CN111940442A - Instrument cleaning and sterilizing device for large internal medicine - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a cleaning and disinfecting device for appliances for large internal medicine, which comprises a lower shell and an upper shell, wherein a mounting groove is formed in the rear side of the lower shell, a groove matched with the mounting groove is formed in the rear side of the upper shell, the bottom of an inner cavity of the mounting groove is fixedly connected with a first electric lifting rod, a connecting mechanism is arranged at the output end of the first electric lifting rod, and a disinfectant spraying structure and a cleaning solution spraying structure are respectively arranged on the left side and the right side of the lower shell. According to the invention, the tubular appliance is placed at the top of the supporting structure, the upper shell is closed, the first electric lifting rod is opened, the upper shell moves downwards until the upper shell is contacted with the lower shell, the disinfectant spraying structure firstly sprays the disinfectant to disinfect the tubular appliance, the cleaning structure cleans the inner cavity of the tubular appliance, then the cleaning agent spraying structure sprays the cleaning agent, and the cleaning structure cleans the tubular appliance for the second time.

Description

A cleaning and disinfection device for large internal medicine instruments

technical field

The invention relates to the technical field of internal medicine, in particular to a device for cleaning and disinfecting large internal medicine instruments.

Background technique

Internal medicine includes subspecialties classified according to different organ systems: Cardiology, Respiratory Medicine, Hepatobiliary Gastroenterology, Nephrology, Hematology, Oncology, Endocrinology, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Neurology, Pediatrics , neurology, geriatrics, etc., but the classification of sub-specialties may vary from place to place and even hospitals It also includes dermatology, ophthalmology, psychiatry, rehabilitation (rehabilitation), radiology, palliative care, environment and occupational diseases and other non-surgical treatment specialists, so internal medicine is also called major internal medicine. In essence, although both internal medicine and surgery belong to the category of medicine, even though they have so much in common, the nature of their work and the way of thinking of surgeons and surgeons are very different. Although a systematic discipline has its practicality, it has a complete set of theoretical systems. It studies the human body as an independent system, while surgery is more often required due to the intervention of human factors. Think of the human body as an open system.

Internal medicine is the core discipline in clinical medicine. The common diagnosis and treatment thinking of clinical medicine is concentrated in internal medicine; and in clinical practice, internal medicine diseases are also the most common, so there are relatively more patients in internal medicine. In order to understand the pathology of the patient, various instruments are needed to test the patient's tissue or secretions. These instruments need to be disinfected and cleaned before they can be used again. However, in the process of cleaning and disinfecting the instruments, especially the long neck Because it is difficult to reach into the human palm for cleaning, the effect of cleaning and disinfection is very poor, which is not conducive to the secondary use of medical staff, and greatly improves the labor intensity of medical staff. In this process, it is easy to cause secondary infection. , which brings a great hidden safety hazard. In order to solve the above problems, a cleaning and disinfection device for large internal medicine appliances is in urgent need of development.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The purpose of the present invention is to provide a cleaning and disinfection device for large internal medicine instruments, which has the advantages of good cleaning effect, and solves the problem that in the process of cleaning and disinfecting instruments, especially long-necked tubular instruments, it is difficult for the human palm to reach into the device. The effect of cleaning, cleaning and disinfection is very poor, which is not conducive to the secondary use of medical staff, and greatly improves the labor intensity of medical staff. In this process, it is easy to cause secondary infection, which brings great safety hazards.

In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention provides the following technical solutions: a device for cleaning and sterilizing large internal medicine appliances, comprising a lower casing and an upper casing, the rear side of the lower casing is provided with a mounting groove, and the upper casing is provided with a mounting groove. The rear side is provided with a groove matching with the installation groove, the bottom of the inner cavity of the installation groove is fixedly connected with an electric lifting rod 1, and the output end of the electric lifting rod 1 is provided with a connecting mechanism, and the lower shell is provided with a connecting mechanism. The left and right sides are respectively provided with a disinfectant spray structure and a cleaning liquid spray structure, the bottom of the left side of the lower shell is connected with a discharge pipe, the discharge pipe is located on the front side of the disinfectant spray structure, and the discharge pipe A valve is arranged on the surface of the lower shell, a support structure is arranged at the bottom of the inner cavity of the lower shell, and a cleaning structure is arranged at the top of the inner cavity of the upper shell.

Preferably, the connecting mechanism includes a connecting frame that is fixedly connected to the electric lifting rod, a connecting groove is formed on the top of the connecting frame, and a rotating block is rotatably connected to the inner cavity of the connecting groove. The side is fixedly connected with the upper casing.

Preferably, the disinfectant spray structure includes a disinfectant storage tank fixedly connected to the lower shell, a disinfectant inlet pipe is connected to the front side of the top of the disinfectant storage tank, and a back of the top of the disinfectant storage tank is connected to a disinfectant inlet pipe. A water pump 1 is fixedly connected to the side, the water inlet pipe of the water pump 1 penetrates to the bottom of the inner cavity of the disinfectant storage tank, and the water outlet pipe of the water pump 1 penetrates to the inner cavity of the lower shell and is connected with a sprinkler head 1.

Preferably, the cleaning liquid spray structure includes a cleaning liquid storage tank fixedly connected with the lower shell, a cleaning liquid inlet pipe is connected to the front side of the top of the cleaning liquid storage tank, and a rear part of the top of the cleaning liquid storage tank is connected with a cleaning liquid inlet pipe. A water pump 2 is fixedly connected to the side, the water inlet pipe of the water pump 2 penetrates to the bottom of the inner cavity of the cleaning liquid storage tank, and the water outlet pipe of the water pump 2 penetrates to the inner cavity of the lower shell and communicates with the sprinkler head 2.

Preferably, the support structure includes a fixed plate located in the inner cavity of the lower casing, a support column is fixedly connected to the center of the bottom of the fixed plate, the bottom of the support column is fixedly connected to the lower casing, and the top of the fixed plate is fixedly connected. A number of equidistant annularly distributed placement seats are arranged throughout, and the placement seats are fixedly connected to the fixing plate by bolts.

Preferably, the cleaning structure includes an installation plate located in the inner cavity of the upper casing, a connection column is fixedly connected to the center of the top of the installation plate, the top of the connection column is fixedly connected to the upper casing, and the connection column is The top is provided with a plurality of motors distributed annularly at equal intervals, the output shaft of the motor is provided with a telescopic structure, and the bottom of the telescopic structure is provided with a cleaning head.

Preferably, the telescopic structure includes a telescopic tube fixedly connected to the motor, the top of the inner cavity of the telescopic tube is fixedly connected with the second electric telescopic rod, and the output end of the second electric telescopic rod is fixedly connected with a movable plate, the movable plate A telescopic rod is fixedly connected to the bottom of the plate, and the bottom of the telescopic rod penetrates to the top of the telescopic tube and is fixedly connected with the cleaning head.

Preferably, limit slots are provided on both sides of the inner cavity of the telescopic tube, the inner cavity of the limit slot is movably connected to a limit block, and one side of the limit block is fixedly connected to the movable plate.

Preferably, a handle is fixedly connected to the front surface of the upper casing, and the surface of the handle is smooth.

Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows:

1. In the present invention, the tubular utensil is placed on the top of the support structure, the upper casing is closed, the electric lifting rod is opened, and the upper casing is moved downward until it is in contact with the lower casing, and the disinfectant spray structure is sprayed and disinfected first. The cleaning structure cleans the inner cavity of the tubular device, and then the cleaning liquid spray structure sprays the cleaning agent, and the cleaning structure performs secondary cleaning on the tubular device. The advantage of good effect is that in the process of cleaning and sterilizing tubular instruments, the whole process is basically automated, which greatly reduces the work intensity of medical staff. Users do not need to directly contact the tubular instruments, which eliminates the possibility of secondary infection and ensures The personal safety of medical staff is convenient for users to use, and the cleaning effect is good. It can go deep into the depths of the tubular instruments to clean the inner cavity. At the same time, the cleaning efficiency is very high, which meets the daily needs of cleaning and disinfection of large medical instruments. In the process of cleaning and sterilizing the instruments, especially the long-necked tubular instruments, because it is difficult for the human palm to reach for cleaning, the cleaning and disinfection effect is very poor, which is not conducive to the secondary use of medical staff, and greatly improves the medical staff's experience. The labor intensity is also easy to cause secondary infection in this process, which brings great security risks.

2. The present invention plays the role of connection and transmission through the setting of the connecting mechanism, and at the same time plays the role of limiting the upper casing, so that the upper casing can only rotate no more than 90 degrees. , plays the role of spraying the disinfectant into the inner cavity of the lower shell, and through the setting of the cleaning liquid spraying structure, plays the role of spraying the cleaning agent into the inner cavity of the lower shell, and through the setting of the supporting structure, plays a role in preventing the tubular The function of placing the appliance, the groove-type design greatly improves the stability of the tubular container when it is placed. Through the setting of the cleaning structure, it plays the role of cleaning the inner cavity of the tubular container. The lifting and lowering function of the cleaning head increases the contact area between the user's palm and the upper casing through the arrangement of the handle, which facilitates the user to turn the upper casing.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is the structural representation of the present invention;

Fig. 2 is the rear perspective schematic diagram of the present invention;

Fig. 3 is the three-dimensional schematic diagram of the open state of the present invention;

Fig. 4 is the three-dimensional schematic diagram of the cleaning structure of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a three-dimensional schematic diagram of the support structure of the present invention;

Figure 6 is a schematic perspective view of the connection structure of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a bottom perspective schematic diagram of the connection structure of the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a front sectional view of the telescopic structure of the present invention.

In the figure: 1. Lower shell; 2. Installation slot; 3. Electric lift rod 1; 4. Connecting mechanism; 41. Connecting frame; 42. Connecting slot; 43. Rotating block; 5. Upper shell; 6. Disinfection Liquid spraying structure; 61. Disinfectant storage tank; 62. Disinfectant inlet pipe; 63. Water pump one; 64. Spray head one; 7. Cleaning liquid spray structure; 71. Cleaning liquid storage tank; 72. Cleaning liquid Inlet pipe; 73, water pump 2; 74, sprinkler head 2; 8, discharge pipe; 9, valve; 10, support structure; 101, fixed plate; 102, support column; 103, placement seat; 11, cleaning structure; 111 , mounting plate; 112, connecting column; 113, motor; 114, telescopic structure; 1141, telescopic tube; 1142, electric telescopic rod two; 1143, movable plate; 1144, telescopic rod; 1145, limit slot; 1146, limit block; 115, cleaning head; 12, handle.

Detailed ways

The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, but not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

1-8, the present invention provides a technical solution: a cleaning and disinfection device for large internal medicine, including a lower casing 1 and an upper casing 5, the front surface of the upper casing 5 is fixedly connected with a handle 12, the handle The surface of the handle 12 is smooth. The setting of the handle 12 increases the contact area between the user's palm and the upper casing 5, which facilitates the user to turn the upper casing 5. The rear side of the lower casing 1 is provided with a mounting groove 2. , the rear side of the upper casing 5 is provided with a groove matching the installation groove 2, the bottom of the inner cavity of the installation groove 2 is fixedly connected with an electric lifting rod 1 3, and the output end of the electric lifting rod 1 is provided with a connecting mechanism 4 , the connecting mechanism 4 includes a connecting frame 41 that is fixedly connected with the electric lifting rod 1 3. The top of the connecting frame 41 is provided with a connecting groove 42, and the inner cavity of the connecting groove 42 is rotatably connected with a rotating block 43. One side of the rotating block 43 is connected to the The upper shell 5 is fixedly connected, and through the setting of the connecting mechanism 4, it plays the role of connection and transmission, and at the same time, it plays a role in limiting the position of the upper shell 5, so that the upper shell 5 can only rotate no more than 90 degrees, and the lower shell 5 can only be rotated. The left and right sides of the body 1 are respectively provided with a disinfectant spray structure 6 and a cleaning liquid spray structure 7. The disinfectant spray structure 6 includes a disinfectant storage tank 61 that is fixedly connected to the lower housing 1. The disinfectant storage tank 61 The front side of the top is connected with a disinfectant inlet pipe 62, the rear side of the top of the disinfectant storage tank 61 is fixedly connected with a water pump 1 63, and the water inlet pipe of The water outlet pipe runs through the inner cavity of the lower casing 1 and is connected with a spray head 64. The setting of the disinfectant spray structure 6 plays the role of spraying the disinfectant into the inner cavity of the lower casing 1, and the cleaning liquid sprays The shower structure 7 includes a cleaning liquid storage tank 71 fixedly connected with the lower casing 1. The front side of the top of the cleaning liquid storage tank 71 is connected with a cleaning liquid inlet pipe 72, and the rear side of the top of the cleaning liquid storage tank 71 is fixedly connected with a water pump two. 73. The water inlet pipe of the second water pump 73 penetrates to the bottom of the inner cavity of the cleaning liquid storage tank 71, and the water outlet pipe of the second water pump 73 penetrates to the inner cavity of the lower shell 1 and is connected with the spray head 2 74, through the cleaning liquid spray structure The setting of 7 plays the role of spraying the cleaning agent into the inner cavity of the lower shell 1. The bottom of the left side of the lower shell 1 is connected with a discharge pipe 8, and the discharge pipe 8 is located on the front side of the disinfectant spray structure 6, and discharges The surface of the tube 8 is provided with a valve 9, and the bottom of the inner cavity of the lower shell 1 is provided with a support structure 10. The support structure 10 includes a fixed plate 101 located in the inner cavity of the lower shell 1. The center of the bottom of the fixed plate 101 is fixedly connected with a The support column 102, the bottom of the support column 102 is fixedly connected with the lower casing 1, the top of the fixed plate 101 is provided with a plurality of equidistant annularly distributed placement seats 103, the placement seats 103 are fixedly connected to the fixed plate 101 by bolts, through the support structure 10 The setting plays a role in placing the tubular utensils. The groove-type design greatly improves the stability of the tubular container when it is placed. The top of the inner cavity of the upper shell 5 is provided with a cleaning structure 11. The cleaning structure 11 includes a The mounting plate 111 in the inner cavity of the upper shell 5, the center of the top of the mounting plate 111 A connecting column 112 is fixedly connected at the place, and the top of the connecting column 112 is fixedly connected with the upper casing 5. The top of the connecting column 112 is provided with a plurality of motors 113 distributed at equal intervals in a ring shape, and the output shaft of the motor 113 is provided with a telescopic structure 114, The bottom of the structure 114 is provided with a cleaning head 115. The setting of the cleaning structure 11 plays a role in cleaning the inner cavity of the tubular container. The telescopic structure 114 includes a telescopic tube 1141 that is fixedly connected with the motor 113. The top is fixedly connected with the second electric telescopic rod 1142, the output end of the second electric telescopic rod 1142 is fixedly connected with a movable plate 1143, the bottom of the movable plate 1143 is fixedly connected with a telescopic rod 1144, and the bottom of the telescopic rod 1144 penetrates to the top of the telescopic tube 1141 and is It is fixedly connected with the cleaning head 115. The setting of the telescopic structure 114 plays a role in driving the cleaning head 115 to rise and fall. Limiting slots 1145 are provided on both sides of the inner cavity of the telescopic tube 1141, and the inner cavity of the limiting slot 1145 has limited movable connection. For the position block 1146 , one side of the limit block 1146 is fixedly connected with the movable plate 1143 .

Working principle: when the present invention is used, the user opens the electric lift rod 1 3 by holding the handle 12, the output end of the electric lift rod 1 3 drives the connecting frame 41 to move upward, the connecting frame 41 drives the rotating block 43 to move, and the rotating block 43 Drive the upper casing 5 to move upward until it is out of contact with the lower casing 1. At this time, turn the upper casing 5 with one hand, place the tubular instrument in the inner cavity of the placing seat 103, and close the upper casing 5. , the first water pump 63 starts to start, and the disinfectant in the inner cavity of the disinfectant storage tank 61 is sprayed into the inner cavity of the lower casing 1. After the spraying is completed, the motor 113 and the electric telescopic rod 2 1142 are started, and the motor 113 drives the telescopic structure 114. Rotate with the cleaning head 115, the electric telescopic rod 2 1142 drives the cleaning head 115 to lift through the movable plate 1143 and the telescopic rod 1144, and the inner cavity of the tubular appliance is rotated while being lifted and lowered, and the inner cavity of the tubular appliance is cleaned and cleaned. After completion, the second water pump 73 starts to work, and the cleaning liquid in the inner cavity of the cleaning liquid storage tank 71 is sprayed into the inner cavity of the lower casing 1. After the spraying is completed, the motor 113 and the electric telescopic rod 2 1142 are started, and the motor 113 drives the expansion and contraction. The structure 114 and the cleaning head 115 rotate, the electric telescopic rod 2 1142 drives the cleaning head 115 to move up and down through the movable plate 1143 and the telescopic rod 1144, and the inner cavity of the tubular utensil is rotated and raised and lowered, and the inner cavity of the tubular utensil is moved twice. After cleaning the first time, after the cleaning is completed, the electric lifting rod 1 3 restarts, and finally drives the upper casing 5 to move upward for a certain distance, and then flips the upper casing 5. After the tubular container is taken out, the water is passed, and it can be dried. For secondary use, the excess liquid is discharged into the inner cavity of the lower casing 1 through the discharge pipe 8 and the valve 9 .

To sum up, in this large internal medicine appliance cleaning and disinfection device, the tubular appliance is placed on the top of the support structure 10, the upper casing 5 is closed, the electric lifting rod 1 is opened, and the upper casing 5 is moved downward until In contact with the lower casing 1, the disinfectant spray structure 6 sprays disinfectant first to disinfect the tubular device, the cleaning structure 11 cleans the inner cavity of the tubular device, and then the cleaning solution spray structure 7 sprays the cleaning agent, cleaning the structure 11. Perform secondary cleaning of tubular instruments. This large internal medicine instrument cleaning and disinfection device has the advantage of good cleaning effect. In the process of cleaning and disinfecting tubular instruments, the whole process is basically automated, which greatly reduces the work intensity of medical staff. The user does not need to be in direct contact with the tubular device, which eliminates the possibility of secondary infection, ensures the personal safety of medical staff, facilitates the use of the user, and has a good cleaning effect. At the same time, the cleaning efficiency is very high, which meets the daily needs of cleaning and disinfection of large internal medicine instruments, and solves the problem that in the process of cleaning and disinfecting instruments, especially long-necked tubular instruments, it is difficult to reach into the human palm for cleaning, cleaning and disinfection. The effect is very poor, which is not conducive to the secondary use of medical staff, and greatly improves the labor intensity of medical staff. In this process, it is easy to cause secondary infection, which brings great safety hazards.

It should be noted that, in this document, relational terms such as first and second are only used to distinguish one entity or operation from another entity or operation, and do not necessarily require or imply any relationship between these entities or operations. any such actual relationship or sequence exists. Moreover, the terms "comprising", "comprising" or any other variation thereof are intended to encompass a non-exclusive inclusion such that a process, method, article or device that includes a list of elements includes not only those elements, but also includes not explicitly listed or other elements inherent to such a process, method, article or apparatus.

The electrical components appearing in this article are all connected with the external main controller and 220V mains, and the main controller can be a conventional known device controlled by a computer or the like.

Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, and substitutions can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principle and spirit of the invention and modifications, the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims (9)

1. A device for cleaning and disinfecting a large internal medicine appliance, comprising a lower casing (1) and an upper casing (5), characterized in that: the rear side of the lower casing (1) is provided with a mounting groove (2), The rear side of the upper casing (5) is provided with a groove matching with the installation groove (2), and the bottom of the inner cavity of the installation groove (2) is fixedly connected with an electric lifting rod one (3). The output end of the electric lift rod one (3) is provided with a connecting mechanism (4), and the left and right sides of the lower casing (1) are respectively provided with a disinfectant spray structure (6) and a cleaning liquid spray structure (7) , the bottom of the left side of the lower shell (1) is connected with a discharge pipe (8), the discharge pipe (8) is located on the front side of the disinfectant spray structure (6), and the surface of the discharge pipe (8) A valve (9) is provided, the bottom of the inner cavity of the lower shell (1) is provided with a support structure (10), and the top of the inner cavity of the upper shell (5) is provided with a cleaning structure (11). 2. A device for cleaning and disinfecting large internal medicine appliances according to claim 1, characterized in that: the connecting mechanism (4) comprises a connecting frame (41) fixedly connected with the electric lifting rod one (3), so that the The top of the connecting frame (41) is provided with a connecting groove (42), the inner cavity of the connecting groove (42) is rotatably connected with a rotating block (43), and one side of the rotating block (43) is connected to the upper casing (43). 5) Fixed connection. 3. The apparatus for cleaning and disinfecting large internal medicine appliances according to claim 1, wherein the disinfectant spray structure (6) comprises a disinfectant storage tank (6) that is fixedly connected to the lower casing (1). 61), a disinfectant inlet pipe (62) is communicated with the front side of the top of the disinfectant storage tank (61), and a water pump (63) is fixedly connected to the rear side of the top of the disinfectant storage tank (61). The water inlet pipe of the first water pump (63) penetrates to the bottom of the inner cavity of the disinfectant storage tank (61), and the water outlet pipe of the first water pump (63) penetrates to the inner cavity of the lower shell (1) and is connected with a sprinkler head 1 (64). 4. A device for cleaning and disinfecting large internal medicine appliances according to claim 1, characterized in that: the cleaning liquid spray structure (7) comprises a cleaning liquid storage tank ( 71), a cleaning liquid inlet pipe (72) is connected to the front side of the top of the cleaning liquid storage tank (71), and a water pump two (73) is fixedly connected to the rear side of the top of the cleaning liquid storage tank (71). The water inlet pipe of the second water pump (73) penetrates to the bottom of the inner cavity of the cleaning liquid storage tank (71), and the water outlet pipe of the second water pump (73) penetrates to the inner cavity of the lower casing (1) and communicates with the second spray head (74). 5. The apparatus for cleaning and disinfecting large internal medicine instruments according to claim 1, wherein the support structure (10) comprises a fixing plate (101) located in the inner cavity of the lower casing (1), and the A support column (102) is fixedly connected at the center of the bottom of the fixed plate (101), the bottom of the support column (102) is fixedly connected with the lower casing (1), and the top of the fixed plate (101) is provided with a plurality of etc. The placement seats (103) are distributed annularly at a distance, and the placement seats (103) are fixedly connected to the fixing plate (101) through bolts. 6 . The device for cleaning and disinfecting large internal medicine instruments according to claim 1 , wherein the cleaning structure ( 11 ) comprises a mounting plate ( 111 ) located in the inner cavity of the upper casing ( 5 ), and the A connecting column (112) is fixedly connected to the center of the top of the mounting plate (111), the top of the connecting column (112) is fixedly connected to the upper casing (5), and the top of the connecting column (112) is provided with several Motors (113) distributed annularly at equal intervals, an output shaft of the motor (113) is provided with a telescopic structure (114), and a cleaning head (115) is provided at the bottom of the telescopic structure (114). 7. The apparatus for cleaning and disinfecting large internal medicine appliances according to claim 6, wherein the telescopic structure (114) comprises a telescopic tube (1141) fixedly connected with the motor (113), and the telescopic tube (1141) is (1141) The top of the inner cavity is fixedly connected with the second electric telescopic rod (1142), the output end of the second electric telescopic rod (1142) is fixedly connected with a movable plate (1143), and the bottom of the movable plate (1143) is fixedly connected There is a telescopic rod (1144), and the bottom of the telescopic rod (1144) penetrates to the top of the telescopic tube (1141) and is fixedly connected with the cleaning head (115). 8 . The apparatus for cleaning and disinfecting large internal medicine appliances according to claim 7 , wherein limit slots ( 1145 ) are provided on both sides of the inner cavity of the telescopic tube ( 1141 ), and the limit slots ( 1145) is movably connected to a limiting block (1146), and one side of the limiting block (1146) is fixedly connected to the movable plate (1143). 9. A device for cleaning and disinfecting large internal medicine instruments according to claim 1, wherein a handle (12) is fixedly connected to the front surface of the upper casing (5), and the surface of the handle (12) is fixedly connected with a handle (12). smooth.

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