CN111983194A - Oil and gas reservoir rock fracturing experimental analysis method - Google Patents
Oil and gas reservoir rock fracturing experimental analysis method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an experimental analysis method for the fracturing property of oil and gas reservoir rock, which comprises the following steps: obtaining a standard cylindrical oil and gas reservoir rock core, and fracturing the rock core through a triaxial compression test for controlling the fracturing degree to obtain the compression strength and a stress-strain curve of the rock core; collecting a fracture image after core fracturing, extracting fracture parameters, and calculating the fracture complexity after core fracturing; correcting the size effect of the compressive strength of the rock core obtained in the step S1, and calculating the standard strength; calculating the brittleness coefficient according to the stress-strain curve; obtaining the crushable property of the rock core according to the complexity, compressive strength and brittleness coefficient of the cracks after the rock core is crushed; the fracturing characteristic of the rock can be comprehensively analyzed through quantitative analysis of three aspects of rock core strength, post-fracturing fracture complexity and rock brittleness, and the rock fracturing characteristic quantitative analysis can be more accurate due to the fact that the rock fracturing characteristic quantitative analysis has practical fracturing experimental basis compared with a calculation method.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of petroleum and natural gas exploration and development, and particularly relates to an experimental analysis method for the fracturing property of a rock of an oil and gas reservoir.
Background
Along with the depth of exploration and development degree, unconventional oil and gas reservoirs such as shale oil and gas, compact oil and gas, coal bed gas and the like gradually become a main battlefield for oil and gas exploration and development. The unconventional oil and gas reservoirs have low natural productivity, and all the unconventional oil and gas reservoirs need artificial fracturing to form economic productivity. The method is used for carrying out fracturing evaluation on reservoir rock, and is a precondition for optimizing the 'sweet spot' for reservoir development and designing a fracturing construction scheme. The rock compressibility is not clearly defined physically, and the characterization method has no unified index. The brittleness index is one of the most important parameters for characterizing the fracturing property of a reservoir at present, but two main calculation methods are adopted: the Pop-Yang method and the mineral method have no experimental basis, have obvious defects in use, and cannot comprehensively characterize the compressibility of the rock.
A rock fracturing property analysis method is established by carrying out experimental research on a reservoir rock core in a laboratory, and is a basis for carrying out reservoir fracturing property evaluation, but no well-known effective experimental method exists at present.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a rock fracturing experimental analysis method, which comprehensively and quantitatively analyzes rock fracturing characteristics, decomposes the abstract concept of rock fracturing into three aspects of strength, crack generation capacity and crack generation extension capacity, and quantitatively represents the three aspects through a rock core experiment, thereby providing a basis for unconventional oil and gas reservoir engineering dessert optimization and fracturing construction design.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that: an experimental analysis method for the fracturing property of rock in an oil and gas reservoir comprises the following steps:
s1, obtaining a standard cylindrical oil and gas reservoir core, and fracturing the core through a triaxial compression test for controlling the fracturing degree to obtain the compression strength and the stress-strain curve of the core;
s2, collecting a fracture image after core fracturing, extracting fracture parameters, and calculating the fracture complexity after core fracturing;
s3, correcting the size effect of the rock core compressive strength obtained in the step S1, and calculating the standard strength;
s4, calculating a brittleness coefficient according to the stress-strain curve obtained in the S1;
and S5, analyzing the crushable property of the core according to the fracture complexity, the compressive strength and the brittleness coefficient after the core is crushed.
In S1, the diameter of the oil and gas reservoir core is 1 inch or 1.5 inches; the height is a standard cylindrical shape with the diameter of 1.5-2 times, the experimental confining pressure is effective pressure at the depth of a stratum where the rock core is located, the pressure is applied by adopting a constant deformation method, and the pressurization is stopped until the residual strength is confirmed.
And S2, acquiring a fracture image on the side surface of the pressed core by using an optical rolling scanning mode, or acquiring an internal fracture image of the core by using an X-CT scanning mode, and extracting fracture parameters from the fracture image.
In S2, when the crack image is a three-dimensional image, extracting the area, thickness and inclination angle of each crack; and when the crack image is a two-dimensional image, extracting the length, the width and the inclination angle of each crack.
When the fracture image is a two-dimensional image, quantitatively characterizing the fracture complexity after rock core pressing:
wherein R isfThe ratio of the area of all cracks to the area of the side surface of the core, DaThe dispersion of the crack inclination angle is taken as the variance of the crack inclination angle;
and when the fracture image is a three-dimensional image, quantitatively characterizing the fracture complexity after rock core pressing:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
is the crack porosity, DaThe dispersion of the crack inclination angle is shown as the variance of the crack inclination angle.
In S3, the triaxial compression strength of the core is expressed according to the formula
Making size effect correction formula: siThe measured compressive strength of the rock core is obtained, h and d are the height and diameter of the rock core, and a and b are two coefficients determined by experiments.
In S4, calculating the brittleness coefficient according to the stress-strain curve in the triaxial compression test:
in the formula sigmai、σpAnd σrRespectively cracking stress, peak stress and residual stress, xii、ξpAnd xirRespectively, the initiation strain, peak strain and residual strain.
In S5, core fracability index (Fi): and f (Ss, Fc and Bi), normalizing the Ss, Fc and Bi to enable the values to be 0-100, directly representing the compressibility of the rock by using three parameters, or obtaining a comprehensive compressibility index by using the three parameters through a weighted average, a ratio or other calculation methods.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has at least the following beneficial effects: the method utilizes a rock core triaxial fracturing experiment to comprehensively simulate and evaluate three key indexes in formation hydraulic fracturing: strength, seam-producing ability and seam-producing extensibility; on the other hand, the formation fracturing property can be quantitatively evaluated by sampling a small amount of cores; the method can provide reliable experimental basis for the establishment of a stratum fracturable logging quantitative evaluation model.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a principle of experimental analysis of reservoir rock fracability.
Fig. 2 is a flow chart of a fracture analysis experiment and treatment of a core.
FIG. 3 is a photograph of two pressed cores in the example, which are kept columnar after being pressed by a constant-speed strain method experiment process for controlling the fracturing degree. It is marked white to highlight cracks.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of fracture extraction of a two-dimensional image of a pressed core.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of three-dimensional image fracture extraction of a pressed core.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the stress-strain curve and the brittleness index calculation.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The basic principle of the method is shown in figure 1, the compressibility of the rock is completely evaluated, and the method comprises three aspects: the first is the strength, the greater the rock strength, the higher the pumping pressure required in the construction of artificial fracturing projects, and the worse the crushability. And secondly, the capability of generating cracks after fracturing, and a plurality of complex and staggered cracks can be formed after fracturing, so that the seepage capability of the rock is improved, and the fracturing capability is better. And thirdly, the extension capability of the formed fracture is better, if the formed fracture can be rapidly opened and extended farther, the improvement of the seepage capability of the reservoir is more favorable, the requirement on the needed propping agent in the corresponding engineering construction is less, the stewing time is shorter, and the fracturing capability is better. Through the quantitative analysis of the three aspects, the fracturing characteristics of the rock can be comprehensively analyzed.
Plunger cores are generally used in laboratories to study mechanical properties of rock by uniaxial or triaxial fracturing experiments. The method is used for researching the fracturing property of the rock core on the basis of a triaxial fracturing experiment, and the experimental and analysis processes are shown in figure 2. Firstly, a constant-speed strain method triaxial fracturing experiment is carried out on the rock core, and the manual fracturing of the rock core is completed while the compressive strength and the stress-strain curve of the rock are obtained. Corresponding to the three aspects of the rock fracability analysis in fig. 1, in the triaxial compression test, the amount of force required for fracturing can be characterized by the core strength; the ability of the rock to form fractures after being pressed can be characterized by collecting and analyzing the complexity of the fractures after being pressed; the extending capability of the formed crack after rock compression can be characterized by analyzing brittleness through a core stress-strain curve; the three parameters obtained by experimental analysis can comprehensively represent the rock compressibility.
The diameter of the oil and gas reservoir core is 1 inch or 1.5 inches; the height is a standard cylindrical shape with the diameter of 1.5-2 times, the experimental confining pressure is effective pressure at the depth of a stratum where the rock core is located, the pressure is applied by adopting a constant deformation method, and the pressurization is stopped until the residual strength is confirmed.
When the crack image is a three-dimensional image, extracting the area, thickness and inclination angle of each crack; when the crack image is a two-dimensional image, extracting the length, the width and the inclination angle of each crack; when the fracture image is a two-dimensional image, quantitatively characterizing the fracture complexity after rock core pressing:
wherein R isfThe ratio of the area of all cracks to the area of the side surface of the core, DaThe dispersion of the crack inclination angle is taken as the variance of the crack inclination angle; and when the fracture image is a three-dimensional image, quantitatively characterizing the fracture complexity after rock core pressing:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
is the crack porosity, DaThe dispersion of the crack inclination angle is shown as the variance of the crack inclination angle.
In the triaxial compression test, the compression is controlled through deformation so as to control the fracturing degree by taking the residual strength as a standard, so that the fractured rock core is not scattered, and the fracture information of the fractured rock sample is acquired. Acquiring a pressed rock core image in an optical scanning or X-CT scanning mode, extracting the length (area in a three-dimensional image), the width (thickness in the three-dimensional image) and the inclination angle of each crack, calculating the complexity of the pressed crack, and expressing the complexity by Fc (fracture complexity):
wherein R isfThe ratio of the area of all the cracks to the surface area of the core side,
Siis the area of the ith slit, SlThe side surface area of the rock core is the same in unit, and the number of pixel points or mm2；DaAnd representing the rock crack producing capability by using the complexity of the pressed crack as the dispersion of the crack inclination angle and the variance of the crack inclination angle.
The magnitude of the force required to fracture the core is characterized by the compressive strength. Although the triaxial compression resistance and the hydraulic fracturing method used for actual reservoir reconstruction are different, the two methods are positively correlated with the strength of the bond between particles in the damaged rock, and therefore, the compression resistance can be used for representing the fracturing difficulty of the rock core. Since cores with different height-diameter ratios also have different compressive strengths (strength size effect), the triaxial compressive strength is not affected by the size effect. The compression strength, corrected for dimensional effects, is characterized and defined as the standard strength and is expressed in ss (standard strength).
The extending ability of the crack formed after the core pressing is characterized by a Brittleness coefficient (Bi in short) and is obtained by analyzing the stress-strain curve form in a triaxial experiment, and various calculation methods exist in material mechanics.
The fracture complexity is higher, the brittleness coefficient is larger, the strength is lower after the rock core is pressed, the rock core is easier to be pressed, the compressible property of the rock core can be comprehensively represented by the three parameters, the comprehensive rock core compressible property index can be calculated by the three parameters, and the calculation model is optimized and adjusted according to the importance degree of the three aspects of the compressible property on site.
The invention provides a rock fracability experimental analysis method, the overall analysis flow of the method is shown as the attached figure 1, and the method comprises the following steps:
step 1: and performing a constant-speed strain method triaxial fracturing experiment on the rock core, controlling the fracturing degree by taking the residual strength as a standard, so that the fractured rock core is not scattered, and acquiring fracture information of the fractured rock sample.
Step 2: acquiring a pressed rock core image in an optical scanning or X-CT scanning mode, extracting the length (area in a three-dimensional image), the width (thickness in the three-dimensional image) and the inclination angle of each crack, calculating the complexity (represented by Fc) of the pressed crack, and representing the rock crack producing capacity by using the complexity. The results of calculating the fracture complexity of the core after 20 blocks of pressing are shown in table 1.
Calculation result of fracture complexity after 120 blocks of core pressing
And step 3: and (4) correcting the three-axis compressive strength obtained by the three-axis fracturing experiment by using a size effect to obtain rock standard strength (Ss) which represents the force required by the fractured rock.
In the formula: siThe measured compressive strength of the core is h and d are the height and diameter of the core.
And 4, step 4: analyzing the stress-strain curve form in the triaxial experiment, calculating the brittleness coefficient Bi of the rock core,
in the formula sigmai、σp、σrRespectively cracking stress, peak stress and residual stress, xii、ξp、ξrRespectively, fracture initiation strain, peak strain and residual strain, which are used to characterize the rock's ability to form fractures.
And 5: and calculating the fracability index. The fracture complexity after the core fracturing is higher, the brittleness coefficient is larger, the strength is lower, the core is easier to fracture, the fracturing performance of the core can be comprehensively represented by the three parameters, and the comprehensive fracturing performance index Fi of the core can be calculated by the three parameters: fi ═ f (Ss, Fc, Bi), this functional relationship can be optimally adjusted according to the requirements on three aspects of fracturability in the field. In this embodiment, the three parameters Ss, Fc, and Bi are normalized to make values all between 0 and 100, and then the average value is taken to calculate the fracturability index: fi ═ s + Fc + Bi)/3.
Claims (8)
1. An experimental analysis method for the fracturing property of rock in an oil and gas reservoir is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, obtaining a standard cylindrical oil and gas reservoir core, and fracturing the core through a triaxial compression test for controlling the fracturing degree to obtain the compression strength and the stress-strain curve of the core;
s2, collecting a fracture image after core fracturing, extracting fracture parameters, and calculating the fracture complexity after core fracturing;
s3, correcting the size effect of the rock core compressive strength obtained in the step S1, and calculating the standard strength;
s4, calculating a brittleness coefficient according to the stress-strain curve obtained in the S1;
and S5, analyzing the crushable property of the core according to the fracture complexity, the compressive strength and the brittleness coefficient after the core is crushed.
2. The experimental analysis method for rock fracability of a hydrocarbon reservoir as claimed in claim 1, wherein in S1, the diameter of the hydrocarbon reservoir core is 1 inch or 1.5 inches; the height is a standard cylindrical shape with the diameter of 1.5-2 times, the experimental confining pressure is effective pressure at the depth of a stratum where the rock core is located, the pressure is applied by adopting a constant deformation method, and the pressurization is stopped until the residual strength is confirmed.
3. The experimental analysis method for rock fracability of a hydrocarbon reservoir as claimed in claim 1, wherein in S2, an optical rolling scanning mode is used to collect images of fractures on the lateral surface of a post-compression core, or an X-CT scanning mode is used to collect images of fractures inside a core, and fracture parameters are extracted from the fracture images.
4. The experimental analysis method for rock fracability of a hydrocarbon reservoir of claim 1, wherein in S2, when the fracture image is a three-dimensional image, the area, thickness and inclination angle of each fracture are extracted; and when the crack image is a two-dimensional image, extracting the length, the width and the inclination angle of each crack.
5. The experimental analysis method for rock fracability of a hydrocarbon reservoir according to claim 1, wherein when the fracture image is a two-dimensional image, the fracture complexity after core fracturing is quantitatively characterized:
wherein R isfThe ratio of the area of all cracks to the area of the side surface of the core, DaThe dispersion of the crack inclination angle is taken as the variance of the crack inclination angle;
and when the fracture image is a three-dimensional image, quantitatively characterizing the fracture complexity after rock core pressing:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
is the crack porosity, DaThe dispersion of the crack inclination angle is shown as the variance of the crack inclination angle.
6. The experimental analysis method for rock fracability of a hydrocarbon reservoir as claimed in claim 1, wherein in S3, the triaxial compressive strength of the core is according to the formula
Making size effect correction formula: siThe measured compressive strength of the rock core is obtained, h and d are the height and diameter of the rock core, and a and b are two coefficients determined by experiments.
7. The method for experimental analysis of rock fracability of a hydrocarbon reservoir of claim 1, wherein in S4, the brittleness coefficient is calculated from the stress-strain curve in the triaxial compression test:
in the formula sigmai、σpAnd σrRespectively cracking stress, peak stress and residual stress, xii、ξpAnd xirRespectively, the initiation strain, peak strain and residual strain.
8. The experimental analysis method for rock fracability of a hydrocarbon reservoir as claimed in claim 1, wherein in S5, core fracability index (Fi): and f (Ss, Fc and Bi), normalizing the Ss, Fc and Bi to enable the values to be 0-100, directly representing the compressibility of the rock by using three parameters, or obtaining a comprehensive compressibility index by using the three parameters through a weighted average, a ratio or other calculation methods.
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| CN113051727B (en) * | 2021-03-13 | 2022-12-23 | 西华大学 | Brittleness evaluation method and system based on rock pre-peak crack initiation and post-peak stress characteristics |
| CN114112775A (en) * | 2021-11-17 | 2022-03-01 | 西安石油大学 | Method for evaluating development and communication degree of artificial crack based on imbibition curve |
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| CN114544367B (en) * | 2022-02-21 | 2024-02-09 | 西北大学 | Reservoir fracturing property evaluation and fracturing scheme design method based on core experiment |
| CN115266782A (en) * | 2022-09-27 | 2022-11-01 | 中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所 | Method for evaluating unconventional reservoir dual desserts based on dual-energy CT technology |
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