CN111970578B - Method and device for repairing audio and video data transmission - Google Patents
Method and device for repairing audio and video data transmission Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN111970578B CN111970578B CN202010882144.XA CN202010882144A CN111970578B CN 111970578 B CN111970578 B CN 111970578B CN 202010882144 A CN202010882144 A CN 202010882144A CN 111970578 B CN111970578 B CN 111970578B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- audio
- packet loss
- video data
- packet
- data
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/60—Network structure or processes for video distribution between server and client or between remote clients; Control signalling between clients, server and network components; Transmission of management data between server and client, e.g. sending from server to client commands for recording incoming content stream; Communication details between server and client
- H04N21/63—Control signaling related to video distribution between client, server and network components; Network processes for video distribution between server and clients or between remote clients, e.g. transmitting basic layer and enhancement layers over different transmission paths, setting up a peer-to-peer communication via Internet between remote STB's; Communication protocols; Addressing
- H04N21/647—Control signaling between network components and server or clients; Network processes for video distribution between server and clients, e.g. controlling the quality of the video stream, by dropping packets, protecting content from unauthorised alteration within the network, monitoring of network load, bridging between two different networks, e.g. between IP and wireless
- H04N21/64723—Monitoring of network processes or resources, e.g. monitoring of network load
- H04N21/64738—Monitoring network characteristics, e.g. bandwidth, congestion level
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/60—Network structure or processes for video distribution between server and client or between remote clients; Control signalling between clients, server and network components; Transmission of management data between server and client, e.g. sending from server to client commands for recording incoming content stream; Communication details between server and client
- H04N21/63—Control signaling related to video distribution between client, server and network components; Network processes for video distribution between server and clients or between remote clients, e.g. transmitting basic layer and enhancement layers over different transmission paths, setting up a peer-to-peer communication via Internet between remote STB's; Communication protocols; Addressing
- H04N21/647—Control signaling between network components and server or clients; Network processes for video distribution between server and clients, e.g. controlling the quality of the video stream, by dropping packets, protecting content from unauthorised alteration within the network, monitoring of network load, bridging between two different networks, e.g. between IP and wireless
- H04N21/64784—Data processing by the network
Abstract
The invention provides a method and a device for repairing in audio and video data transmission, which relate to the technical field of data transmission and comprise the steps of identifying an audio and video data packet in transmission to obtain packet loss data and a corresponding timestamp of the audio and video data packet; calculating packet loss rate according to the packet loss data, and judging whether the audio/video data packet has packet loss data with continuous timestamps; according to the packet loss rate and the condition of the packet loss data, the packet loss data in the audio and video data packet is repaired, and the audio and video data packet has stronger repair capability through the same bandwidth, and can effectively repair and correct errors in the condition of serious packet loss.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of data transmission, in particular to a method and a device for repairing audio and video data in transmission.
Background
Currently, audio and video transmission services are widely popularized nationwide, and high-definition video interaction technology plays a significant role in various industries.
In practical application, with the increase of the number of terminals of the video networking and the increasing demand of externally accessed internet equipment, the bearing capacity of a video networking network channel is greatly tested, and various problems can not be avoided in audio and video network transmission. Load balancing mechanisms like switches may cause video networking audio/video stream packets to be lost. The video network gateway server/terminal cannot process the local network card data in time due to service overload or limited hardware performance, and the packet loss of the local network card audio and video data can be caused. The common data packet error correction mode has poor repair capability, the packet loss condition cannot be improved, and the audio and video data packet loss can cause phenomena of sound interruption, video screen splash, blocking and the like, so that the user experience is reduced.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method and a device for repairing in audio and video data transmission, which have stronger repairing capability and can effectively repair and correct serious packet loss through the same bandwidth.
In a first aspect, an embodiment provides a method for repairing in audio and video data transmission, including:
identifying an audio and video data packet in transmission to obtain packet loss data and a corresponding timestamp of the audio and video data packet;
calculating packet loss rate according to the packet loss data, and judging whether the audio and video data packet contains the packet loss data with continuous timestamps;
and repairing the packet loss data in the audio and video data packet according to the packet loss rate and the condition of the packet loss data.
In an optional embodiment, the step of repairing the packet loss data in the audio/video data packet according to the packet loss rate and the packet loss data condition includes:
and when the packet loss rate reaches a threshold value or the audio and video data packets have packet loss data with continuous timestamps, repairing the packet loss data in the audio and video data packets according to a preset function.
In an alternative embodiment, the predetermined function is derived according to a Reed-solomon algorithm.
In an alternative embodiment, the method further comprises:
and adjusting the preset parameters in the preset function according to the packet loss rate and the packet loss data condition.
In an optional embodiment, the step of identifying an audio/video data packet in transmission to obtain packet loss data of the audio/video data packet and a corresponding timestamp includes:
and according to a point-to-point session transmission mode, packet loss data and a corresponding timestamp of the audio and video data packet are obtained according to the packet loss number and the packet body type identified in the preset time.
In an optional embodiment, before the step of identifying the audio-video data packet in transmission, the method further includes:
and decoding the audio and video data packet in a Gaussian elimination mode.
In an optional embodiment, the audio/video data packet is obtained by performing an encoding operation on the audio/video data signal in a gaussian elimination manner.
In a second aspect, an embodiment provides a device for repairing in audio/video data transmission, including:
the identification module is used for identifying the audio and video data packet in transmission to obtain packet loss data and a corresponding timestamp of the audio and video data packet;
the judging module is used for calculating packet loss rate according to the packet loss data and judging whether the audio and video data packet has the packet loss data with continuous timestamps;
and the repairing module is used for repairing the packet loss data in the audio and video data packet according to the packet loss rate and the condition of the packet loss data.
In a third aspect, an embodiment provides an electronic device, which includes a memory, a processor, and a program stored on the memory and capable of running on the processor, and when the processor executes the program, the method for repairing in audio/video data transmission according to any one of the foregoing embodiments is implemented.
In a fourth aspect, an embodiment provides a computer-readable storage medium, where a computer program is stored, and when the computer program is executed, the method for repairing in audio/video data transmission in accordance with any one of the foregoing embodiments is implemented.
The embodiment of the invention provides a method and a device for repairing in audio and video data transmission, which are used for obtaining the packet loss rate in the transmission process by identifying an audio and video data packet in the transmission process, judging whether the audio and video data packet has packet loss data with continuous timestamps or not, and repairing the packet loss data in the audio and video data packet according to the packet loss condition so as to realize stronger repairing capability under the same bandwidth and effectively repair and correct errors under the condition of more serious packet loss.
Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by the structure particularly pointed out in the written description and drawings.
In order to make the aforementioned and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention comprehensible, preferred embodiments accompanied with figures are described in detail below.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present invention, and other drawings can be obtained by those skilled in the art without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a modification method in audio/video data transmission according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic functional module diagram of a repair device in audio/video data transmission according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a hardware architecture of an electronic device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
To make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without making any creative effort based on the embodiments in the present invention, belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
At present, the packet loss situation of audio and video data is frequent in the transmission process, the repairing effect of the existing data packet repairing method is not obvious, and the effective repairing and error correction can not be carried out on the situation of serious packet loss.
Therefore, the repair method and the repair device in audio and video data transmission provided by the embodiment of the invention have stronger repair capability through the same bandwidth, and can effectively repair and correct errors in the case of serious packet loss.
In order to facilitate understanding of the embodiment, a detailed description is first given of a modification method in audio and video data transmission disclosed in the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a modification method in audio and video data transmission according to an embodiment of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1, an embodiment provides a method for repairing audio/video data transmission, which can be applied to an audio/video data receiving end, and includes the following steps:
step S102, identifying the audio and video data packet in transmission to obtain packet loss data and a corresponding timestamp of the audio and video data packet;
step S104, calculating according to the packet loss data to obtain a packet loss rate, and judging whether the audio/video data packet has packet loss data with continuous timestamps;
and step S106, repairing the packet loss data in the audio and video data packet according to the packet loss rate and the packet loss data condition.
In a preferred embodiment of practical application, the packet loss rate in the transmission process is obtained by identifying the audio and video data packet in transmission, whether the audio and video data packet has packet loss data with continuous timestamps is judged, and the packet loss data in the audio and video data packet is repaired according to the packet loss condition, so that the audio and video data packet repair method has stronger repair capability under the same bandwidth, and is convenient for effectively repairing and correcting the serious packet loss condition.
In an alternative embodiment, step S106 includes:
step 1.1), when the packet loss rate reaches a threshold value or the audio and video data packet contains the packet loss data with continuous timestamps, repairing the packet loss data in the audio and video data packet according to a preset function.
Specifically, when the packet loss rate reaches a threshold value, repairing packet loss data in the audio/video data packet according to a preset function;
alternatively, the first and second electrodes may be,
and when the audio and video data packet contains the packet loss data with continuous timestamps and the quantity of the packet loss data reaches the requirement of the preset number, repairing the packet loss data in the audio and video data packet according to a preset function.
In an alternative embodiment, the predetermined function is derived according to a Reed-solomon algorithm.
In an alternative embodiment, the method further comprises:
and 2.1) adjusting preset parameters in the preset function according to the packet loss rate and the packet loss data.
In an alternative embodiment, step S102 further includes:
and 3.1) obtaining packet loss data and a corresponding timestamp of the audio and video data packet according to a point-to-point session transmission mode and the packet loss quantity, the packet body type and the like identified in preset time.
The information related to the packet loss data can be identified through a one-time session mode.
It should be noted that, for the packet loss event that does not meet the above-mentioned situation or in order to further enhance the repair capability of the packet loss event, encoding and decoding operations may be performed before and after the audio and video signal transmission by a gaussian elimination mode, that is, error Correction repair of the data packet is realized by a Forward Error Correction mode (FEC), where FEC is a short term for Forward Error Correction, and Forward Error Correction is an Error control mode, which means that a signal is encoded in advance according to a certain algorithm before being sent to a transmission channel, a redundant code with the characteristics of the signal itself is added, and the received signal is decoded at a receiving end according to a corresponding algorithm, so as to find out an Error code generated during the transmission process and correct the Error code.
In an optional embodiment, before step S102, the method further includes:
and 4.1) decoding the audio and video data packet in a Gaussian elimination mode.
In an optional embodiment, the audio/video data packet is obtained by performing an encoding operation on the audio/video data signal in a gaussian elimination manner.
As shown in fig. 2, an embodiment of the present invention provides a repair device in audio/video data transmission, including:
the identification module is used for identifying the audio and video data packet in transmission to obtain packet loss data and a corresponding timestamp of the audio and video data packet;
the judging module is used for calculating packet loss rate according to the packet loss data and judging whether the audio and video data packet has the packet loss data with continuous timestamps;
and the repairing module is used for repairing the packet loss data in the audio and video data packet according to the packet loss rate and the condition of the packet loss data.
In an optional embodiment, the repair module is further specifically configured to repair the packet loss data in the audio/video data packet according to a preset function when the packet loss rate reaches a threshold or the audio/video data packet has the packet loss data with the continuous timestamps.
In an alternative embodiment, the predetermined function is derived according to a Reed-solomon algorithm.
In an optional embodiment, the repairing module is further specifically configured to adjust a preset parameter in the preset function according to the packet loss rate and the condition of the packet loss data.
In an optional embodiment, the identification module is further specifically configured to obtain packet loss data of the audio/video data packet and a corresponding timestamp according to the packet loss number and the packet body type identified within a preset time in a point-to-point session transmission manner.
In an optional implementation manner, the identification module is specifically further configured to perform a decoding operation on the audio/video data packet in a gaussian elimination manner before the step of identifying the audio/video data packet in transmission.
In an optional embodiment, the audio/video data packet is obtained by performing an encoding operation on the audio/video data signal in a gaussian elimination manner.
In this embodiment, the electronic device may be, but is not limited to, a Computer device with analysis and processing capabilities, such as a Personal Computer (PC), a notebook Computer, a monitoring device, and a server.
As an exemplary embodiment, referring to fig. 3, an electronic device 300 includes a communication interface 301, a processor 302, a memory 303, and a bus 304, wherein the processor 302, the communication interface 301, and the memory 303 are connected by the bus 304; the memory 303 is used for storing a computer program that enables the processor 302 to execute the image sharpening method, and the processor 302 is configured to execute the program stored in the memory 303.
A machine-readable storage medium as referred to herein may be any electronic, magnetic, optical, or other physical storage device that can contain or store information such as executable instructions, data, and the like. For example, the machine-readable storage medium may be: a RAM (random Access Memory), a volatile Memory, a non-volatile Memory, a flash Memory, a storage drive (e.g., a hard drive), any type of storage disk (e.g., an optical disk, a dvd, etc.), or similar storage medium, or a combination thereof.
The non-volatile medium may be non-volatile memory, flash memory, a storage drive (e.g., a hard drive), any type of storage disk (e.g., an optical disk, dvd, etc.), or similar non-volatile storage medium, or a combination thereof.
It can be understood that, for the specific operation method of each functional module in this embodiment, reference may be made to the detailed description of the corresponding step in the foregoing method embodiment, and no repeated description is provided herein.
The computer-readable storage medium provided in the embodiments of the present invention stores a computer program, and when executed, the computer program code may implement the method for repairing in audio and video data transmission described in any of the above embodiments, and specific implementation may refer to the method embodiment, which is not described herein again.
It is clear to those skilled in the art that, for convenience and brevity of description, the specific working processes of the system and the apparatus described above may refer to the corresponding processes in the foregoing method embodiments, and are not described herein again.
In addition, in the description of the embodiments of the present invention, unless otherwise explicitly specified or limited, the terms "mounted," "connected," and "connected" are to be construed broadly, e.g., as meaning either a fixed connection, a removable connection, or an integral connection; can be mechanically or electrically connected; they may be connected directly or indirectly through intervening media, or they may be interconnected between two elements. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood in specific cases to those skilled in the art.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that the terms "center", "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "inner", "outer", etc., indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience of description and simplicity of description, but do not indicate or imply that the device or element being referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and "third" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above-mentioned embodiments are only specific embodiments of the present invention, which are used for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention and not for limiting the same, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, although the present invention is described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that: those skilled in the art can still make modifications or changes to the embodiments described in the foregoing embodiments, or make equivalent substitutions for some features, within the scope of the disclosure; such modifications, changes or substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the embodiments of the present invention, and they should be construed as being included therein.
Claims (6)
1. A method for repairing audio and video data transmission is characterized by comprising the following steps:
decoding the audio and video data packet in transmission in a Gaussian elimination mode;
according to a point-to-point session transmission mode, packet loss data and a corresponding timestamp of the audio and video data packet are obtained according to the packet loss number and the packet body type identified in preset time;
calculating packet loss rate according to the packet loss data, and judging whether the audio and video data packet contains the packet loss data with continuous timestamps;
when the audio and video data packets have packet loss data with continuous timestamps and the quantity of the packet loss data reaches a preset number requirement, repairing the packet loss data in the audio and video data packets according to a preset function, wherein the preset function is obtained according to a Reed-Solmen algorithm.
2. The method for repairing in transmission of audio-video data according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises:
and adjusting the preset parameters in the preset function according to the packet loss rate and the packet loss data condition.
3. The method for repairing audio-video data transmission according to claim 1, wherein the audio-video data packet is obtained by encoding an audio-video data signal in a gaussian elimination manner.
4. A repair device in audio-video data transmission, comprising:
the identification module is used for decoding the audio and video data packet in transmission in a Gaussian elimination mode; according to a point-to-point session transmission mode, packet loss data and a corresponding timestamp of the audio and video data packet are obtained according to the packet loss number and the packet body type identified in preset time;
the judging module is used for calculating packet loss rate according to the packet loss data and judging whether the audio and video data packet has the packet loss data with continuous timestamps;
and the repair module is used for repairing the packet loss data in the audio and video data packet according to a preset function when the packet loss data with continuous timestamps exists in the audio and video data packet and the quantity of the packet loss data reaches the preset number requirement, wherein the preset function is obtained according to a Reed-Solmen algorithm.
5. An electronic device comprising a memory, a processor and a program stored on the memory and executable on the processor, the processor implementing the method of repairing in audio-visual data transmission according to any one of claims 1 to 3 when executing the program.
6. A computer-readable storage medium, characterized in that a computer program is stored in the readable storage medium, which when executed implements the method of repairing in audio-visual data transmission according to any one of claims 1 to 3.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010882144.XA CN111970578B (en) | 2020-08-27 | 2020-08-27 | Method and device for repairing audio and video data transmission |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010882144.XA CN111970578B (en) | 2020-08-27 | 2020-08-27 | Method and device for repairing audio and video data transmission |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN111970578A CN111970578A (en) | 2020-11-20 |
| CN111970578B true CN111970578B (en) | 2022-10-28 |
Family
ID=73399944
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010882144.XA Active CN111970578B (en) | 2020-08-27 | 2020-08-27 | Method and device for repairing audio and video data transmission |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN111970578B (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN117354585A (en) * | 2023-12-06 | 2024-01-05 | 深圳感臻智能股份有限公司 | Optimization method and device for packet loss of video network |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1929355A (en) * | 2005-09-09 | 2007-03-14 | 联想(北京)有限公司 | Restoring system and method for voice package losing |
| CN101114982A (en) * | 2006-07-24 | 2008-01-30 | 互联天下科技发展（深圳）有限公司 | IP network based audio-video QoS algorithm |
| CN107919996A (en) * | 2016-10-10 | 2018-04-17 | 大唐移动通信设备有限公司 | A kind of data pack transmission method and equipment |
| CN108965775A (en) * | 2017-05-25 | 2018-12-07 | 中兴通讯股份有限公司 | Method of adjustment, device and the storage medium of data packetloss processing strategie |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20170094294A1 (en) * | 2015-09-28 | 2017-03-30 | Cybrook Inc. | Video encoding and decoding with back channel message management |
-
2020
- 2020-08-27 CN CN202010882144.XA patent/CN111970578B/en active Active
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1929355A (en) * | 2005-09-09 | 2007-03-14 | 联想(北京)有限公司 | Restoring system and method for voice package losing |
| CN101114982A (en) * | 2006-07-24 | 2008-01-30 | 互联天下科技发展（深圳）有限公司 | IP network based audio-video QoS algorithm |
| CN107919996A (en) * | 2016-10-10 | 2018-04-17 | 大唐移动通信设备有限公司 | A kind of data pack transmission method and equipment |
| CN108965775A (en) * | 2017-05-25 | 2018-12-07 | 中兴通讯股份有限公司 | Method of adjustment, device and the storage medium of data packetloss processing strategie |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN111970578A (en) | 2020-11-20 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| EP3657787A1 (en) | Video quality assessment method and apparatus | |
| US8428301B2 (en) | Content identification and quality monitoring | |
| US9504042B2 (en) | System and method for encoding and decoding of data with channel polarization mechanism | |
| US20130254611A1 (en) | Recovering data in multimedia file segments | |
| US10306239B2 (en) | Methods, source device, target device and analyser for managing video coding | |
| CN111628847A (en) | Data transmission method and device | |
| US8774413B2 (en) | Method and apparatus for processing entitlement control message packets | |
| US8612819B2 (en) | Systems, methods, and media for checking available bandwidth using forward error correction | |
| US8194758B2 (en) | Image receiving apparatus and control method of image receiving apparatus | |
| EP1261184A1 (en) | Method and device for error correction in the static header information of a received packet | |
| US8873590B2 (en) | Apparatus and method for correcting jitter | |
| CN111970578B (en) | Method and device for repairing audio and video data transmission | |
| US20170054639A1 (en) | Method of processing a data packet relating to a service | |
| JP3621038B2 (en) | Digital video coding method and apparatus | |
| CN110198427B (en) | Video call method and device | |
| US20010005399A1 (en) | Device, method and record medium for video decoding capable of conducting error detection process and concealment process effectively | |
| US20210050867A1 (en) | Transmitting apparatus and method for controlling the transmitting apparatus | |
| US9484040B2 (en) | Audio decoding method and associated apparatus | |
| US7702994B2 (en) | Method of determining a corruption indication of a sequence of encoded data frames | |
| US20230388590A1 (en) | Playback optimization method and system | |
| CN115314054A (en) | Polar code decoding method, apparatus, communication device and storage medium | |
| US20060251176A1 (en) | Media-encoded data transmission method, apparatus and program | |
| CN116506697A (en) | Video stream packet loss method, device and storage medium | |
| US20200145470A1 (en) | Method and apparatus for playing media file | |
| CN110248257B (en) | Data transmission method, device, network access equipment and storage medium |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| TA01 | Transfer of patent application right | ||
| TA01 | Transfer of patent application right |
Effective date of registration: 20210304 Address after: Room 1702-03, Lantian Hesheng building, 32 Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100082 Applicant after: BEIJING CENTURY TAL EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY Co.,Ltd. Address before: 102200 a1-05-001 maker Plaza, 338 Huilongguan East Street, Changping District, Beijing Applicant before: BEIJING SANTICLOUD TECHNOLOGY Co.,Ltd. |
|
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |