CN111973621B - Chitosan oligosaccharide-containing compound and application thereof - Google Patents
Chitosan oligosaccharide-containing compound and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN111973621B CN111973621B CN202010777934.1A CN202010777934A CN111973621B CN 111973621 B CN111973621 B CN 111973621B CN 202010777934 A CN202010777934 A CN 202010777934A CN 111973621 B CN111973621 B CN 111973621B
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- chitosan oligosaccharide
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- RQFQJYYMBWVMQG-IXDPLRRUSA-N chitotriose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](N)[C@H](O)O[C@H](CO)[C@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](N)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)N)[C@@H](CO)O1 RQFQJYYMBWVMQG-IXDPLRRUSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 92
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 229940075559 piperine Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 70
- WVWHRXVVAYXKDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N piperine Natural products O=C(C=CC=Cc1ccc2OCOc2c1)C3CCCCN3 WVWHRXVVAYXKDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- 235000019100 piperine Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 69
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- UCSJYZPVAKXKNQ-HZYVHMACSA-N streptomycin Chemical compound CN[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@](C=O)(O)[C@H](C)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](NC(N)=N)[C@H](O)[C@@H](NC(N)=N)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O UCSJYZPVAKXKNQ-HZYVHMACSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 108010031186 Glycoside Hydrolases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010067125 Liver injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229930182555 Penicillin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- JGSARLDLIJGVTE-MBNYWOFBSA-N Penicillin G Chemical compound N([C@H]1[C@H]2SC([C@@H](N2C1=O)C(O)=O)(C)C)C(=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 JGSARLDLIJGVTE-MBNYWOFBSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N butadiene group Chemical group C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 1
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
- A61K31/715—Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
- A61K31/716—Glucans
- A61K31/722—Chitin, chitosan
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
- A23L33/125—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives containing carbohydrate syrups; containing sugars; containing sugar alcohols; containing starch hydrolysates
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
- A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
- A61K31/4523—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems
- A61K31/4525—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with oxygen as a ring hetero atom
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
- A61K31/7016—Disaccharides, e.g. lactose, lactulose
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
- A61K31/702—Oligosaccharides, i.e. having three to five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
- A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
- A61P37/04—Immunostimulants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
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- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
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- Immunology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to the functional food and medicine industry, in particular to a chitosan oligosaccharide-containing compound and application thereof. The compound is chitosan oligosaccharide and piperine with the mass ratio of 1:9-9:1. The chitosan oligosaccharide has the functions of enhancing immunity, improving liver and heart and lung functions and the like, combines the effects of piperine on resisting tumors, has a certain synergistic inhibition effect on liver cancer and lung cancer cells, and is a functional food compound which is beneficial to enhancing immunity, resisting tumors and the like. The chitosan oligosaccharide and piperine can be used as food or food additives, are easy to popularize, and can be widely applied to the fields of functional food and medicine.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the functional food and medicine industry, in particular to a chitosan oligosaccharide-containing compound and application thereof.
Background
The chitosan oligosaccharide is also called as Chitosan Oligosaccharide (COS), which is an oligosaccharide formed by connecting 2-10 glucosaminides through beta-1, 4 glycosidic bonds, is usually obtained by deacetylating chitin contained in aquatic product wastes such as shrimp and crab shells and degrading the chitosan by glycosidase. The chitosan oligosaccharide is the only alkaline amino polysaccharide existing in a large amount in natural sugar, has the characteristics of good water solubility, safety, no toxicity, easy absorption, good biocompatibility and the like, and shows various biological activities: enhancing organism tissue and organ immunity, inhibiting tumor cell growth and proliferation, protecting liver injury, improving liver and heart lung function, regulating blood sugar and blood lipid, increasing intestinal beneficial flora, etc. The immunopotentiation effect of chitosan oligosaccharide has been proved by many students at present that chitosan oligosaccharide can stimulate the organism, promote the increase of the cell number of peritoneal effusions, activate macrophages, thereby increasing the generation of active oxygen and then producing an effect through an oxidative sterilization mechanism. The direct activation of the macrophages by the chitosan oligosaccharide increases the killing activity of the macrophages; the chitosan oligosaccharide activates T lymphocytes to show killing activity, and the sensitized T cells induce delayed hypersensitivity; the chitosan oligosaccharide activates T lymphocytes, thereby promoting release of Macrophage Activating Factor (MAF), thereby activating macrophages. In the activation process, the macrophage is directly activated by chitosan oligosaccharide, and the sensitivity of the macrophage to MAF can be improved, so that the macrophage is further activated. It is therefore believed that the killing activity of chitosan oligosaccharides is mainly produced as a result of enhanced interaction of activated T lymphocytes with macrophages.
However, the biological activity of chitosan oligosaccharide is weak, and although the chitosan oligosaccharide has a certain immunoregulation effect and a tumor cell growth proliferation inhibition effect, the effect of chitosan oligosaccharide alone is not obvious, so that the activity effect of chitosan oligosaccharide needs to be enhanced by compounding a plurality of effective active factors through interaction. At present, the compound containing chitosan oligosaccharide is not studied much, most active compounds cannot interact with chitosan oligosaccharide effectively, so that active molecules which can interact with chitosan oligosaccharide molecules easily are needed to be searched for, the advantages of the two are better exerted, the activities are complementary, and unexpected effects can be achieved.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a preparation and application of a chitosan oligosaccharide and piperine compound which are helpful for enhancing immune function, improving liver and heart lung functions and having synergistic effect on anticancer activity.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a chitosan oligosaccharide-containing compound is prepared from chitosan oligosaccharide and piperine in a mass ratio of 1:9-9:1.
The molecular weight of the chitosan oligosaccharide is 500-8000; the piperine is extracted from Piperaceae plant.
The compound is chitosan oligosaccharide and piperine with a mass ratio of 3:7-4:6.
The compound is chitosan oligosaccharide and piperine with a mass ratio of 4:6-5:5.
Use of a complex for the preparation of an anticancer drug.
The application of the compound in preparing medicines for resisting liver cancer or lung cancer.
The compound is applied to the preparation of anti-liver cancer drugs when chitosan oligosaccharide and piperine are mixed according to the mass ratio of 3:7-4:6.
The compound is applied to the preparation of anti-lung cancer drugs when chitosan oligosaccharide and piperine are mixed according to the mass ratio of 4:6-5:5.
A chitosan oligosaccharide-containing complex preparation, wherein the complex is taken as an active ingredient to be mixed with an acceptable carrier; wherein the active ingredient accounts for 0.1-99% of the weight of the preparation.
The preparation is in the form of capsule, tablet, powder, granule, suspension, emulsion or paste.
The invention has the advantages that:
(1) The compound obtained by the invention combines chitosan oligosaccharide with the functions of enhancing immunity, improving liver and heart and lung and piperine with the effect of inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, can prevent canceration by enhancing immunity, can treat early liver cancer and lung cancer, and is more beneficial to the prevention and treatment of related diseases of consumers;
(2) The chitosan oligosaccharide and the piperine have certain anticancer activity, are beneficial to preventing occurrence or recurrence of tumor cells, and the composite product of the chitosan oligosaccharide and the piperine has synergistic effect, and has relatively highest inhibition rate on liver cancer cells HepG2 when the compounding ratio of the chitosan oligosaccharide to the piperine is 3:7-4:6, and has relatively highest inhibition rate on lung cancer cells A549 when the mass ratio of the chitosan oligosaccharide to the piperine is 4:6-5:5.
Detailed Description
The following examples are further illustrative of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the compositions and uses in this embodiment.
The molecular weight of the chitosan oligosaccharide adopted in each of the following examples is 500-8000; the piperine can be obtained by extracting Piperaceae plant according to conventional technique, or is commercially available.
Example 1:
1.0g of chitosan oligosaccharide and 9.0g of piperine are weighed and uniformly mixed to obtain the chitosan oligosaccharide and piperine compound.
Example 2:
the difference from example 1 is that:
2.0g of chitosan oligosaccharide and 8.0g of piperine are weighed and uniformly mixed to obtain the chitosan oligosaccharide and piperine compound.
Example 3:
the difference from example 1 is that:
3.0g of chitosan oligosaccharide and 7.0g of piperine are weighed and uniformly mixed to obtain the chitosan oligosaccharide and piperine compound.
Example 4:
the difference from example 1 is that:
weighing 4.0g of chitosan oligosaccharide and 6.0g of piperine, and uniformly mixing to obtain the chitosan oligosaccharide and piperine compound.
Example 5:
the difference from example 1 is that:
weighing 5.0g of chitosan oligosaccharide and 5.0g of piperine, and uniformly mixing to obtain the chitosan oligosaccharide and piperine compound.
Example 6:
the difference from example 1 is that:
6.0g of chitosan oligosaccharide and 4.0g of piperine are weighed and uniformly mixed to obtain the chitosan oligosaccharide and piperine compound.
Example 7:
the difference from example 1 is that:
weighing 7.0g of chitosan oligosaccharide and 3.0g of piperine, and uniformly mixing to obtain the chitosan oligosaccharide and piperine compound.
Example 8:
the difference from example 1 is that:
8.0g of chitosan oligosaccharide and 2.0g of piperine are weighed and uniformly mixed to obtain the chitosan oligosaccharide and piperine compound.
Example 9:
the difference from example 1 is that:
9.0g of chitosan oligosaccharide and 1.0g of piperine are weighed and uniformly mixed to obtain the chitosan oligosaccharide and piperine compound.
Application example
Cell culture: a complete medium was prepared by adding 10% final concentration of fetal bovine serum, 100U/mL penicillin, 100. Mu.g/mL streptomycin to DMEM medium. The hepatoma cells HepG2 and the lung cancer cells A549 were removed from the liquid nitrogen and immediately placed in a 37℃water bath, rapidly and gently shaken, the cells thawed, centrifuged at 1000rpm for 10min, and the supernatant discarded. The two cells were resuspended in fresh complete medium, respectively, and the suspension was transferred to a cell culture flask at 37℃and 5% CO 2 Incubator medium with saturated humidityAnd (5) cell culturing. Cell growth was observed at any time, and cell replacement was performed after all cells had adhered to the wall, and passaged 2-3 times per week. During cell passage, PBS buffer solution is firstly used for flushing for 2-3 times, then 0.25% trypsin is used for digestion, then trypsin solution is rapidly and carefully poured out, a culture medium is added for stopping digestion, cells are resuspended, a part of cell suspension is discarded according to the cell number, and a proper amount of fresh culture medium is supplemented for continuous culture.
MTT method detection of chitosan oligosaccharide and piperine the above examples obtained the chitosan oligosaccharide and piperine complex inhibit proliferation of liver cancer cell HepG2 and lung cancer cell A549: taking cancer cells in logarithmic growth phase, digesting with trypsin to obtain cell suspension, and adjusting cell concentration to 1×10 5 Per mL, cells were seeded in 96-well plates at 100. Mu.L per well at 37℃in 5% CO 2 Culturing in a saturated humidity incubator for 24 hours; after the cells were attached, the complete medium containing samples was changed, 5 duplicate wells per sample, and zeroing wells and control wells were set simultaneously. Cells were incubated at 37℃with 5% CO 2 Culturing in a saturated humidity incubator for 48 hours; the cell culture medium was decanted, 100. Mu.L of fresh medium was added to each well, 10. Mu.L of MTT was incubated at 37℃for 4 hours, centrifuged at 1000rpm for 5min, the medium was discarded, 150. Mu.L of dimethyl sulfoxide was added to each well, and shaking was performed for 15min. Absorbance was measured at 490nm using a microplate reader.
Cell growth inhibition (%) = (a) Control –A Sample of )/A Control ×100
Anticancer activity test was performed on chitosan oligosaccharide, piperine and chitosan oligosaccharide-piperine complex, and the results were as follows:
TABLE 1 inhibitory Activity against liver cancer cell HepG2 (%)
TABLE 2 inhibition Activity against lung cancer cell A549 (%)
| 0.05mg/mL | 0.10mg/mL | 0.25mg/mL | |
| Chitosan oligosaccharide | 1.62 | 6.04 | 11.21 |
| Piperine | 12.56 | 30.57 | 50.48 |
| Chitosan oligosaccharide piperine compound (1:9) | 13.44 | 33.14 | 55.94 |
| Chitosan oligosaccharide piperine compound (2:8) | 14.57 | 33.78 | 56.47 |
| Chitosan oligosaccharide piperine compound (3:7) | 18.74 | 34.99 | 57.24 |
| Chitosan oligosaccharide piperine compound (4:6) | 22.17 | 40.14 | 60.14 |
| Chitosan oligosaccharide piperine compound (5:5) | 20.67 | 36.54 | 58.08 |
| Chitosan oligosaccharide piperine compound (6:4) | 15.64 | 30.28 | 51.48 |
| Chitosan oligosaccharide piperine compound (7:3) | 8.97 | 21.47 | 40.57 |
| Chitosan oligosaccharide piperine compound (8:2) | 6.47 | 15.78 | 28.74 |
| Chitosan oligosaccharide piperine compound (9:1) | 3.75 | 10.67 | 15.24 |
Tables 1 and 2 show the inhibitory activities of chitosan oligosaccharide, piperine and the complex of chitosan oligosaccharide and piperine on liver cancer cells HepG2 and lung cancer cells a549, and it can be seen from the tables that the inhibitory activities of chitosan oligosaccharide on both cancer cells are very low and the inhibitory activity of piperine is relatively strong. After the chitosan oligosaccharide and the piperine are compounded, the inhibition rate is larger along with the increase of the concentration, and the inhibition activity on cancer cells is enhanced under the same concentration, which is slightly stronger than that of the chitosan oligosaccharide and the piperine which are independently used. This may be related to schiff base and hydrogen bonding interactions of the amino and hydroxyl groups of the chitosan oligosaccharide with carbonyl and trans butadiene structures in the piperine molecule. The inhibition rate of the compound is related to the compound ratio of chitosan oligosaccharide/piperine, and the inhibition rate is enhanced and then reduced along with the increase of the chitosan oligosaccharide ratio. When the compounding ratio of the chitosan oligosaccharide to the piperine is 3:7-4:6, the inhibition rate of the chitosan oligosaccharide to the hepatoma cell HepG2 is relatively highest, and when the mass ratio of the chitosan oligosaccharide to the piperine is 4:6-5:5, the inhibition rate of the chitosan oligosaccharide to the lung cancer cell A549 is relatively highest. However, as the chitosan oligosaccharide ratio further increases, the inhibition rate of the complex becomes weaker. If the effective concentration of chitosan oligosaccharide and piperine is 0.05mg/mL at a concentration of 0.10mg/mL when the compounding ratio of chitosan oligosaccharide and piperine is 5:5, for example, from the viewpoint of the component content, it can be seen that the inhibition rate of the chitosan oligosaccharide and piperine after compounding is much stronger than that of the monomer not compounded.
The chitosan oligosaccharide and the piperine are both food-grade, and the compound of the chitosan oligosaccharide and the piperine has the respective biological activities of the chitosan oligosaccharide and the piperine and has a synergistic effect on liver cancer cells and lung cancer cells, so that the effect of mixing the chitosan oligosaccharide and the piperine according to a specific proportion is obvious, the chitosan oligosaccharide and the piperine are not expected to be obtained, and the compound is more beneficial to preventing the occurrence of cancers.
Meanwhile, the compound prepared in the embodiment is mixed with an acceptable pharmaceutical or food-grade carrier according to the existing preparation formulation literature, wherein the active ingredient accounts for 0.1-99% of the weight of the preparation; is prepared into capsules, tablets, powder or granules and other dosage forms, and has the same effects.
Claims (8)
1. A chitosan oligosaccharide-containing complex, characterized in that:
the compound is chitosan oligosaccharide and piperine with the mass ratio of 3:7-4:6;
or the compound is chitosan oligosaccharide and piperine with the mass ratio of 4:6-5:5;
the molecular weight of the chitosan oligosaccharide is 500-8000.
2. The chitosan oligosaccharide-containing complex according to claim 1, wherein: the piperine is extracted from Piperaceae plant.
3. Use of the chitosan oligosaccharide-containing complex of claim 1 in the preparation of an anticancer drug.
4. Use according to claim 3, characterized in that: the application of the compound in preparing medicines for resisting liver cancer or lung cancer.
5. The use according to claim 4, wherein: the compound is the application of chitosan oligosaccharide and piperine in the preparation of anti-liver cancer drugs according to the mass ratio of 3:7-4:6.
6. The use according to claim 4, wherein: the compound is the application of chitosan oligosaccharide and piperine in the preparation of anti-lung cancer drugs according to the mass ratio of 4:6-5:5.
7. A chitosan oligosaccharide-containing complex formulation according to claim 1, wherein: mixing the complex as an active ingredient with an acceptable carrier; wherein the active ingredient accounts for 0.1-99% of the weight of the preparation.
8. The chitosan oligosaccharide-containing complex formulation according to claim 7, wherein: the preparation is in the form of capsule, tablet, powder, granule, suspension, emulsion or paste.
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Non-Patent Citations (5)
| Title |
|---|
| Enhanced Hepatoprotective activity of Piperine Loaded Chitosan Microspheres;Prashant Sahu等;《International Journal of drug development & research》;第4卷(第4期);第229-233页，尤其是第230页右栏第3段 * |
| Prashant Sahu等.Enhanced Hepatoprotective activity of Piperine Loaded Chitosan Microspheres.《International Journal of drug development & research》.2012,第4卷(第4期),第229-233页，尤其是第230页右栏第3段. * |
| 壳寡糖对Hela细胞和A549细胞自噬性死亡的影响;周艳芬等;《科学技术与工程》;第15卷(第7期);第24-29页，尤其是第24页第1段 * |
| 胡椒碱的纳米传递载体研究进展;陈帅等;《中国调味品》;第44卷(第3期);第165-168页 * |
| 陈耀华.壳聚糖.《人类健康的金钥匙-壳聚糖》.中国医药科技出版社,2008,(第1版),第94-95页. * |
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