characterised in that said first stage comprises silt shale and shale; and the number of the first and second electrodes,
the particle size distribution of the particles comprises a siltstone grade with a size fraction of 0.004 mm-0.0625 mm and a mudstone grade with a size fraction of less than 0.004 mm.
3. A classification method according to claim 2, characterised in that the silty shales comprise silty sands/shales, silty sands/shales and argillaceous silty sands/shales in the second level, and the argillaceous shales comprise silty sands/shales, silty sands/shales and muds/shales in the second level; and the number of the first and second electrodes,
when the content of the siltstone grade is more than 50 percent and the content of the mudstone grade is less than 10 percent, the siltstone/shale is obtained;
when the content of the siltstone grade is more than 50% and the content of the mudstone grade is less than 10-25%, the siltstone/shale containing mud is obtained;
when the content of the siltstone grade is more than 50% and the content of the mudstone grade is less than 25-50%, the siltstone is argillaceous siltstone/shale;
when the content of the siltstone grade is 25-50% and the content of the mudstone grade is more than 50%, the siltstone is silty mudstone/shale;
when the content of the siltstone grade is 10-25% and the content of the mudstone grade is more than 50%, the siltstone is silt/shale containing siltstone;
and when the content of the siltstone grade is less than 10 percent and the content of the mudstone grade is more than 50 percent, the siltstone is mudstone/shale.
4. A classification method according to any one of claims 1-3, characterised in that the siliceous mineral comprises microcrystalline quartz;
the calcareous minerals include calcite and dolomite.
5. A classification method according to claim 4, characterised in that the total weight of the shale to be classified is set to 100, the classification intervals of the relative content of the siliceous minerals include less than 10, 10-25 and 25-50;
the classification interval of the relative content of the calcareous minerals comprises less than 10, 10-25 and 25-50;
the classification interval of the relative content of the clay minerals comprises less than 10, 25-50 and more than 50.
6. A classification method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the method for targeted capture of the content comprises wafer identification and XRD detection.
7. An application of the classification method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, which includes obtaining shale lithofacies distribution of the research region according to the type pertinence of the second hierarchy obtained after the division, and obtaining environmental evolution characteristics of the research region according to the shale lithofacies distribution.
8. The shale lithofacies distribution construction system based on the classification method of any one of claims 1 to 6, which is characterized by comprising a database, a classification unit and a distribution diagram construction unit; wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the database is used for storing each shale type and corresponding data characteristics;
the classification unit is used for classifying the shale to be classified, comparing the classified shale with data in a database, collecting a comparison result and inputting the comparison result into the distribution diagram construction unit;
the distribution diagram construction unit is used for corresponding the obtained comparison results to the acquisition positions one by one to form data sets, correspondingly drawing a plurality of data sets in the research area, and constructing the shale rock facies distribution diagram forming the research area.
9. The shale-rock phase distribution construction system of claim 8, wherein the classification unit comprises a plurality of sets of particle size comparison modules arranged in parallel and a material comparison module, and a sampling module is arranged between the particle size comparison modules and the material comparison module;
the sampling module is used for respectively extracting parts of the shale to be classified after the shale is compared by the particle size comparison module, then mixing and checking the shale, and sending the checked shale to the material comparison module.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010842778.2A CN112033866A (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2020-08-20 | Shale classification method and application thereof and shale lithofacies distribution construction system |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010842778.2A CN112033866A (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2020-08-20 | Shale classification method and application thereof and shale lithofacies distribution construction system |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN112033866A true CN112033866A (en) | 2020-12-04 |
Family
ID=73579914
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010842778.2A Pending CN112033866A (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2020-08-20 | Shale classification method and application thereof and shale lithofacies distribution construction system |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN112033866A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113640184A (en) * | 2021-08-31 | 2021-11-12 | 西南石油大学 | Method for researching shale sedimentary water power |
| CN113669055A (en) * | 2021-08-27 | 2021-11-19 | 长江大学 | Clastic rock reservoir classification evaluation method |
| CN116296946A (en) * | 2023-03-06 | 2023-06-23 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | Shale stratum development degree characterization method and device based on fractal-fluctuation theory |
Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103616724A (en) * | 2013-12-09 | 2014-03-05 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Method for accurately describing lithological characters of unconventional tight oil gas core in detail |
| CN104854482A (en) * | 2012-10-29 | 2015-08-19 | 沙特阿拉伯石油公司 | Rock facies prediction in non-cored wells from cored wells |
| CN106469257A (en) * | 2016-09-09 | 2017-03-01 | 中国海洋石油总公司 | A kind of mixed deposit petrographic classification naming method based on three end member mineral contents |
| CN108072916A (en) * | 2016-11-16 | 2018-05-25 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Lacustrine facies mud shale lithofacies Logging Identification Method based on genetic analysis |
| CN109388827A (en) * | 2017-08-09 | 2019-02-26 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | The non-homogeneous Geological Modeling of small scale and system of shale oil and gas reservoir |
| CN109577962A (en) * | 2017-09-29 | 2019-04-05 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Terrestrial facies pulveryte petrographic analysis method |
| US20200173902A1 (en) * | 2018-03-27 | 2020-06-04 | Min Wang | Evaluation method for hydrogen-bearing components, porosity and pore size distribution of organic-rich shale |
| CN111425190A (en) * | 2020-03-19 | 2020-07-17 | 中国石油大学(华东) | Shale gas formation lithology identification method, system, storage medium and terminal |
-
2020
- 2020-08-20 CN CN202010842778.2A patent/CN112033866A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104854482A (en) * | 2012-10-29 | 2015-08-19 | 沙特阿拉伯石油公司 | Rock facies prediction in non-cored wells from cored wells |
| CN103616724A (en) * | 2013-12-09 | 2014-03-05 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Method for accurately describing lithological characters of unconventional tight oil gas core in detail |
| CN106469257A (en) * | 2016-09-09 | 2017-03-01 | 中国海洋石油总公司 | A kind of mixed deposit petrographic classification naming method based on three end member mineral contents |
| CN108072916A (en) * | 2016-11-16 | 2018-05-25 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Lacustrine facies mud shale lithofacies Logging Identification Method based on genetic analysis |
| CN109388827A (en) * | 2017-08-09 | 2019-02-26 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | The non-homogeneous Geological Modeling of small scale and system of shale oil and gas reservoir |
| CN109577962A (en) * | 2017-09-29 | 2019-04-05 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Terrestrial facies pulveryte petrographic analysis method |
| US20200173902A1 (en) * | 2018-03-27 | 2020-06-04 | Min Wang | Evaluation method for hydrogen-bearing components, porosity and pore size distribution of organic-rich shale |
| CN111425190A (en) * | 2020-03-19 | 2020-07-17 | 中国石油大学(华东) | Shale gas formation lithology identification method, system, storage medium and terminal |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| 王哲等: ""铜川地区延长组长7细粒沉积岩分类及沉积环境"", 《云南化工》 * |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113669055A (en) * | 2021-08-27 | 2021-11-19 | 长江大学 | Clastic rock reservoir classification evaluation method |
| CN113669055B (en) * | 2021-08-27 | 2023-03-03 | 长江大学 | Clastic rock reservoir classification evaluation method |
| CN113640184A (en) * | 2021-08-31 | 2021-11-12 | 西南石油大学 | Method for researching shale sedimentary water power |
| CN116296946A (en) * | 2023-03-06 | 2023-06-23 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | Shale stratum development degree characterization method and device based on fractal-fluctuation theory |
| CN116296946B (en) * | 2023-03-06 | 2023-08-11 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | Shale stratum development degree characterization method and device based on fractal-fluctuation theory |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN112033866A (en) | Shale classification method and application thereof and shale lithofacies distribution construction system | |
| Saller et al. | Presalt stratigraphy and depositional systems in the Kwanza Basin, offshore Angola | |
| Folk | Spectral subdivision of limestone types | |
| Leighton et al. | Carbonate rock types | |
| Beales | Ancient sediments of Bahaman type | |
| Hashim et al. | A review of the nature and origin of limestone microporosity | |
| Shi et al. | Lamina characteristics of gas-bearing shale fine-grained sediment of the Silurian Longmaxi Formation of Well Wuxi 2 in Sichuan Basin, SW China | |
| Shenhav | Lower Cretaceous sandstone reservoirs, Israel: petrography, porosity, permeability | |
| Saïag et al. | Classifying chalk microtextures: sedimentary versus diagenetic origin (Cenomanian–Santonian, Paris Basin, France) | |
| Zhensheng et al. | Lamina characteristics of gas-bearing shale fine-grained sediment of the Silurian Longmaxi Formation of Well Wuxi 2 in Sichuan Basin, SW China | |
| Pryor | Petrology of the Permian Yellow Sands of northeastern England and their North Sea basin equivalents | |
| Wang et al. | Microfacies types and distribution of epicontinental shale: A case study of the Wufeng–Longmaxi Shale in Southern sichuan basin, China | |
| Wobber | Sedimentology of the Lias (lower Jurassic) of south Wales | |
| CN116559163A (en) | Method for determining cause components and naming rock suitable for fine-grained sedimentary rock | |
| Gursky | Radiolarian cherts and associated siliceous rocks of the Rhenish Massif and Harz Mountains, lower Carboniferous (Mississippian), Germany | |
| Gogoi | Advances in Petroleum Technology | |
| Temraz et al. | Reservoir sedimentology and depositional environment studies of Alam El Bueib Formation using microfacies and nannofossils in Betty-1 well, Shoushan Basin, northern Western Desert, Egypt | |
| Zhifeng et al. | Diagenesis and reservoir space types of alkaline lake-type shale in Fengcheng Formation of Mahu Sag, Junggar Basin, China | |
| Hongyan et al. | Microfacies types and distribution of epicontinental shale: A case study of the Wufeng–Longmaxi shale in southern Sichuan Basin, China | |
| Bailey | The occurrence, origin, and economic significance of gold-bearing jasperoids in the central Drum Mountains, Utah. | |
| Yang et al. | Characterization, Classification, and Evaluation of the Reservoir Pore Structure Features of Lacustrine Fine-Grained Sedimentary Rocks. A Case Study of the Fourth Member of the Shahejie Formation in the Chenguanzhuang Area of the Southern Gently Sloping Zone of the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin | |
| Wang et al. | Distribution characteristics and sedimentary model of gypsum-bearing evaporite of the Middle Cambrian Gaotai Formation in the eastern Sichuan Basin | |
| Al-Qayim | FACIES ANALYSIS AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE AMES MARINE MEMBER (VIRGILIAN) OF THE CONEMAUGH GROUP (PENNSYLVANIAN) IN THE APPALACHIAN BASIN (KENTUCKY, MARYLAND, OHIO, PENNSYLVANIA, WEST VIRGINIA, COAL, QUARTZ, GLAUCONITE) | |
| Zhu et al. | Chert precipitation in the aftermath of the Cryogenian Sturtian glaciation | |
| Li et al. | Lithofacies, mineralogy, and pore characteristics of Permian marine tuffaceous rocks in the Sichuan Basin |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication |
Application publication date: 20201204 |
|
| RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication |