CN111973334A

CN111973334A - New application of graphene in immune enhancement

Info

Publication number: CN111973334A
Application number: CN202010741791.9A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 冯晓星; 穆祥; 冯波; 钟金丝
Original assignee: Grahope New Materials Technologies Inc
Current assignee: Grahope New Materials Technologies Inc
Priority date: 2020-07-29
Filing date: 2020-07-29
Publication date: 2020-11-24
Also published as: WO2022021827A1

Abstract

The disclosure relates to a novel application of graphene in immune enhancement, wherein the graphene can be used in a device for manufacturing the immune enhancement, and the thymus index, lymphocyte proliferation capacity, NK cell tumor cell killing activity and serum urea nitrogen removal capacity of animals or human can be enhanced by a graphene irradiation or pasting method.

Description

New application of graphene in immune enhancement

Technical Field

The disclosure relates to application of a graphene fever product in disease treatment, in particular to a novel application of graphene in immune enhancement.

Background

The immunity refers to the ability of the organism to resist external invasion and maintain the stability of the internal environment, and embodies the functions of distinguishing oneself from non-oneself and eliminating heterodynia. Immunity does not simply refer to the resistance of the body against pathogenic microorganisms, but also includes resistance to non-self antigenic foreign bodies, such as nonpathogenic pollen, drugs and even food, the often-occurring failing cells in normal organisms and the occasionally-mutated cancer cells.

The immunity is an important physiological function of a human body, and people with good body immunity suffer less pain and have stronger physical quality. The medical research shows that many diseases threatening the human health are closely related to the immunity of the human body. Chronic diseases such as cancer, chronic bronchitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, chronic hepatitis, diabetes and the like are closely related to immunity.

The immunity can be classified into innate immunity and acquired immunity according to different acquisition modes. The innate immunity is the existing immunity of a human in the life, is nonspecific immunity, and can quickly respond to various invasive pathogenic microorganisms. Acquired immunity is naturally acquired in the life process after a human comes down or passively acquired by an artificial assistance method, and most of the acquired immunity is specific immunity. Generally, immunoglobulin or immune lymphocyte formed after being stimulated by an antigen substance such as a microorganism reacts specifically with the antigen, and thus has a strong force.

With the fierce social competition and the accelerated pace of life of people, people often generate subhealth states of low immunity and the like due to pressure. At present, methods for improving human immunity mainly comprise a pharmaceutical method and a dietetic method.

Disclosure of Invention

The technical problem to be solved by the present disclosure is to provide a new way to improve immunity.

In order to find a method which is easy to realize and effective in regulating immunity of most people, the inventor conducts experiments and observations of immune response by respectively applying electrothermal products made of graphene films to BALB/c mice, beagle dogs and volunteers, and finds that the graphene films can enhance immunity by heating and irradiating or being pasted on animals or people.

The present disclosure provides a novel use of graphene for immune enhancement. Specifically, the present disclosure proposes the following technical solutions:

a first aspect of the present disclosure provides use of graphene in the manufacture of a device for immune enhancement.

In the above use, the immune enhancement is an increase in thymic index.

In the above use, the immune enhancement is an increase in the proliferative capacity of lymphocytes.

In the above use, the immune enhancement is to improve the activity of NK cells to kill tumor cells.

In the above uses, the immunopotentiation includes treatment of tumors.

In the above use, the tumor is a hematological tumor.

In the above use, the hematological tumor is leukemia or lymphoma; preferably, the leukemia is myeloid leukemia, more preferably, the leukemia is chronic myeloid leukemia; preferably, the lymphoma is a T-cell lymphoma.

A second aspect of the present disclosure provides use of graphene in the manufacture of a device for increasing the efficiency of serum urea nitrogen removal.

In any of the above uses, the device comprises a graphene electrothermal membrane.

In the application, the graphene electric heating diaphragm comprises a graphene film, an electrode and an insulating protection layer, wherein the electrode is arranged on the surface of the graphene film, and the insulating protection layer clamps the graphene film and the electrode in the middle.

The beneficial effects of this disclosure include:

the thymus index, the lymphocyte proliferation capacity, the activity of NK cells for killing tumor cells and the serum urea nitrogen removal capacity can be enhanced by a graphene irradiation or pasting method.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a mouse thymus index map, wherein A is a graphene group, B is an isothermal control group, and C is a blank control group;

FIG. 2 is a graph showing the proliferation rate of mouse spleen lymphocytes, in which A is a graphene group, B is an isothermal control group, and C is a blank control group;

FIG. 3 is an activity diagram of NK cells of mice killing YAC-1 tumor cells, wherein A is a graphene group, B is an isothermal control group, and C is a blank control group;

FIG. 4 is a graph of mouse serum urea nitrogen levels, where A is a graphene group, B is an isothermal control group, and C is a blank control group;

FIG. 5 is a graph showing the proliferation rate of lymphocytes of beagle dogs, wherein A is before graphene irradiation and B is after graphene irradiation;

FIG. 6 is a graph showing the activity of NK cells of beagle dogs on killing Yac-1 tumor cells, wherein A is a blank group and B is a graphene irradiation group;

FIG. 7 is a graph showing the killing activity of NK cells of beagle dogs on K562 tumor cells, wherein A is a blank group and B is a graphene irradiation group;

FIG. 8 is a diagram of human lymphocyte proliferation activity, wherein A is before graphene irradiation and B is after graphene irradiation;

FIG. 9 is a diagram of human lymphocyte proliferation activity, in which A is before graphene is applied to three acupuncture points and B is after graphene is applied to three acupuncture points;

FIG. 10 is a diagram of human lymphocyte proliferation activity, in which A is before graphene is applied to two acupoints and B is after graphene is applied to two acupoints;

FIG. 11 is a graph of the viability of graphene irradiated sets of human NK cells to kill tumor cells;

FIG. 12 is a graph of the viability of human NK cells in killing tumor cells by application to three acupuncture points;

FIG. 13 is a graph of the viability of human NK cells to kill tumor cells by application to two acupuncture points;

fig. 14 is a diagram of urea metabolization ability of a volunteer, wherein a is before graphene irradiation/application, B is after graphene irradiation/application, a is before and after irradiation, B is before and after three acupuncture points are applied, and c is two acupuncture points applied;

in the figure: "x" indicates P <0.01, and "x" indicates P < 0.05.

Detailed Description

The technical solutions of the present disclosure will be clearly and completely described below. Obviously, all other embodiments obtained by a person of ordinary skill in the art without making creative efforts based on the specific embodiments in the present disclosure belong to the protection scope of the present disclosure.

It is noted that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments according to the present disclosure.

The term "graphene" is a two-dimensional carbon nanomaterial consisting of carbon atoms in a hexagonal honeycomb lattice with sp2 hybridized orbitals. The method of the present disclosure is illustrated by the following specific examples. Reagents or apparatus or procedures not described herein are routinely determinable by one of ordinary skill in the art:

example 1 Effect of graphene irradiation on mouse immune response-related indices

1 reagents and instruments

Reagent consumables: CD4 primary antibody (PE), CD8 primary antibody (FITC), CD3 primary antibody (PerCP), BUN ELISA Kit, ConA, fetal bovine serum, RPMI 1640, DMEM, D-hanks, DMSO, MTT, K562 cells, Yac-1 cells.

The instrument comprises the following steps: t20 full-automatic cell counter (BioRad), multifunctional enzyme labeling instrument (BIOTEK), flow cytometer (Thermo), ultra pure water instrument (Millipore), CO₂Constant temperature incubator (SANYO), inverted microscope (OLYMPUS), water bath (Shandong Xinhua medical instruments Co., Ltd.)

2 test method

(1) BALB/c mice were divided into groups for experimental treatment

Experimental groups: irradiating the mouse for 1h at a constant temperature of 37 ℃ by using a graphene mild moxibustion cover (a box with a graphene electrothermal film attached to the periphery), and continuously irradiating for 15 days;

isothermal control group: heating the mouse at the constant temperature of 37 ℃ for 1h by using a heating box, and continuously heating for 15 days;

blank control group: normally breeding without heating and irradiating.

(2) Detection process

(a) Determination of thymus index in mice

After 15 days of the experiment, 10 BALB/c mice were taken out of each group, weighed, sacrificed by removing the neck and disinfected by alcohol. The thymus was aseptically collected from the above mice, and the thymus index (thymus index ═ weight of thymus/body weight) was calculated.

(b) Detection of mouse spleen lymphocyte proliferation rate

After experiment 15d, 10 BALB/c mice were taken out of each group, killed by removing the neck, and disinfected by soaking in alcohol. Aseptically picking spleen of the above mice, grinding, sieving with 200 mesh cell sieve, resuspending in RPMI 1640, 1500 r.min^-1Centrifuging for 10min, discarding supernatant, adding appropriate amount of erythrocyte lysate into precipitate, 1500 r.min^-1Centrifuging for 10min, washing with RPMI 1640 for 2 times to obtain single cell suspension, and adjusting cell concentration with RPMI 1640 containing 10% fetal calf serum to 5X10⁶and/mL. Cells were seeded in 96-well plates (100. mu.L/well) and 10. mu.L of LCon A stimulus (final concentration 5. mu.g/mL) was added to each well and placed in 5% CO₂After the culture at 37 ℃ in the incubator, 10 mu L of MTT is added into each hole, after the culture is continued for 4h, 150 mu L of DMSO is added into each hole, the mixture is shaken for 5min, and the OD value is measured by a microplate reader at 570nm after the purple crystals are completely dissolved.

(c) Changes in the ability of NK cells to kill tumor cells

After experiment 15d, spleen mononuclear cells were separated by density gradient centrifugation, followed by separation of NK cells in spleen with NK cell fraction. Mixing the separated NK cells and the tumor cells YAC-1 according to the ratio of 10:1, detecting the survival condition of the target cells in each well after the action of the mixture for 10 hours, and then calculating the killing rate of the NK cells. Calculating the formula: NK cell activity ═ 1- (experimental wells-effector cell control wells)/target cell control wells ] x 100%.

(d) Detection of serum urea nitrogen levels

In order to detect the influence of graphene irradiation on the urea nitrogen level in the serum of a mouse, after 30min of the last irradiation, the mouse is put into water at 30 ℃ for load swimming for 60min, blood is taken immediately after 60min of rest to separate the serum, and the content of the urea nitrogen in the serum is detected by using an ELISA kit.

(3) Data analysis

(a) Influence of graphene irradiation on thymus index of mice

Thymus is an important immune organ, and the organ index of the thymus can reflect the strength of the immune function of an organism to a certain extent. The effect of graphene irradiation on mouse thymus index is shown in figure 1. As can be seen, the graphene group has a higher thymic index relative to the blank control group and the isothermal control group. Therefore, the mouse thymus index can be obviously improved by graphene irradiation. The thymus index of the mouse is improved, which indicates that the graphene environment can promote the development of thymus of central immune organs, thereby influencing the immune function of the mouse.

(b) Effect of graphene irradiation on mouse spleen lymphocyte proliferation

The effect of graphene irradiation on mouse spleen lymphocyte proliferation is shown in figure 2. It can be seen that the graphene irradiation group can significantly improve the proliferation capacity of lymphocytes when irradiated for 96h, so that the immunity of the lymphocytes is improved.

(c) Influence of graphene irradiation on NK cell killing tumor cell activity

NK cells participate in the immunity of antivirus, pathogenic microorganisms and tumors in organisms, are the first natural defense line of the innate immunity of the organisms, mainly exist in peripheral blood and spleen, and can kill target cells without depending on antibodies or antigen stimulation and sensitization.

The effect of graphene irradiation on NK cell killing tumor cell viability is shown in figure 3. It can be seen that the graphene irradiation group can significantly improve the activity of NK cells for killing tumor cells.

(d) Effect of graphene irradiation on serum Urea Nitrogen levels

The urea nitrogen scavenging efficiency is inversely related to the muscle fatigue effect produced by exercise.

The effect of graphene irradiation on serum urea nitrogen levels is shown in fig. 4. It can be seen that the graphene irradiation group can significantly reduce the serum urea nitrogen level, and thus significantly reduce the accumulation of urea nitrogen in the body due to exercise fatigue.

And (4) conclusion:

the irradiation of the graphene can obviously improve thymus index of mice, lymphocyte proliferation capacity and tumor cell killing capacity of NK cells in peripheral blood. The graphene fever treatment can enhance the immunity of BALB/c mice through multiple aspects; meanwhile, the graphene irradiation can obviously improve the removal efficiency of serum urea nitrogen in the mouse movement process, so that the continuous movement capability of the mouse is enhanced.

Example 2 influence of graphene irradiation on beagle dog immune function-related indices

1 reagents and instruments

Same as example 1

2 test method

(1) Experimental treatment of beagle dogs in groups

Experimental groups: heating 6 beagle dogs at constant temperature of 37 ℃ for 1h by using a graphene mild moxibustion cover, and continuously irradiating for 15 days;

blank control group: 6 beagle dogs were normally bred without heat irradiation treatment.

(2) Detection process

(a) Beagle peripheral blood T lymphocyte proliferation activity detection

After the irradiation, 5 ml of peripheral blood of each group of beagle dogs was collected by an anticoagulation blood collection tube. Adding the lymphocyte separation liquid into a centrifuge tube, sucking the diluted blood sample to be added on the liquid surface of the separation liquid, centrifuging for 25min at 450g, sucking the T lymphocytes in the centrifuge tube into another centrifuge tube after centrifugation, adding 10ml of cleaning solution, and uniformly mixing the cells. Centrifuge for 10 min. Cell concentration was adjusted to 5X10 with 10% fetal bovine serum in RPMI 1640⁴mL, aspirate 100. mu.L of cell suspension into a 96-well plate, add 10. mu.L Con A stimuli per well (final concentration 5. mu.g/mL), and place in 5% CO₂After the culture at 37 ℃ in the incubator, adding 10 mu L of MTT into each hole, continuing to culture for 4h, adding 150 mu L of DMSO into each hole, oscillating for 5min, and measuring the OD value at 450nm by using an enzyme labeling instrument after the purple crystals are completely dissolved.

(b) Changes in the ability of NK cells to kill tumor cells

After the irradiation, 5 ml of peripheral blood of each group of beagle dogs was collected by an anticoagulation blood collection tube. Adding NK cell separating medium into a centrifuge tube to prepare a gradient interface, adding anticoagulation blood onto the separating liquid surface, 450g, and centrifuging for 25 min. After centrifugation, the NK cells were pipetted into another centrifuge tube, 10ml of wash was added and the cells were mixed well. 250g, and centrifuging for 10 min. Mixing the separated NK cells with K562 cells or YAC-1 according to a ratio of 25:1, detecting the survival condition of target cells in each well after 5 hours of action, and then calculating the killing rate of the NK cells. Calculating the formula: NK cell activity ═ 1- (experimental wells (effector cells + target cells) -effector cell control wells)/target cell control wells ] × 100%.

(c) Detection of serum urea nitrogen levels

After irradiation, 2 ml of peripheral blood of each group of beagle dogs was extracted by a procoagulant blood collection tube, left to stand at room temperature for 1 hour, centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 10 minutes, and the supernatant serum was extracted and the change in the urea nitrogen level in the serum was detected by a BUN ELISA kit.

(3) Data analysis

(a) Effect of graphene irradiation on proliferation activity of T lymphocytes in peripheral blood of beagle dogs

Lymphocyte transformation is the activation of a lymphocyte by antigen stimulation or mitotic proliferation, and the cell can be transformed into a parent cell. The proliferation capacity of lymphocytes determines the number of effector lymphocytes and the intensity of immune response reaction of the organism, and reflects the cellular immune state of the organism.

The effect of graphene irradiation on the proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes of beagle dogs is shown in fig. 5. As can be seen from the figure, after the graphene irradiation, the proliferation capacity of the peripheral blood T lymphocytes of beagle dogs is obviously higher than that before the irradiation. The graphene irradiation group can obviously improve the proliferation capacity of lymphocytes, so that the cellular immune function of the lymphocytes is improved.

(b) Influence of graphene irradiation on tumor cell killing capability of peripheral blood NK (Natural killer) cells of beagle dogs

The effect of graphene irradiation on NK cell killing tumor cell viability is shown in fig. 6 and 7. Therefore, the graphene irradiation group can obviously improve the killing capacity of the NK cells for killing tumor cells K562 and Yac-1.

And (4) conclusion: the proliferation activity of the beagle lymphocytes and the activity of killing tumor cells of peripheral blood NK cells can be obviously improved by the graphene irradiation. The graphene can improve the immune function of beagle dogs in multiple ways.

Example 3 Effect of graphene irradiation on indicators associated with immune response in volunteers

1 reagents and instruments

The same as in example 1.

2 test method

(1) Performing experimental treatment on groups

And (3) irradiation group: adjusting 10 volunteers to 39 ℃ by using a graphene mild moxibustion cover, irradiating for 1 hour, and continuously irradiating for 14 days;

three groups of acupuncture points are pasted: applying graphene to 10 volunteers (the specific structure can refer to physiotherapy patch provided in patent CN 208241915U), and applying Zusanli acupoint, Quchi acupoint, and Tanzhong acupoint at 39 deg.C for 1 hr each time for 14 days;

two groups of acupuncture points are pasted: applying graphene to 10 volunteers, applying Baihui acupoint and Dazhui acupoint at 39 ℃ for 1 hour, and continuously applying for 14 days;

blank control group: 10 volunteers, who did not perform any irradiation or application.

(2) Detection process

(a) Proliferation activity assay of volunteer peripheral blood T cells

After the irradiation or application test was completed, 5 ml of peripheral blood was collected from each group of volunteers by an anticoagulation blood collection tube. Lymphoprep separation solution is added into a SepMate-15 centrifuge tube, and blood is diluted and added to the same amount of separation solution. PBMC were obtained after centrifugation at 1200g for 10min, and CD3+ T cells were isolated from PBMC using the EasySep Human CD3 isolation kit. Cell concentration was adjusted to 5X10 with 10% fetal bovine serum in RPMI 1640⁴mL, aspirate 100. mu.L of cell suspension into a 96-well plate, add 10. mu.L Con A stimuli per well (final concentration 5. mu.g/mL), and place in 5% CO₂Culturing at 37 deg.C in incubator, adding MTT10 μ L per well, culturing for 4 hr, adding DMSO 150 μ L per well, shaking for 5min, and crystallizing to obtain purple crystalAfter complete dissolution, the OD value is measured at 450nm by a microplate reader.

(b) Changes in the ability of NK cells to kill tumor cells

After the irradiation or application test was completed, 5 ml of peripheral blood was collected from each group of volunteers by an anticoagulation blood collection tube. Lymphoprep separation solution is added into a SepMate-15 centrifuge tube, and blood is diluted and added to the same amount of separation solution. PBMC were obtained after centrifugation at 1200g for 10 minutes, and NK cells were separated from PBMC using EasySep Human CD56 separation kit. Mixing the separated NK cells with K562 tumor cells or YAC-1 tumor cells according to a ratio of 10:1, detecting the survival condition of target cells in each well after 5 hours or 10 hours of action, and then calculating the killing rate of the NK cells. Calculating the formula: NK cell activity ═ 1- (experimental wells (effector cells + target cells) -effector cell control wells)/target cell control wells ] × 100%.

(c) Detection of serum urea nitrogen levels

After irradiation, 2 ml of peripheral blood of each group of the volunteer was collected by a procoagulant blood collection tube, left to stand at room temperature for 1 hour, centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was aspirated and the changes in urea nitrogen and uric acid levels in the serum were detected by a BUN ELISA kit.

(3) Data analysis

(a) Influence of graphene irradiation and application on proliferation activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes of volunteers

The effect of graphene irradiation on proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes of volunteers is shown in fig. 8. As can be seen, after graphene irradiation, the proliferation capacity of T lymphocytes in peripheral blood of volunteers is obviously higher than that before irradiation. The effect of graphene application on the proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes of volunteers at three acupuncture points is shown in fig. 9. As can be seen, after the graphene is pasted on three acupuncture points of the Danzhong acupuncture point, the Zusanli acupuncture point and the Quchi acupuncture point, the proliferation capacity of T lymphocytes in peripheral blood of a volunteer is obviously higher than that before irradiation. The effect of graphene application on the proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes of volunteers at two acupuncture points is shown in fig. 10. As can be seen, after the graphene is applied to two acupuncture points of Baihui and Dazhui, the proliferation capacity of peripheral blood T lymphocytes of the volunteers is obviously higher than that before irradiation.

It can be seen that the proliferation activity of peripheral blood T lymphocytes of the volunteers can be improved by both graphene irradiation and acupoint application, so that the cellular immunity function of the volunteers is improved.

(b) Influence of graphene irradiation and application on tumor cell killing capability of NK cells of volunteers

The effect of graphene irradiation on the viability of peripheral blood NK cells to kill tumor cells is shown in fig. 11. After 14 days of irradiation, the killing capacity of NK cells in peripheral blood of the volunteers on K562 tumor cells is averagely improved by 8.15 percent (5h) and 13.45 percent (10 h); the killing capacity to the Yac-1 tumor cells is improved by 16.39 percent (5h) and 23.41 percent (10h) on average.

The effect of graphene application on the activities of NK cells killing tumor cells of volunteers at three acupuncture points of shanzhong, tsusanli and quchi is shown in fig. 12. After being pasted on three acupuncture points of the Danzhong point, the Zusanli point and the Quchi point for 14 days, the killing capacity of NK cells in peripheral blood of a volunteer on K562 tumor cells is averagely improved by 4.41 percent (5h) and 5.8 percent (10 h); the killing capacity to the Yac-1 tumor cells is improved by 7.9 percent (5h) and 9.81 percent (10h) on average.

The effect of graphene application on the activity of NK cells killing tumor cells in volunteers at the points of the vertebra and the Baihui is shown in fig. 13. After being pasted on the acupuncture points of the vertebra gigantea and the Baihui for 14 days, the killing capacity of NK cells in peripheral blood of the volunteers on K562 tumor cells is averagely improved by 4.7 percent (5h) and 4.92 percent (10 h); the killing capacity to the Yac-1 tumor cells is improved by 3.4 percent (5h) and 5.7 percent (10h) on average.

It can be seen that the killing activity of the peripheral blood NK cells of the volunteers on K562 tumor cells and Yac-1 tumor cells can be improved by using the graphene for warm irradiation for 14 days or by graphene pasting.

(c) Influence of graphene irradiation and application on urea nitrogen metabolic capability of volunteers

The urea nitrogen metabolism ability of the volunteers after the graphene irradiation and application is shown in fig. 14. After 14 days of irradiation, the urea nitrogen metabolic capacity of volunteers is averagely reduced by 15.25 percent; after being pasted on three acupuncture points of the cowy root, the tsusanli and the Quchi for 14 days, the urea nitrogen metabolism capability of the volunteers is averagely reduced by 19.57 percent; after being applied to the Dazhui acupoint and Baihui acupoint for 14 days, the urea nitrogen metabolism ability of the volunteers is averagely reduced by 13.3 percent.

In conclusion, the graphene irradiation and the acupoint application can improve the metabolic capability of volunteers on urea nitrogen.

And (4) conclusion: the graphene irradiation and the acupoint application can enhance the proliferation capacity of peripheral blood T cells of a volunteer, the activity of NK cells for killing tumor cells and the scavenging capacity of serum urea nitrogen. The graphene irradiation and acupoint application can improve the human body immunity function through various ways.

The above description is only for the specific embodiments of the present disclosure, but the scope of the present disclosure is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art can easily conceive of the changes or substitutions within the technical scope of the present disclosure, and all the changes or substitutions should be covered within the scope of the present disclosure. Therefore, the protection scope of the present disclosure shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.

Claims

1. Use of graphene in the manufacture of a device for immune enhancement.

2. The use of claim 1, wherein the immune enhancement is an increase in thymic index.

3. The use of claim 1, wherein the immune enhancement is an increase in lymphocyte proliferative capacity.

4. The use of claim 1, wherein the immune enhancement is an increase in NK cell killer tumor cell viability.

5. The use of claim 1, wherein the immune enhancement comprises treatment of a tumor.

6. The use of claim 5, wherein the tumor is a hematological tumor.

7. The use of claim 6, wherein the hematological tumor is leukemia or lymphoma; preferably, the leukemia is myeloid leukemia, more preferably, the leukemia is chronic myeloid leukemia; preferably, the lymphoma is a T-cell lymphoma.

8. Use of graphene in the manufacture of a device for increasing the efficiency of serum urea nitrogen scavenging.

9. Use according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the device comprises a graphene electro-thermal membrane.

10. The use according to claim 9, wherein the graphene electric heating membrane comprises a graphene thin film, an electrode and an insulating protection layer, wherein the electrode is arranged on the surface of the graphene thin film, and the insulating protection layer sandwiches the graphene thin film and the electrode.