CN111883838A - Non-aqueous electrolyte and lithium ion battery - Google Patents
Non-aqueous electrolyte and lithium ion battery Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
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Abstract
The invention discloses a non-aqueous electrolyte and a lithium ion battery. Comprises unsaturated cyclic carbonate compounds and/or sultone compounds, lithium salt, solvent and compounds shown in a structural formula I. The non-aqueous electrolyte provided by the invention effectively improves the high-temperature cycle and high-temperature storage performance of the battery, and the lithium ion battery containing the non-aqueous electrolyte has excellent high-temperature cycle performance and high-temperature storage performance.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of lithium ion batteries, and particularly relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte and a lithium ion battery.
Background
The power battery is a core component of a new energy automobile, the electrolyte is a key for restricting the development of the power battery, and the selection of the electrolyte basically determines the cycle, high and low temperature and safety performance of the battery. The additive is the core of the value of the electrolyte, has obvious influence on the performance of the electrolyte and is also the key for developing the high-performance electrolyte. With the increasing demand of high energy density of the current power battery, the demand of battery impedance is also increasing, so that the development of related additives capable of reducing the impedance of the lithium ion battery is urgently needed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a nonaqueous electrolyte and a lithium ion battery.
A non-aqueous electrolyte comprises an unsaturated cyclic carbonate compound and/or sultone compounds, lithium salt, a solvent and a compound shown in a structural formula I:
in the structural formula I, R1 is a hydrocarbon group of C1 to C6, and the C1-C6 group is selected from one of alkyl, fluoroalkyl, oxyalkyl and silane-containing substituent; r2, R3, R4 and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of fluorinated hydrocarbon groups, oxygen-containing hydrocarbon groups, silicon-containing hydrocarbon groups and cyano-substituted hydrocarbon groups.
The compound structural formula I is selected from one or more of the following structures:
the name of the compound 1 is N-dimethyl-N-trimethylsilyl methylamine sulfur trioxide complex; the name of the compound 2 is N-dimethyl-N-dimethyl trifluoromethyl silyl methylamine sulfur trioxide complex; the name of the compound 3 is N-dimethyl-N-dimethyl methoxy silicon-based methylamine sulfur trioxide complex; compound 4 is named as N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl methylamine sulfur trioxide complex; compound 5 is named N-methyl-N-cyano-N-trimethylsilylmethylamine sulfur trioxide complex.
The mass percentage of the compound shown in the structural formula I is 0.1-5% based on the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte solution as 100%.
The unsaturated cyclic carbonate compound comprises at least one of vinylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate; the sultone compound comprises at least one of 1, 3-propane sultone and 1, 4-butane sultone.
The mass percentage of the unsaturated cyclic carbonate compound is 0.1-5% based on 100% of the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte; the mass percent of the sultone compounds is 0.1-5%.
The lithium salt is LiPF6The content is 0.1-20%.
The solvent is at least one selected from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate and methyl propyl carbonate.
A lithium ion battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an electrolyte; the electrolyte is the nonaqueous electrolyte solution according to any one of claims 1 to 7.
The positive electrode comprises an active material, and the active material of the positive electrode is LiNixCoy MnzL (1-x-y-z) O2、LiCoxL(1-x’)O2、LiNixLyMn(2-x”-y’),O4,Liz’MPO4At least one of; wherein L is at least one of Co, Al, Sr, Mg, Ti, Ca, Zr, Zn, Si and Fe; x is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1, y is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1, z is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1, x + y + z is more than 0 and less than or equal to 1, x ' is more than 0.3 and less than or equal to 0.6, y ' is more than 0.01 and less than or equal to 0.2, and L ' is at least one of Co, Al, Sr, Mg, Ti, Ca, Zr, Zn, Si and Fe; x is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1, y is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1, z is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1, x + y + z is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1, x ' is more than or equal to 0.3 and less than or equal to 0.6, y ' is more than or equal to 0.01 and less than or equal to 0.2, and L ' is at least one of Co, Al, Sr, Mg, Ti, Ca, Zr, Zn, Si and Fe; z' is more than or equal to 0.5 and less than or equal to 1, and M is at least one of Fe, Mn and Co.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the non-aqueous electrolyte provided by the invention effectively improves the high-temperature cycle and high-temperature storage performance of the battery, and the lithium ion battery containing the non-aqueous electrolyte has excellent high-temperature cycle performance and high-temperature storage performance.
Detailed Description
In order that the invention may be more fully understood, reference will now be made to the following description. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete.
Example 1
LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2An artificial graphite battery comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator and an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte is a nonaqueous electrolyte, the total weight of the nonaqueous electrolyte is 100%, and the artificial graphite battery comprises the components with the mass percentage content shown in the example 1 in the table 1 and 12% of LiPF6And (3) salt.
Example 2
LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2An artificial graphite battery comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator and an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte is a nonaqueous electrolyte, the total weight of the nonaqueous electrolyte is 100%, and the artificial graphite battery comprises the components with the mass percentage content shown in the example 2 in the table 1 and 12% of LiPF6And (3) salt.
Example 3
LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2An artificial graphite battery comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator and an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte is a nonaqueous electrolyte, the total weight of the nonaqueous electrolyte is 100%, and the artificial graphite battery comprises the components with the mass percentage content shown in the example 3 in the table 1 and 12% of LiPF6And (3) salt.
Example 4
LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2An artificial graphite battery comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator and an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte is a nonaqueous electrolyte, the total weight of the nonaqueous electrolyte is 100%, and the artificial graphite battery comprises the components with the mass percentage content shown in example 4 in Table 1 and 12% of LiPF6And (3) salt.
Example 5
LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2An artificial graphite battery comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator and an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte is a nonaqueous electrolyte, the total weight of the nonaqueous electrolyte is 100%, and the artificial graphite battery comprises the components with the mass percentage content shown in example 5 in Table 1 and 12% of LiPF6And (3) salt.
Example 6
LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2An artificial graphite battery comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator and an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte is a nonaqueous electrolyte, the total weight of the nonaqueous electrolyte is 100%, and the artificial graphite battery comprises the components with the mass percentage content shown in example 6 in Table 1 and 12% of LiPF6And (3) salt.
Example 7
LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2An artificial graphite battery comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator and an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte is a nonaqueous electrolyte, the total weight of the nonaqueous electrolyte is 100%, and the artificial graphite battery comprises the components with the mass percentage content shown in example 7 in Table 1 and 12% of LiPF6And (3) salt.
Example 8
LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2An artificial graphite battery comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator and an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte is a nonaqueous electrolyte, the total weight of the nonaqueous electrolyte is 100%, and the artificial graphite battery comprises the components with the mass percentage content shown in the example 8 in Table 1 and 12% of LiPF6And (3) salt.
Example 9
LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2An artificial graphite battery comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator and an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte is a nonaqueous electrolyte, the total weight of the nonaqueous electrolyte is 100%, and the battery comprises the components with the mass percentage content shown in example 9 in Table 1 and 12% of LiPF6And (3) salt.
Example 10
LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2An artificial graphite battery comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator and an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte is a nonaqueous electrolyte, the total weight of the nonaqueous electrolyte is 100%, and the artificial graphite battery comprises the components with the mass percentage content shown in the example 10 in the table 1 and 12% of LiPF6And (3) salt.
Comparative example 1
LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2An artificial graphite battery comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator and an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte is a nonaqueous electrolyte, the total weight of the nonaqueous electrolyte is 100%, and the battery comprises the components with the mass percentage content shown in comparative example 1 in Table 1 and 12% of LiPF6And (3) salt.
Comparative example 2
LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2An artificial graphite battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte is a nonaqueous electrolyte, and the total weight of the nonaqueous electrolyte is 100%, and comprises the components in the mass percentages shown in comparative example 2 in Table 1 and 12% of LiPF6And (3) salt.
Comparative example 3
LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2An artificial graphite battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte is a nonaqueous electrolyte, and the total weight of the nonaqueous electrolyte is 100%, and comprises the components in the mass percentages shown in comparative example 3 in Table 1 and 12% of LiPF6And (3) salt.
Comparative example 4
LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2An artificial graphite battery comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte is a nonaqueous electrolyte, the total weight of the nonaqueous electrolyte is 100%, and the battery comprises the components with the mass percentage content shown in comparative example 4 in Table 1 and 12% of LiPF6And (3) salt.
TABLE 1
| Electrolyte salt and solvent composition | Additives andweight percent of | |
| Example 1 | 12％LiPF6,EC:DEC:EMC＝3:2:5(vol:vol) | Compound 1: 1 percent of |
| Example 2 | 12％LiPF6,EC:DEC:EMC＝3:2:5(vol:vol) | Compound 1: 3 percent of |
| Example 3 | 12％LiPF6,EC:DEC:EMC＝3:2:5(vol:vol) | Compound 3: 1 percent of |
| Example 4 | 12％LiPF6,EC:DEC:EMC＝3:2:5(vol:vol) | Compound 3: 3 percent of |
| Example 5 | 12％LiPF6,EC:DEC:EMC＝3:2:5(vol:vol) | Compound 1: 1 percent and VC 1 percent |
| Example 6 | 12％LiPF6,EC:DEC:EMC＝3:2:5(vol:vol) | Compound 3: 1 percent and VC 1 percent |
| Example 7 | 12％LiPF6,EC:DEC:EMC＝3:2:5(vol:vol) | Compound 1: 1 percent and PS 1 percent |
| Example 8 | 12％LiPF6,EC:DEC:EMC＝3:2:5(vol:vol) | Compound 3: 1%, PS:1 percent of |
| Example 9 | 12％LiPF6,EC:DEC:EMC＝3:2:5(vol:vol) | Compound 1: 1%, 1% VC, 1% PS |
| Example 10 | 12％LiPF6,EC:DEC:EMC＝3:2:5(vol:vol) | Compound 3: 1%, 1% VC, 1% PS |
| Comparative example 1 | 12％LiPF6,EC:DEC:EMC＝3:2:5(vol:vol) | |
| Comparative example 2 | 12％LiPF6,EC:DEC:EMC＝3:2:5(vol:vol) | 1％VC |
| Comparative example 3 | 12％LiPF6,EC:DEC:EMC＝3:2:5(vol:vol) | 1％PS |
| Comparative example 4 | 12％LiPF6,EC:DEC:EMC＝3:2:5(vol:vol) | 1％VC,1％PS |
The performance tests of the examples 1-10 and the comparative examples 1-4 of the invention are carried out, and the test indexes and the test method are as follows:
the high-temperature cycle performance is shown by testing the capacity retention rate of 1C cycle at 45 ℃ for N times, and the specific method comprises the following steps: the battery after formation was charged to 4.35V (LiNi) at 45 ℃ with a 1C constant current and constant voltage0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2Artificial graphite), the off current was 0.02C, and then the discharge was made to 3.0V with a constant current of 1C. After such charge/discharge cycles, the capacity retention rate after 200 weeks' cycles was calculated to evaluate the high-temperature cycle performance thereof.
The calculation formula of the capacity retention rate after 200 cycles at 45 ℃ is as follows:
the 200 th cycle capacity retention ratio (%) (200 th cycle discharge capacity/1 st cycle discharge capacity) × 100%
Method for testing capacity retention rate, capacity recovery rate and thickness expansion rate after 30 days of storage at 60 ℃: charging the formed battery to 4.4V (LiNi) at normal temperature by using a 1C constant current and constant voltage0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2Artificial graphite), the cutoff current was 0.02C, then 1C constant current discharge to 3.0V, the initial discharge capacity of the battery was measured, then 1C constant current constant voltage charge to 4.4V, the cutoff current was 0.01C, the initial thickness of the battery was measured, then the thickness of the battery was measured after storing the battery at 60 ℃ for 30 days, then 1C constant current discharge to 3.0V, the retention capacity of the battery was measured, then 1C constant current constant voltage charge to 3.0V, the cutoff battery was 0.02C, then 1C constant current discharge to 3.0V, the recovery capacity was measured. The calculation formulas of the capacity retention rate, the capacity recovery rate and the thickness expansion are as follows:
battery capacity retention (%) — retention capacity/initial capacity 100%
Battery capacity recovery (%) -recovered capacity/initial capacity 100%
Battery thickness swell (%) (thickness after 30 days-initial thickness)/initial thickness 100%
Battery thickness swell (%) (thickness after 30 days-initial thickness)/initial thickness 100%
The test results of experimental examples 1 to 10 and comparative examples 1 to 4 are shown in table 2 below.
TABLE 2
In the lithium ion nonaqueous electrolytic solutions of comparative examples 1 to 2 and comparative example 1, and example 1 and comparative example 1, the compositions of the electrolyte solvent and the salt were the same (1.0M LiPF6, EC: DEC: EMC: 3:2:5(vol: vol)), but compound 1 was not included in the comparative examples. The test results show that the discharge capacity retention rate and the impedance performance of the battery prepared by the electrolyte added with the compound 1 are obviously improved compared with the electrolyte not added with the compound 1, the capacity retention rate after 200 weeks of circulation is up to 87 percent and 82 percent (the comparative example 1 is only 46 percent), and the impedance increase rate is 26 percent and 37 percent (the comparative example 1 is 164 percent). It can be seen that the compound 1 can significantly improve the cycle performance of the battery and reduce the impedance of the battery.
In the lithium ion nonaqueous electrolytic solutions of comparative examples 3 to 4 and comparative example 1, and in the lithium ion nonaqueous electrolytic solutions of experimental examples 3 to 4 and comparative example 1, the compositions of the electrolytic solution solvent and the salt were the same (1.0M LiPF6, EC: DEC: EMC ═ 3:2:5(vol: vol)), but compound 3 was not used in the comparative example. The test results show that the battery prepared by the electrolyte added with the compound 3 has obviously improved discharge capacity maintaining performance and impedance storing performance compared with the electrolyte not added with the compound 3, the capacity retention rate after 200 weeks of circulation is as high as 97 percent and 95 percent (comparative example 1 is only 46 percent), and the impedance increasing rate is only 26 percent and 37 percent (comparative example 1 is only 164 percent). It can be seen that the compound 3 can significantly improve the cycle performance of the battery and reduce the impedance of the battery.
In comparative examples 5 to 10 and comparative examples 2 to 4, the composition ratios of the electrolyte solvent and the salt were the same as 1.0M LiPF6, EC: DEC: EMC: 3:2:5(vol: vol)), and VC and PS were added in equal amounts, respectively. However, in comparative examples 2 to 4, compound 1 or compound 3 was not added. The battery test results show that the discharge capacity maintenance performance and impedance performance of the battery prepared from the non-aqueous electrolyte of the lithium ion battery in example 6 are obviously improved compared with those of comparative examples 2-4. After 200 cycles up to 94% (comparative example 2 only 76%) and only 21% increase in impedance (comparative example up to 87%).
For the action mechanism of the additive, analysis shows that the sulfur element group contained in the additive can form an SEI film with lower impedance, and the Si-containing group can remove moisture and HF in the electrolyte, so that the formed SEI impedance can be reduced, the impedance of the whole battery is lower, and better cycle performance can be maintained.
The above-mentioned embodiments only express several embodiments of the present invention, and the description thereof is more specific and detailed, but not construed as limiting the scope of the invention. It should be noted that, for a person skilled in the art, several variations and modifications can be made without departing from the inventive concept, which falls within the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present patent shall be subject to the appended claims.
Claims (9)
1. A nonaqueous electrolytic solution is characterized by comprising an unsaturated cyclic carbonate compound and/or sultone compounds, a lithium salt, a solvent and a compound shown in a structural formula I:
in the structural formula I, R1 is a hydrocarbon group of C1 to C6, and the C1-C6 group is selected from one of alkyl, fluoroalkyl, oxyalkyl and silane-containing substituent; r2, R3, R4 and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of fluorinated hydrocarbon groups, oxygen-containing hydrocarbon groups, silicon-containing hydrocarbon groups and cyano-substituted hydrocarbon groups.
2. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula I is selected from one or more of the following structures:
3. the nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 1, wherein the mass percentage of the compound represented by the structural formula I is 0.1 to 5% based on 100% by mass of the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
4. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 1, wherein the unsaturated cyclic carbonate-based compound comprises at least one of vinylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate; the sultone compound comprises at least one of 1, 3-propane sultone and 1, 4-butane sultone.
5. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 1, wherein the mass percentage of the unsaturated cyclic carbonate compound is 0.1 to 5% based on 100% of the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolytic solution; the mass percent of the sultone compounds is 0.1-5%.
6. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 1, wherein the lithium salt is LiPF6The content is 0.1-20%.
7. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 1, wherein the solvent is at least one selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, and propylmethyl carbonate.
8. A lithium ion battery is characterized by comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a diaphragm arranged between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and electrolyte; the electrolyte is the nonaqueous electrolyte solution according to any one of claims 1 to 7.
9. The lithium ion battery of claim 8, wherein the positive electrode comprises an active material, and the active material of the positive electrode is LiNixCoyMnzL(1-x-y-z)O2、LiCox’L(1-x’)O2、LiNix“L’y'Mn(2-x”-y’)O4,Liz’MPO4At least one of; wherein L is at least one of Al, Sr, Mg, Ti, Ca, Zr, Zn, Si and Fe; x is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1, y is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1, z is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1, x + y + z is more than 0 and less than or equal to 1, x ' is more than 0.3 and less than or equal to 0.6, y ' is more than or equal to 0.01 and less than or equal to 0.2, and L ' is at least one of Co, Al, Sr, Mg, Ti, Ca, Zr, Zn, Si and Fe; z' is more than or equal to 0.5 and less than or equal to 1, and M is at least one of Fe, Mn and Co.
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