CN111964619A - Temperature difference compensation method for measuring shaft parts by displacement sensor - Google Patents
Temperature difference compensation method for measuring shaft parts by displacement sensor Download PDFInfo
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- CN111964619A CN111964619A CN202010619662.2A CN202010619662A CN111964619A CN 111964619 A CN111964619 A CN 111964619A CN 202010619662 A CN202010619662 A CN 202010619662A CN 111964619 A CN111964619 A CN 111964619A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B21/00—Measuring arrangements or details thereof, where the measuring technique is not covered by the other groups of this subclass, unspecified or not relevant
- G01B21/02—Measuring arrangements or details thereof, where the measuring technique is not covered by the other groups of this subclass, unspecified or not relevant for measuring length, width, or thickness
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B21/00—Measuring arrangements or details thereof, where the measuring technique is not covered by the other groups of this subclass, unspecified or not relevant
- G01B21/02—Measuring arrangements or details thereof, where the measuring technique is not covered by the other groups of this subclass, unspecified or not relevant for measuring length, width, or thickness
- G01B21/04—Measuring arrangements or details thereof, where the measuring technique is not covered by the other groups of this subclass, unspecified or not relevant for measuring length, width, or thickness by measuring coordinates of points
- G01B21/042—Calibration or calibration artifacts
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Abstract
The invention provides a temperature difference compensation method for measuring shaft parts by a displacement sensor, which comprises the steps of measuring the radial length of the shaft parts by a comparative measurement method, carrying out zero calibration on a calibration part, and deducing an ideal expression of the radial length of the measured part; the displacement sensor contacts the calibration piece with a certain pretightening force, and a temperature reduction experiment of 100 ℃ to 0 ℃ is carried out on the displacement sensor to obtain a relational expression of the measurement deviation and the temperature of the displacement sensor; and finally, performing temperature compensation on the calibration piece and the part to be measured to obtain compensation values of the calibration piece and the part to be measured at different temperatures, so as to deduce an actual radial length expression of the shaft part. The method fully considers the temperature characteristics of the displacement sensor during measurement and the influence of the temperature on the radial length of the calibration piece and the measured shaft part, carries out quantitative analysis on the influence of theoretical derivation and an experimental simulation method on the temperature, provides a corresponding compensation method, and improves the measurement precision.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of measurement of shaft parts, in particular to a temperature difference compensation method for measuring shaft parts by a displacement sensor.
Background
The automobile manufacturing industry can produce tens of thousands of shaft parts every year, the measurement task is heavy, the offline measurement efficiency is low, and the shaft parts can only be subjected to spot inspection in a measuring room. The measurement is the 'eye' of manufacture, and to guarantee the part quality, must realize the full inspection, and online measurement is an effective solution to realize the full inspection of part. The criterion for judging whether the form and position errors of the shaft parts are qualified or not when the shaft parts leave a factory is the size of the measured value of each parameter of the shaft parts at the standard temperature of 20 ℃. The environment where the shaft parts are located during measurement is a workshop environment, the workshop temperature is influenced by factors such as seasonal changes, day and night replacement and weather, so that the constant temperature cannot be guaranteed, and even if certain constant temperature measures are taken, the workshop temperature cannot achieve the effect of global constant temperature.
In the measuring process of the shaft, the shaft expands and contracts due to the temperature change before and after measurement, and the measuring precision of the sensor is affected, so that a great error is brought to a measuring result, and therefore the temperature compensation for measurement needs to be realized by carrying out error analysis and optimization on the sensor and the shaft.
The temperature compensation of the sensor can be realized by adopting a compensation circuit, and the temperature compensation can be divided into three types of analog compensation, digital compensation and microprocessor compensation. The analog compensation is to use the oscillator circuit composed of the thermistor to compensate the temperature, but the thermistor has high precision requirement and high power consumption. The digital compensation comprises two parts of obtaining a compensation value and adjusting frequency, and the digital compensation crystal oscillator is superior to a common analog temperature compensation crystal oscillator, but can introduce phase jitter, and the jitter needs to be eliminated through a PLL. The microprocessor can be regarded as a digital compensation type, but is more flexible, and can obviously improve the compensation precision, but the cost is increased correspondingly.
The temperature compensation of the displacement sensor can also adopt a two-dimensional calibration method, the displacement sensor is taken as a main part, the temperature sensor is taken as an auxiliary part, input and output data are measured at different temperatures, then a global optimization is carried out on the parameters of GA-WNN by a PSO-LSSVM algorithm or a GA-WNN model is established, and the model is subjected to a genetic algorithm, so that the zero temperature coefficient and the sensitivity temperature coefficient are improved, and the temperature compensation of the sensor is realized. However, the technology only reduces the influence of temperature on the sensor to a certain extent, and changes of the shaft geometric parameters caused by temperature changes are not considered.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a temperature compensation method for measuring shaft parts by a displacement sensor, aiming at the problems of the existing temperature compensation technology for measuring shaft parts, which fully considers the influence of temperature on the displacement sensor, a calibration part and a measured part during measurement, carries out quantitative analysis on the influence of theoretical derivation and an experimental simulation method on the temperature, and provides a corresponding compensation method, thereby ensuring higher measurement precision. The temperature compensation process of the present invention is shown in fig. 1.
The invention adopts the following specific technical scheme:
step 1: the radius of the calibration piece measured under ideal conditions can be expressed as follows;
R0＝d0+C (1)
where C is the original distance between the probe and the center of the journal in the undetected state, and d0The displacement of the measuring head when the main journal is calibrated.
When an actual workpiece is measured, if the actual displacement of the measuring head is set as d, the actual radial length of the journal at the moment is as follows:
R＝d+C (2)
the formulas (1) and (2) are arranged as follows:
R＝d-d0+R0＝Δd+R0 (3)
step 2: performing a cooling experiment of the displacement sensor to compensate the temperature characteristic of the displacement sensor;
the experiment was carried out in a calibrated measuring chamber at 20 ℃ with a sensor temperature varying in the range 0-100 ℃. It is assumed that the sensor is capable of operating in this temperature range and that the calibrant surface temperature is always 20 ℃.
Displacement ofThe sensor contacts the calibration piece with a certain pretightening force, the temperature of the sensor is independently increased to 100 ℃ and naturally cooled, and the reading of the sensor is recorded when the temperature is reduced by 5 ℃. Data X obtained at 20 deg.C0For reference, all recorded readings are calculated with X0The difference, is recorded as Deltax1、Δx2…Δx20And (3) drawing a scatter diagram by taking the temperature T as an abscissa and the deviation data delta x as an ordinate, and performing curve fitting by using an MATLAB tool to obtain a relation function of the delta x and the T as follows:
Δx＝f(T) (4)
further, according to different structures of the displacement sensor, a conversion relationship between the deviation data Δ x and the measuring head deviation value may need to be considered.
And step 3: temperature compensation of the calibration piece and the shaft part;
the changes of the calibration piece and the measured axial-radial vector are in linear relation with the temperature. Three temperatures are involved in the online measurement temperature compensation of the shaft parts, the calibration temperature is 20 ℃, the environmental temperature when equipment is used for calibration is T, the temperature of a workpiece is T1, and the thermal expansion coefficient of the workpiece is set to be alpha1The coefficient of thermal expansion of the alignment member being α2。
In the measuring process, the zero position of the measuring head needs to be recalibrated regularly and regularly, the calibrating part is at a non-calibrating temperature (20 ℃) at the moment, radial expansion or contraction occurs, and compensation values are as follows:
Δcalibration piece＝(T-20)×α2×L (5)
Wherein L is the radial length of the calibration piece at a standard temperature of 20 DEG C
In the on-line measurement, the measured shaft part is not at the standard temperature during measurement, and the compensation value of the current temperature shaft part is as follows:
Δshaft＝(T1-20)×α1×L (6)
Wherein L is the radial length of the shaft part at the standard temperature of 20 DEG C
The temperature compensation quantity of the whole of the calibration part and the shaft part is as follows:
Δ＝Δcalibration piece-ΔShaft＝L×((T-20)×α2-(T1-20)×α1)
(7)
Further, all temperature compensation quantities during the measurement of the shaft parts are substituted into formula 1 to obtain the following formula:
R0+Δ＝C+d0-Δx (8)
further, taking equation 9 into equation 2 yields the following actual radial length of the journal:
R＝Δ+Δx+d-d0+R0＝Δ+Δx+Δd+R0 (9)
in summary, due to the adoption of the technical scheme, the beneficial effects are as follows:
the invention does not need extra hardware circuit compensation, and only needs to carry out temperature characteristic compensation experiment on the used displacement sensor in advance, thereby improving the influence of temperature on the measurement performance of the displacement sensor. On the basis, the technical scheme can be directly applied to production line conditions, because the influence of the room temperature of the production environment on the calibration part and the shaft part is fully considered, and compensation formulas at different temperatures are given. The invention hardly increases the cost, and the compensation effect is very obvious.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a temperature compensation scheme for measuring shaft parts by using a displacement sensor;
FIG. 2 is a cross section of a crankshaft being tested;
FIG. 3 is a view of a measurement calibration piece;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of LVDT structure and displacement reduction.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific examples performed by the inventor according to the technical solutions provided by the present invention, but the present invention is not limited by the examples, and all methods and variations similar thereto that use the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 2, the practical application of the present invention is shown by using a monolithic flexible gauge LVDT sensor to measure the main journal of the crankshaft, which comprises the following steps:
1. measuring the main journal under ideal conditions;
before the measurement by the comparison method, calibration measurement needs to be performed on a calibration part to obtain a displacement zero point, the structure of the calibration part is shown in fig. 3, wherein an LVDT probe is over against the center of a main journal, and R is0The radius is calibrated for the main journal.
Setting the original distance between the measuring head and the center of the journal in an undetected state as C, and the displacement of the measuring head when the main journal is calibrated as d0Then at this time have
R0＝d0+C (1)
When an actual workpiece is measured, if the actual displacement of the measuring head is d, the actual radius length of the shaft neck at the moment is R ═ d + C (2)
R＝d-d0+R0＝Δd+R0 (3)
The method comprises the steps of measuring shaft parts by adopting a comparison method, calculating by utilizing a radius value of a calibration piece and a displacement difference value of a measuring head to obtain a radial length value of a measured crankshaft, wherein an indicating value of the calibration piece is a numerical value measured by a measuring instrument in a measurement calibration environment, and according to the temperature characteristics of materials of the calibration piece, the temperature can be influenced in a workshop environment, and a sensor can be influenced by the temperature, so that a measurement error is caused. The temperature compensation method for the sensor and the workpiece material will be presented below.
2. Compensating the temperature characteristic of the single-chip flexible gauge type LVDT displacement sensor;
the structure and displacement reduction principle of the monolithic flexible gauge type LVDT displacement sensor are shown in FIG. 4.
The temperature compensation experiments were carried out in a calibrated measuring cell at room temperature of 20 c, which was considered to be a temperature variation range of 0-100 c, since the production lines are mostly operated at 0-100 c.
Assuming the conditions:
the LVDT sensor is not damaged by temperature change and has accurate measurement result at 20 ℃.
② the surface temperature of the calibration piece is always maintained at 20 ℃.
The experimental steps are as follows:
firstly, a measuring head of the LVDT sensor contacts a calibration piece with a certain pretightening force, the temperature of the single-chip flexible gauge type LVDT displacement sensor is independently raised to 100 ℃, and the sensor is waited for natural cooling.
A total of 20 data were obtained by recording the sensor readings every 5 deg.c drop starting at 100 deg.c.
Recording the data obtained at 20 ℃ as X0With X0For reference, all 20 data values in total and X are calculated0The difference between the values of (1) to obtain 20 new sets of deviation data, which are marked as Deltax1、Δx2…Δx20。
And (3) drawing a scatter diagram by taking the temperature T as an abscissa and the deviation data delta x as an ordinate, and performing curve fitting by using an MATLAB tool to obtain a relation function of the delta x and the T:
Δx＝f(T) (4)
since the LVDT sensor displacement is linear with the lateral head displacement (see fig. 4), the actual displacement deviation of the probe is:
3. temperature compensation of the calibration piece and the piece to be measured;
the changes of the calibration piece and the measured crankshaft radial vector are in a linear relation with the temperature, and the correction coefficient is obtained by measuring and compensating under three different temperature environments, namely the calibration laboratory temperature (20 ℃), the environment temperature when equipment is calibrated and the actual measurement temperature, so that the influence of the temperature change on the detection result is effectively reduced.
Three temperatures are involved in online measurement temperature compensation of the main journal of the crankshaft, the temperature of a calibration laboratory is 20 ℃, the ambient temperature when equipment is used for calibration is T, and the temperature of the crankshaft is T1Let the coefficient of thermal expansion of the workpiece be alpha1The coefficient of thermal expansion of the alignment member being α2。
In the measuring process, the zero position of the measuring head needs to be recalibrated regularly and regularly, the calibrating part is at a non-calibrating temperature (20 ℃) at the moment, radial expansion or contraction occurs, and the compensation value is as follows:
Δcalibration piece＝(T-20)×α2×L (6)
The main journal of the crankshaft is still in a non-standard temperature state during measurement in the online measurement, and the diameter of the journal at the current temperature and the diameter of the journal at 20 ℃ need to be compensated by the following values:
Δmain journal＝(T1-20)×α1×L (7)
Depending on the metallic nature of the crankshaft material, expansion occurs at high temperatures, so a compensation value needs to be subtracted from the measurement. When the zero position is measured in the calibration mode, the initial displacement of the measuring head is increased when the calibration piece expands, and the compensation value of delta calibration is added less when the crankshaft is measured. Therefore, the overall temperature compensation amount is:
Δ＝Δcalibration piece-ΔMain journal＝L×((T-20)×α2-(T1-20)×α1) (8)
4. Integral temperature compensation of crankshaft measurements;
the influence of temperature on the sensor and the workpiece is comprehensively considered, and when the crankshaft main journal is measured on a production line:
R0+Δ＝C+d0-ΔX (9)
wherein R is0Is the radius of the calibration piece, Δ is the overall temperature compensation, C is the original distance between the probe and the center of the journal in the test state, d0Is the displacement of the feeler when calibrating the crankshaft, Δ X is the actual deviation of the LVDT sensor feeler.
Substituting formula (9) into formula (2) may result:
R＝Δ+ΔX+d-d0+R0＝Δ+ΔX+Δd+R0 (10)
the obtained R is the real radius of the main journal, and the purpose of accurately measuring the main journal of the crankshaft is achieved.
Claims (4)
1. A temperature difference compensation method for measuring shaft parts by a displacement sensor is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1: representing the desired radial length of the journal;
the radius of the calibration piece measured under ideal conditions is expressed as follows:
R0＝d0+C (1)
wherein, C is the original distance between the measuring head and the center of the journal in the undetected state, and d0 is the displacement of the measuring head when the main journal is calibrated;
when an actual workpiece is measured, if the actual displacement of the measuring head is set as d, the actual radial length of the journal at the moment is as follows:
R＝d+C (2)
the formulas (1) and (2) are arranged as follows:
R＝d-d0+R0＝Δd+R0(3) step 2: carrying out a cooling experiment on the displacement sensor and compensating the temperature characteristic of the displacement sensor;
the displacement sensor contacts the calibration piece with a certain pretightening force, the temperature of the sensor is independently reduced from 100 ℃ to 0 ℃, and the reading of the sensor is recorded when the temperature is reduced by 5 ℃; data X obtained at 20 deg.C0For reference, all recorded readings are calculated with X0The difference, is recorded as Deltax1、Δx2...Δx20And (3) drawing a scatter diagram by taking the temperature T as an abscissa and the deviation data delta x as an ordinate, and performing curve fitting by using an MATLAB tool to obtain a relation function of the delta x and the T as follows:
Δx＝f(T) (4)
and step 3: temperature compensation of the calibration piece and the shaft part;
the changes of the calibration piece and the measured axial-radial vector are in linear relation with the temperature, and the temperature of the calibration metering chamber is 20 ℃; in the measuring process, the zero position of the measuring head needs to be recalibrated regularly and regularly, the calibrating part is at the non-calibrating temperature of 20 ℃, radial expansion or contraction occurs, and the compensation value is as follows:
Δcalibration piece＝(T-20)×α2×L (5)
Wherein L is the radial length of the calibration piece at the standard temperature of 20 ℃, and T is the ambient temperature when the equipment is calibrated; alpha is alpha2Is the coefficient of thermal expansion of the alignment member;
in the on-line measurement, the measured shaft part is not at the standard temperature during measurement, and the compensation value of the current temperature shaft part is as follows:
Δshaft＝(Ti-20)×α1×L (6)
Wherein L is the radial length of the shaft part at the standard temperature of 20 ℃, and T is1Workpiece temperature, alpha, at which the apparatus is calibrated1Is the thermal expansion coefficient of the workpiece;
the temperature compensation quantity of the whole of the calibration part and the shaft part is as follows:
Δ＝Δcalibration piece-ΔShaft＝L×((T-20)×α2-(T1-20)×α1) (7)
Substituting all temperature compensation quantities into formula (1) when measuring shaft parts, arranging as follows:
R0+Δ＝C+d0-Δx (8)
the actual radial length of the journal obtained by arranging formulas (2) and (9) is as follows:
R＝Δ+Δx+d-d0+R0＝Δ+Δx+Δd+R0 (9)
2. the temperature difference compensation method for the shaft parts measured by the displacement sensor according to claim 1, wherein in the step 2, the temperature reduction experiment is carried out on the sensor separately, and the obtained discrete points are fitted to obtain a functional relation between the displacement deviation and the temperature.
3. The functional relationship between displacement deviation and temperature according to claim 2, wherein the conversion relationship between the displacement sensor deviation data Δ x and the gauge head deviation value needs to be considered according to different displacement sensor structures.
4. The method for compensating the temperature difference of the displacement sensor measuring shaft parts according to claim 1, wherein the step 3 introduces the thermal expansion coefficient of the material for temperature compensation, and the materials of the calibration piece and the workpiece are not necessarily consistent.
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Cited By (3)
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| CN114353653A (en) * | 2021-12-17 | 2022-04-15 | 华能核能技术研究院有限公司 | Method for measuring axial displacement of high-temperature gas cooled reactor nuclear turbine |
| CN115950637A (en) * | 2023-03-09 | 2023-04-11 | 中国航发四川燃气涡轮研究院 | High altitude platform thrust measurement frock based on temperature compensation pole |
| CN116124081A (en) * | 2023-04-18 | 2023-05-16 | 菲特（天津）检测技术有限公司 | Non-contact workpiece detection method and device, electronic equipment and medium |
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