CN111907345B - 用于平衡电动车辆推进系统中的荷电状态的系统和方法 - Google Patents

用于平衡电动车辆推进系统中的荷电状态的系统和方法 Download PDF

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CN111907345B
CN111907345B CN202010365558.5A CN202010365558A CN111907345B CN 111907345 B CN111907345 B CN 111907345B CN 202010365558 A CN202010365558 A CN 202010365558A CN 111907345 B CN111907345 B CN 111907345B
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high voltage
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power
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CN111907345A (zh
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R·埃里克松
N·西迪罗普洛斯
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Volvo Car Corp
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Abstract

本发明涉及用于平衡电动车辆推进系统中的荷电状态的系统和方法。具体而言，本发明涉及用于电动车辆的推进系统(100)，该系统包括高压电池单元(102)和至少一个电源逆变器(105、106)，高压电池单元具有与第二高压电池(104)串联连接的第一高压电池(103)，使得高压电池单元的标称工作电压是第一高压电池(103)的电压和第二高压电池(104)的电压之和；至少一个电源逆变器(105、106)布置成将高压电池单元(102)和第一高压电池(103)连接到至少一个电机(107、108)；其中，电源逆变器配置为将由至少一个电机产生的能量分配给第一高压电池和第二高压电池以平衡第一高压电池和第二高压电池的荷电状态。本发明还涉及用于控制电动车辆的推进系统的方法。

Description

用于平衡电动车辆推进系统中的荷电状态的系统和方法
技术领域
本发明涉及用于平衡车辆的电推进系统中的荷电状态的系统和方法。
背景技术
电动车辆通常涉及具有存储能量的电池或电池单元的车辆，其中电池被设计为提供电力用于推进和加速车辆并且还用于向车辆中使用的电气系统提供电力。所存储的能量在驱动电动车辆时被消耗，因而电池需要通过连接到外部电源重新充电以补充所存储能量的水平。
由于现有充电基础设施具有不同性能的充电站，已经发现能够使用不同的充电电压(诸如400V和800V)对车辆充电是有利的。此外，存在用于在400V或800V操作的推进系统。
用于能够在400V和800V下充电的一个解决方案是为车辆配备双电池宝(dualbattery banks，本文也称双电池组)，其中电池宝(或称电池组)可以是串联布置的两个400V组，从而允许在400V和800V两者下充电。电池组通常包含电池元平衡电路(cell-balancing circuitry)，以确保电池内的电池元处于近似相同的荷电状态。然而，对于双电池宝系统，平衡两个电池宝之间的荷电状态也是重要的。
例如，如果连接到一个电池宝的负载比连接到另一个电池宝的负载消耗更多的电力，则可能发生电池组之间的不平衡。
在现有800V推进系统中，双向DC/DC转换器可用于与400V充电站兼容。DC/DC转换器还可用于在再生制动期间在电池宝之间平衡。
然而，仍然期望找到用于车辆电推进系统中的电池宝平衡的改进的解决方案。
发明内容
考虑到用于电动车辆的现有技术系统的上述性能，本发明的一个目的是提供一种用于电动车辆的改进的推进系统。
本文描述的推进系统包括高压电池单元，所述高压电池单元具有与第二高压电池串联连接的第一高压电池，使得所述高压电池单元的标称工作电压是所述第一高压电池的电压和所述第二高压电池的电压之和。所述第一高压电池的标称工作电压和所述第二高压电池的标称工作电压可以例如是400V，使得所述高压电池单元的标称工作电压是800V。
所述推进系统还包括至少一个电源逆变器(power inverter)，所述至少一个电源逆变器被布置成将所述高压电池单元和所述第一高压电池连接到至少一个电机。此外，所述电源逆变器被配置为将由所述至少一个电机生成的能量分配给所述第一高压电池和第二高压电池，以平衡所述第一高压电池和第二高压电池的荷电状态。
借助于所描述的推进系统的配置和电源逆变器的性能，可以在不使用DC/DC转换器的情况下实现电池组平衡。如将在以下描述中更详细地描述的，所描述的系统架构和功能可以使用电源逆变器和电机的不同配置的范围来实现，其中在下面的描述中将描述用于控制所述系统的系统和方法。
当研究所附的权利要求和以下描述时，本发明的其它特征和优点将变得明显。本领域技术人员认识到，在不脱离本发明的范围的情况下，可以组合本发明的不同特征以创建除下面描述的那些之外的实施例。
附图说明
现在将参照示出本发明的示例性实施例的附图更详细地描述本发明的这些和其它方面：
图1示意性地示出了根据本发明的一个实施例的推进系统；
图2示意性地示出了根据本发明的一个实施例的推进系统；
图3示意性地示出了根据本发明的一个实施例的推进系统；
图4示意性地示出了根据本发明的一个实施例的推进系统；
图5示意性地示出了根据本发明的一个实施例的推进系统；
图6示意性地示出了根据本发明的一个实施例的推进系统。
具体实施方式
现在将在下文中参照附图更全面地描述本发明，在附图中示出了本发明的目前优选实施例。然而，本发明可以以许多不同的形式来实施，并且不应当被解释为限于本文所阐述的实施例；相反，提供这些实施例是为了彻底性和完整性，并且将本发明的范围完全传达给技术人员。在全文中，相同的附图标记指代相同的要件。
图1示意性地示出了用于电动车辆的推进系统100。系统100包括高压电池单元102，高压电池电压102具有与第二高压电池104串联连接的第一高压电池103，使得高压电池单元102的工作电压是第一高压电池103的电压和第二高压电池104的电压之和。第一高压电池103和第二高压电池104也可被称为电池宝或电池组。
系统100还包括第一电源逆变器105和第二电源逆变器106，第一电源逆变器105和第二电源逆变器106布置成将包括第一高压电池103和第二高压电池104的高压电池单元102连接到第一电机107和第二电机108。第一电源逆变器105和第二电源逆变器106配置为将由第一电机107和第二电机108生成的能量分配给第一高压电池103和第二高压电池104，以平衡第一高压电池103和第二高压电池104的荷电状态。
在图1的示例性实施例中，推进系统100包括两个电源逆变器105、106和两个电机107、108，其中第一电机107可以连接到车辆的前轴并且第二电机108可以连接到车辆的后轴。
用于控制图1的推进系统100的方法因此包括控制所述电源逆变器105、106以将由第一电机107和第二电机108中任一个产生的能量分配给第一高压电池103和第二高压电池104以平衡第一高压电池103和第二高压电池104的荷电状态。因此，根据第一高压电池103和第二高压电池104的各自荷电状态来控制再生制动期间的能量分配。
在制动模式下，即在车辆的再生制动期间，逆变器电流和电压可以以在电机内产生负扭矩的方式进行控制。电池组103、104之间的平衡可以通过在前电动驱动系统中生成与后电驱动系统相比不同量的负扭矩来实现。
在驱动模式中，逆变器电流和电压可以以在电机内产生正扭矩的方式进行控制。电池组之间的平衡可以通过在前电驱动系统中产生与在后电驱动系统中相比不同量的正扭矩来实现。
在以下示例中，第一高压电池103和第二高压电池104的标称工作电压被取为400V。这意味着根据例如电池的荷电状态和其它工况，实际工作电压可以在任何给定时间点稍微高于或低于标称工作电压。因此，高压电池单元102的标称工作电压在这里是800V。
由于逆变器105、106的DC侧连接到第一高压电池103和高压电池单元102两者，因此可以控制逆变器105、106以根据需要来平衡电池组103、104。因此，逆变器105、106基于各自高压电池103、104的荷电状态来操作，使得当能量被电机107、108例如通过再生制动而回收时，可对具有最低荷电状态的电池组103、104进行充电。
图示的推进系统100进一步包括多个负载110、112、114，它们在此布置为由第一高压电池103供电。应当注意的是，同样地，这些负载也可以由第二高压电池104供电。通过将负载连接到400V电池组103、104中的一个，常规的400V部件也可以在800V推进系统中使用以便与400V系统一样最大化该特征，从而降低800V系统100的成本和复杂性。负载110、112、114可以例如是诸如在加热器、气候控制系统等处在400V下操作的部件，或者其可以是向48V系统和/或12V系统供电的DC/DC转换器。
此外，系统100包括连接到DC充电入口117的开关116，该开关配置为基于从DC充电入口117接收的电压的幅值将DC充电入口117连接到第一高压电池103或高压电池单元102。因此，可使用400V或800V输入电压对车辆充电。所示的系统还可以包括能够使用AC电压进行充电的AC充电器(未示出)。
所描述的系统的整体功能可以认为由一个或多个控制单元(未示出)控制。所述控制单元可包括微处理器、微控制器、可编程数字信号处理器或另一可编程器件。所述控制单元还可以或替代地包括专用集成电路、可编程门阵列或可编程阵列逻辑电路、可编程逻辑器件、或数字信号处理器。在控制单元包括诸如上述微处理器、微控制器或可编程数字信号处理器等的可编程器件的情况下，所述处理器还可以包括控制所述可编程器件的操作的计算机可执行代码。所述控制单元可以例如是通用电控制单元(ECU)或一个或多个专用控制单元。
因此，所要求保护的用于控制荷电状态平衡的方法可以由各种所述部件的控制单元例如在协调推进系统控制单元的控制下来执行。
更详细地，图1示了推进系统100的一个示例性实施例，推进系统100包括连接到第一三相电机107的第一三相电源逆变器105和连接到第二三相电机108的第二三相电源逆变器106。三相电源逆变器105、106例如可以是400V逆变器，使得能够使用标准400V部件，并且其中每个电池组103、104分别连接到各自逆变器105、106的DC入口。
为了使第一高压电池103和第二高压电池104之间的荷电状态平衡，第一电机107和第二电机108还可以配置为提供高于所请求推进功率的组合推进功率。由于比车辆推进所需的功率更多的功率被提供给电机107、108，因此可以在第一电机107和第二电机108中的一个中回收能量以平衡第一高压电池103和第二高压电池104的荷电状态。因此，功率可以被看作是通过道路传输的。换句话说，提供给一个轴的推进功率高于所需的或请求的推进功率，使得过量的功率可由连接到另一个轴的电机收回。然而，应当注意的是，传输的功率是所请求的用于推进的机械功率与所提供的功率之间的差，其与总的所请求的推进功率相比相对小。
用于控制图1的系统100的方法1还可包括：提供高于所请求的推进功率的组合推进功率；以及在第一电机107和第二电机108中的一个中回收能量以平衡第一高压电池103和第二高压电池104的荷电状态。实际上，这可以看作从一个电池组汲取电力以对另一个电池组充电。因此，可以在不发生再生制动的情况下执行电池组之间的荷电状态平衡。所请求的推进功率可以定义为由推进系统从电动机请求以提供给车辆的一个或多个轴的功率。
图2示出了推进系统200的一个示例性实施例，推进系统200包括连接到双绕组三相电机202的第一组三相204的第一电源逆变器105和连接到双绕组三相电机202的第二组三相206的第二电源逆变器106，其中第一电源逆变器105和第二电源逆变器106配置为向双绕组电机202提供高于所请求的功率的组合功率，并且其中双绕组电机202被配置为在第一组三相204和第二组三相206中的一个中回收能量以平衡第一高压电池103和第二高压电池104的荷电状态。因此，功率提供给第一组三相204的定子绕组，其高于所请求的用于推进的功率，使得过量的功率可以由第二组三相206的定子再生。功率在此通过电机202传输，并且再生的过量功率可用于对具有较低荷电状态的电池组充电，从而平衡第一高压电池103和第二高压电池104的荷电状态。
用于控制图2的推进系统200的方法可以包括：控制第一逆变器105和第二逆变器106以向电机提供高于所请求推进功率的组合推进功率；以及控制双绕组三相电机202以在第一组三相204和第二组三相206中的一个中回收能量，藉此平衡第一高压电池103和第二高压电池104的荷电状态。
图3示意性地示出了推进系统300的一个示例性实施例，推进系统300包括连接到六相电机304的六相电源逆变器302。六相电机304配置为将功率从第一组三相306传输到第二组三相308以平衡第一高压电池103和第二高压电池104的荷电状态。六相电源逆变器302被配置为提供两个不同的电压，例如400V和800V，以便能够对第一高压电池103和第二高压电池104两者充电。图3的系统的操作类似于上面参考图2示出的系统所描述的内容。
用于控制图3的系统300的方法因而可以包括将六相电机304操作为三相变换器(transformer)，以将功率从第一组三相绕组306传输到第二组三相绕组308，并且控制六相电源逆变器302以平衡第一高压电池103和第二高压电池104的荷电状态。
图4示意性地示出推进系统400的一个示例性实施例，推进系统400包括连接到六相电机402的第一组三相406的第一三相逆变器105和连接到六相电机402的第二组三相408的第二三相逆变器106，其中六相电机402配置为将功率从第一组三相406传输到第二组三相408以平衡第一高压电池103和第二高压电池104的荷电状态。
因为功率可以通过电机402传输，通过使用在图4中示出的配置也可以在车辆处于停止状态时执行荷电平衡。然而，为了确保车轮在功率传输期间不旋转，可以使用两种方法。用于防止电机402在功率传输期间旋转的第一方法，是将制动器直接附接到电机或车辆的车轮或轮轴上。用于防止车轮旋转的第二种方法是在电机和车轮之间布置分离离合器。通过在功率传输期间断开离合器，电机与车轮分离，从而防止旋转的电机使车辆移动。
图5示意性地示出了推进系统500的一个示例性实施例，推进系统500包括连接到电机504的多级逆变器502。多级逆变器502配置为从电机504接收AC电压，并且向第一高压电池103提供对应于第一高压电池103的标称工作电压的第一DC电压和向高压电池单元102提供对应于高压电池单元102的标称工作电压的第二DC电压，以平衡第一高压电池103和第二高压电池104的荷电状态。
由于多级逆变器502可以提供多个电压级，例如400V和800V，电机504可以是400V或800V电机。多级逆变器502的使用还在逆变器502中提供冗余，使得如果在逆变器502中一些相发生故障或者如果逆变器502在所有入口上没有接收到电压，电机504仍可以被操作。
用于控制图5的系统500的方法可因此包括在多级逆变器502中，从电机504接收AC电压并且向第一高压电池103提供对应于第一高压电池103的标称工作电压的第一DC电压和/或向高压电池单元102提供对应于高压电池单元102的标称工作电压的第二DC电压，以平衡第一高压电池103和第二高压电池104的荷电状态。
图6示意性地示出了推进系统600的一个示例实施例，推进系统600包括电机602，电机602具有联接到三相AC充电入口606的三个绕组604。电机602配置为经由至少一个逆变器608、610向第一高压电池和第二高压电池提供从AC充电入口接收的电力，以平衡第一高压电池103和第二高压电池104的荷电状态。通过将AC充电入口606直接连接到电机602，不需要将AC电压转换为DC电压的专用AC充电器，从而减少系统中的部件的数量。
类似于上面描述的，电机602的转子需要在从AC入口充电期间仍保持静止。在停止期间，例如通过接合机械制动器或通过使用离合器使转子与车轮分离以防止转子在从AC入口充电期间使车轮旋转，从而能够能防止电机602移动车辆。
在描述电机和逆变器之间包含6个相的系统的所有上述实施例中，系统提供了在3个和6个相上回收能量的灵活性。另外，在所有上述在电机和逆变器之间包含6个相的系统中，所述系统提供了在3个和6个相上推进车辆的灵活性。
尽管已经参考本发明的具体实施例描述了本发明，但是对于本领域技术人员来说，许多不同的变更、修改等将变得显而易见。此外，应当注意的是，系统的部分可以以各种方式被省略、互换或布置，系统还能够执行本发明的功能。
另外，从对附图、本公开和所附权利要求的研究中，本领域技术人员可以理解并实现所公开的实施例的变型。在权利要求中，词语“包括”不排除其他元件或步骤，并且不定词“一个”和“一种”不排除多个。在相互不同的从属权利要求中陈述某些量度的仅仅事实并不指示这些量度的组合不能用于优点。

Claims (4)

1.一种用于电动车辆的推进系统(100)，所述系统包括：
高压电池单元(102)，其具有与第二高压电池(104)串联连接的第一高压电池(103)，使得所述高压电池单元(102)的标称工作电压是所述第一高压电池(103)的电压和所述第二高压电池(104)的电压之和；
连接到第一三相电机(107)的第一三相电源逆变器(105)，所述第一三相电机(107)配置成连接到所述车辆的前轴；和
连接到第二三相电机(108)的第二三相电源逆变器(106)，所述第二三相电机(108)配置成连接到所述车辆的后轴，其中，所述第一三相电机和所述第二三相电机中的一个配置成向用于车辆推进的道路提供高于车辆推进所需功率的功率，并且其中所述第一三相电机和所述第二三相电机中的另一个配置成回收过量功率，并且其中所述第一三相电源逆变器和所述第二三相电源逆变器连接到所述第一高压电池并且连接到所述高压电池单元，并且配置成将由所述第一三相电机和所述第二三相电机生成的能量分配给所述第一高压电池和所述第二高压电池，以平衡所述第一高压电池和所述第二高压电池的荷电状态。
2.根据权利要求1所述的推进系统，还包括至少一个负载(110、112、114)，其布置为由所述第一高压电池和第二高压电池中的一个供电。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的推进系统，还包括连接到DC充电入口(117)的开关(116)，所述开关配置为基于从所述DC充电入口接收的电压将所述DC充电入口连接到所述第一高压电池或所述高压电池单元。
4.一种用于控制电动车辆的推进系统(100)的方法，所述推进系统(100)具有高压电池单元(102)，所述高压电池单元具有与第二高压电池(104)串联连接的第一高压电池(103)，使得所述高压电池单元(102)的标称工作电压是所述第一高压电池(103)的电压和所述第二高压电池(104)的电压之和；
连接到第一三相电机(107)的第一三相电源逆变器(105)，所述第一三相电机(107)配置成连接到所述车辆的前轴；和
连接到第二三相电机(108)的第二三相电源逆变器(106)，所述第二三相电机(108)配置成连接到所述车辆的后轴，其中所述第一三相电源逆变器和所述第二三相电源逆变器连接到所述第一高压电池并且连接到所述高压电池单元，其中所述方法包括：
控制所述第一三相电机和所述第二三相电机中的一个以向用于车辆推进的道路提供高于车辆推进所需功率的功率；
控制所述第一三相电机和所述第二三相电机中的另一个以回收过量功率；
控制所述第一三相电源逆变器和所述第二三相电源逆变器以将由所述第一三相电机和所述第二三相电机中的一个生成的能量分配给所述第一高压电池和第二高压电池，以平衡所述第一高压电池和第二高压电池的荷电状态。
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