CN111855033A - 1-3 type emulsified asphalt/cement-based piezoelectric sensor and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents

1-3 type emulsified asphalt/cement-based piezoelectric sensor and preparation method and application thereof Download PDF

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CN111855033A
CN111855033A CN202010679909.XA CN202010679909A CN111855033A CN 111855033 A CN111855033 A CN 111855033A CN 202010679909 A CN202010679909 A CN 202010679909A CN 111855033 A CN111855033 A CN 111855033A
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piezoelectric
piezoelectric material
cement
sensor
parts
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朱兴一
庞亚凤
叶方永
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Tongji University
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Tongji University
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
    • G01L1/16—Measuring force or stress, in general using properties of piezoelectric devices
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
    • C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
    • C04B28/04—Portland cements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C7/00—Coherent pavings made in situ
    • E01C7/08—Coherent pavings made in situ made of road-metal and binders
    • E01C7/18—Coherent pavings made in situ made of road-metal and binders of road-metal and bituminous binders
    • E01C7/26—Coherent pavings made in situ made of road-metal and binders of road-metal and bituminous binders mixed with other materials, e.g. cement, rubber, leather, fibre
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
    • C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
    • C04B2111/0075—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 for road construction
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
    • C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
    • C04B2111/00844—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 for electronic applications
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2201/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values
    • C04B2201/20—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values for the density
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2201/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values
    • C04B2201/50—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values for the mechanical strength

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Force Measurement Appropriate To Specific Purposes (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to the field of road engineering, in particular to an emulsified asphalt/cement-based piezoelectric sensor. The piezoelectric sensor comprises a packaging part and a piezoelectric sensing element packaged in the packaging part, wherein the piezoelectric sensing element comprises piezoelectric material column arrays and filling phases distributed among the piezoelectric material column arrays, the extension direction of each piezoelectric material column is consistent with the direction of a polarization main shaft of the piezoelectric material column, and the piezoelectric sensing element further comprises two conducting layers which are located on the surfaces of the piezoelectric material column arrays and are respectively connected with two poles of the piezoelectric material columns. According to the piezoelectric sensor provided by the invention, the filling base material, the packaging material and the like are improved, so that the composite material structure between the filling base material and the piezoelectric material is more compact, the stability and compatibility of the cement-based piezoelectric composite material are effectively improved, the sensitivity of the sensor can be improved, the sensor has the advantages of wide frequency band, strong anti-interference capability and the like, and the signal-to-noise ratio is also effectively improved.

Description

1-3 type emulsified asphalt/cement-based piezoelectric sensor and preparation method and application thereof
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of road engineering, in particular to a 1-3 type emulsified asphalt/cement-based piezoelectric sensor and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
Traffic is used as a life line project of national economic development and plays a significant role in the national development. However, the asphalt pavement is more than 95% on the expressway, and with the increase of service life, in the face of complicated and variable climatic environments and the influence of more vehicles and large carrying capacity, the asphalt pavement is damaged by ruts, bumps, waves, cracks and the like, so that prevention and maintenance of the asphalt pavement become one of important problems to be solved urgently in the field of road engineering. The road health monitoring plays an important role in a road management system through real-time, continuous and accurate monitoring of road conditions, and the sensor system is the forefront of road health monitoring, is favorable for real-time monitoring of road traffic load and performance change, and is favorable for optimizing road materials and structures, so that the purpose of prolonging the service life of roads is achieved.
With the automatic driving, in order to ensure that the networked automobile safely and conveniently travels, the concept of an intelligent road with automatic sensing capability is also developed, namely, the intelligent automobile can safely and reliably run on the intelligent road. Compared with the automatic driving technology with single perception at the vehicle end, the vehicle-road integrated technology with comprehensive perception at the vehicle-road end obviously improves the perception efficiency of the automatic driving vehicle. Therefore, developing a road dynamic monitoring system with simple preparation, low cost, high sensitivity, wide frequency band, good durability and good compatibility with the main structure of the road becomes one of the key points of the intelligent traffic system.
The cement-based piezoelectric composite material is widely applied to health monitoring of civil engineering structures due to the characteristics of high response speed, good durability and good compatibility with concrete. However, the high-grade highway mainly uses the asphalt pavement, and the compatibility of the traditional cement-based piezoelectric composite material and the main structure of the asphalt pavement is far inferior to that of a concrete structure. On the other hand, the stability of the interface between the cement-based material and the piezoelectric ceramic severely limits the service life of the material, and further the popularization of the material in the expressway is affected.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above-mentioned drawbacks of the prior art, it is an object of the present invention to provide an emulsified asphalt/cement-based piezoelectric sensor, a method for preparing the same, and a use thereof, which solve the problems of the prior art.
In order to achieve the above and other related objects, an aspect of the present invention provides a piezoelectric sensor, including a package, and a piezoelectric sensing element packaged in the package, where the piezoelectric sensing element includes an array of piezoelectric material pillars and filling phases distributed among the array of piezoelectric material pillars, the piezoelectric material pillars have the same extending direction, and a main polarization axis direction of the piezoelectric material pillars is the same as the extending direction of the piezoelectric material pillars, and the piezoelectric sensing element further includes two conductive layers located on the surface of the array of piezoelectric material pillars and respectively connected to two poles of the piezoelectric material pillars.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the material of the piezoelectric material column is selected from inorganic piezoelectric materials, preferably, the inorganic piezoelectric materials are selected from piezoelectric ceramics, and the piezoelectric ceramics are selected from one or more of lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramics, niobium lithium lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramics, and niobium magnesium lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramics.
In some embodiments of the invention, the piezoelectric material has a density of 6.90 × 103～7.75×103kg/m3A piezoelectric strain constant of 2.25X 10-10～5.95×10-10C/N, the relative dielectric constant is 1050-3500, and the electromechanical coupling coefficient is 0.31-0.76%.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the height of the piezoelectric material column is 2-4 mm, and the cross-sectional area of each piezoelectric material column is 3.43-14.90 mm2The total cross-sectional area of the piezoelectric material column is 360-720 mm2The column spacing is 0.5-1.25 mm.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the cross section of the single piezoelectric material column generally has an extension length in a single direction of not more than 3.86mm, and preferably, the piezoelectric material column is a rectangular parallelepiped.
In some embodiments of the present invention, in the piezoelectric sensing element, the volume percentage of the piezoelectric material column is 40 to 80%.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the material of the filling phase is selected from a mixed matrix of emulsified asphalt and cement, and the mixed matrix of emulsified asphalt and cement comprises the following components in parts by weight:
60-100 parts of cement;
20-33 parts of emulsified asphalt;
33-60 parts of water.
In some embodiments of the invention, the cement is selected from portland cements.
In some embodiments of the invention, the emulsified asphalt is selected from cationic emulsified asphalt, the cationic emulsified asphalt is quick-breaking cationic emulsified asphalt, the oversize quantity of the cationic emulsified asphalt is more than or equal to 0.1%, and the normal temperature stability of 1d is less than or equal to 1%.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the material of the encapsulation is selected from epoxy asphalt, and the raw material of the epoxy asphalt comprises, by weight: 75-93 parts of matrix asphalt, 1-5 parts of epoxy resin and 6-20 parts of curing agent.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the package further comprises a wire extending from the package to the conductive layer and electrically connected to the conductive layer.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a method for manufacturing the piezoelectric sensor, including:
providing a piezoelectric sensing unit;
packaging a piezoelectric sensing unit to provide the piezoelectric sensor.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a road piezoelectric sensing system is provided, which comprises a road structure and the piezoelectric sensors distributed in the road structure.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a method for dynamically monitoring a road, including:
the pressure data received by the road surface is collected by the piezoelectric sensor or the piezoelectric sensing system.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic wire-frame diagram illustrating a process for manufacturing a piezoelectric sensor in example 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic perspective view of a piezoelectric sensor in example 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic perspective view of a piezoelectric sensing element according to example 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a piezoelectric sensing element in embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a schematic structural view of a small and medium sized rectangular solid piezoelectric sensor in embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a graph showing the linearity of the piezoelectric sensor calculated in embodiment 2 of the present invention.
FIG. 7(a) is a view showing the result of monitoring the vehicle speed (60km/h) in example 3 of the present invention.
FIG. 7(b) is a schematic view showing the results of monitoring the vehicle speed (80km/h) in embodiment 3 of the present invention.
Description of the element reference numerals
1 bulk of piezoelectric material
2 polarized positive and negative electrodes
3 piezoelectric material after cutting
4 piezoelectric material after cutting
5 base of piezoelectric material
6 filling phase
7 conductive layer
8 packaging part
9 conducting wire
10 piezoelectricity buried in a road structure
Sensor with a sensor element
11 Charge amplifier
12 data acquisition equipment
13 software processing and computer display equipment
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments, and other advantages and effects of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the disclosure of the present specification.
The inventor of the invention successfully applies the cement-based piezoelectric composite material to the asphalt pavement main body structure through a large amount of practical researches, improves the compatibility and the stability of the sensor and the pavement main body structure, prolongs the service life of the sensor embedded in the asphalt pavement structure, and improves the modulus matching property of the piezoelectric composite material sensor and the asphalt pavement, thereby completing the invention.
The piezoelectric sensor comprises a packaging part and a piezoelectric sensing element packaged in the packaging part, wherein the piezoelectric sensing element comprises piezoelectric material column arrays and filling phases distributed among the piezoelectric material column arrays, the extension directions of the piezoelectric material columns are consistent, the polarization main axis direction of the piezoelectric material columns is consistent with the extension direction of the piezoelectric material columns, the piezoelectric sensing element further comprises two conducting layers, and the two conducting layers are located on the surfaces of the piezoelectric material column arrays and are respectively connected with two poles of the piezoelectric material columns. The piezoelectric sensor can be generally arranged in a road structure, the height direction (which is consistent with the direction of a polarization main shaft of each piezoelectric material column) of the piezoelectric sensor is generally matched with the extending direction of a road, namely the stress direction of the road surface is generally consistent with the height direction of the road surface, the compatibility of the pressure sensor can be obviously improved by the mixed base material of emulsified asphalt and cement, when the road surface is stressed, the piezoelectric sensor in the road structure can correspondingly bear certain pressure and can convert the pressure into an electric signal, the electric signal can be transmitted out through a conductive layer in contact with the piezoelectric material and can be received through external equipment, the electric signal output by the piezoelectric sensor generally has proper linearity, and the pressure actually borne by the road can be accurately monitored.
In the piezoelectric sensor provided by the present invention, the piezoelectric material column may be generally formed by a piezoelectric material, and the piezoelectric material generally refers to a crystal material of a type that generates a voltage between two end surfaces when subjected to a pressure. The material of the piezoelectric material column may be generally an inorganic piezoelectric material, and preferably may be an inorganic piezoelectric materialPiezoelectric ceramics, and the like. The piezoelectric ceramic generally has the advantages of fast response speed, high measurement accuracy and stable performance. Those skilled in the art may select suitable piezoelectric ceramics suitable for use in the piezoelectric sensor, for example, the piezoelectric ceramics may be selected from one or more combinations of lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramics (e.g., PZT-5A, PZT-5H, PZT-4, etc.), lithium niobium lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramics (e.g., PLN, etc.), magnesium niobium lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramics (e.g., PMN, etc.), etc.; for another example, the piezoelectric material may have a density of 6.90 × 103～7.00×103kg/m3、7.00×103～7.10×103kg/m3、7.10×103～7.20×103kg/m3、7.20×103～7.30×103kg/m3、 7.30×103～7.40×103kg/m3、7.40×103～7.50×103kg/m3、7.50×103～7.60×103kg/m3、7.60 ×103～7.70×103kg/m3Or 7.70X 103～7.75×103kg/m3(ii) a For another example, the piezoelectric material may have a piezoelectric strain constant of 2.25 × 10-10～5.95×10-10C/N、2.25×10-10～2.75×10-10C/N、2.75×10-10～3.25× 10-10C/N、3.25×10-10～3.75×10-10C/N、3.75×10-10～4.25×10-10C/N、4.25×10-10～4.75×10-10C/N、4.75×10-10～5.25×10-10C/N, or 5.25X 10-10～5.95×10-10C/N; for another example, the piezoelectric material may have a relative dielectric constant of 1050 to 1200, 1200 to 1500, 1500 to 1800, 1800 to 2100, 2100 to 2400, 2400 to 2700, 2700 to 3000, 3000 to 3200, or 3200 to 3500; for another example, the electromechanical coupling coefficient of the piezoelectric material may be 0.31 to 0.76%, 0.31 to 0.36%, 0.36 to 0.41%, 0.41 to 0.46%, 0.46 to 0.51%, 0.51 to 0.56%, 0.56 to 0.61%, 0.61 to 0.66%, 0.66 to 0.71%, or 0.71 to 0.76%. In one embodiment of the present invention, the piezoelectric material may be PZT-5A, which is dense The degree may be 7.75 × 103kg/m3The piezoelectric strain constant may be 4.781 × 10-10C/N, the relative dielectric constant can be 2000, and the electromechanical coupling coefficient can be 0.711%.
In the piezoelectric sensor provided by the invention, a plurality of piezoelectric material columns can be arranged in the piezoelectric sensing element, and the piezoelectric material columns can be uniformly distributed in the piezoelectric sensing element in an array mode to form a piezoelectric material column array. The piezoelectric material posts are typically sized to fit the road structure so that they can adequately sense pressure from the road surface without affecting the stability of the road structure and the stability of the device itself. For example, in the piezoelectric sensing element, the height of the piezoelectric material column (the height direction of the piezoelectric material column is consistent with the height direction of the piezoelectric sensor) may be 2-4 mm, 2-2.5 mm, 2.5-3 mm, 3-3.5 mm, or 3.5-4 mm; as another example, the cross-sectional area of a single column of piezoelectric material may be 3.43 to 14.90mm2、3.43～4.50mm2、4.50～5.50mm2、5.50～6.50mm2、6.50～7.50mm2、7.50～8.50mm2、 8.50～9.50mm2、9.50～10.50mm2、10.50～11.50mm2、11.50～12.50mm2、12.50～13.50mm2Or 13.50 to 14.90mm2(ii) a For another example, the total cross-sectional area of the piezoelectric material column may be 360-720 mm2、360～420mm2、 420～480mm2、480～540mm2、540～600mm2、600～660mm2Or 660 to 720mm2(ii) a For another example, the distance between the columns may be 0.5 to 1.25mm, 0.5 to 0.75mm, 0.75 to 1mm, or 1 to 1.25 mm; as another example, the shape and size of each piezoelectric material column may be substantially the same. The columns of piezoelectric material do not typically extend a substantial distance across the cross-section of the piezoelectric sensing element, thereby allowing a more evenly distributed array of columns of piezoelectric material to be formed, for example, individual columns of piezoelectric material that typically do not extend more than 3.86mm across their cross-section (i.e., a cross-section perpendicular to the direction of extension of each column of piezoelectric material), and further for example, the columns of piezoelectric material may be cuboids with individual columns of piezoelectric material that do not extend more than 3.86mm across their individual directions The side length of the cross section of the ceramic posts can be 1.88-3.86 mm, the cross section can be square, and for example, the formed piezoelectric material post array can be a rectangular matrix of M N, wherein M is more than or equal to 2 and M is a positive integer, N is more than or equal to 2 and N is a positive integer, M can be 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or larger positive integer, and N can be 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or larger positive integer.
In the piezoelectric sensor provided by the invention, the piezoelectric material column generally needs to have a proper volume ratio in the piezoelectric sensing element, so that certain gaps can be distributed among column materials, and the materials can be ensured to fully sense the pressure applied to a road surface, for example, in the piezoelectric sensing element, the volume percentage of the piezoelectric material column can be 40-80%, 40-50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, or 70-80%. The overall size of the piezoelectric sensing element generally corresponds to the arrangement of the piezoelectric material columns on the whole, for example, when the arrangement of the piezoelectric material columns is a rectangular array, the overall shape of the piezoelectric sensing element may be a cuboid; for another example, the dimension of the piezoelectric sensing element in the height direction may be 2 to 4mm, 2 to 2.5mm, 2.5 to 3mm, 3 to 3.5mm, or 3.5 to 4mm (i.e., the direction that is the same as the height direction of the piezoelectric sensor), the dimension in the length direction (i.e., the direction that is the same as the extending direction of the road when the piezoelectric sensor is embedded in the road) may be 30 to 50mm, 30 to 35mm, 35 to 40mm, 40 to 45mm, or 45 to 50mm, and the dimension in the width direction may be 30 to 50mm, 30 to 35mm, 35 to 40mm, 40 to 45mm, or 45 to 50 mm; for another example, the overall cross-section of the piezoelectric sensor may be square.
In the piezoelectric sensor provided by the invention, the existence of the filling phase can improve the defects of large brittleness, small limit strain, poor compatibility and the like of a single piezoelectric material. The material of the filler phase may be selected from a mixed matrix of emulsified bitumen and cement, which generally requires better adhesion to the piezoelectric phase. The mixed base material of the emulsification asphalt and the cement comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 60-100 parts of cement; 20-33 parts of emulsified asphalt; 33-60 parts of water.
The mixed base material of the emulsified asphalt and the cement may include 60 to 100 parts, 60 to 70 parts, 70 to 80 parts, 80 to 90 parts, or 90 to 100 parts of the cement. The cement is typically used as a cementitious material in the filler phase. The cement may typically be a portland cement, e.g., grade 42.5 portland cement, and the like.
The mixed base material of the emulsified asphalt and the cement can comprise 20-33 parts, 20-24 parts, 24-28 parts or 28-33 parts of emulsified asphalt, the emulsified asphalt is generally liquid asphalt which is formed by asphalt and an emulsifier under the action of a certain process and generates oil-in-water or water-in-oil, and the existence of the emulsified asphalt can improve the connection characteristic between a filling phase and a functional phase (a piezoelectric material column), thereby improving the flexibility and the stability of the whole material, prolonging the service life of the piezoelectric sensor, and providing the sensitivity, the durability and the compatibility with the main structure of a pavement when the piezoelectric sensor is applied. The emulsified asphalt can be cationic emulsified asphalt, and more preferably can be fast-cracking cationic emulsified asphalt, the fast-cracking type is generally corresponding to the demulsification speed of the emulsified asphalt, the fast-cracking, the medium-cracking or the slow-cracking is generally determined qualitatively according to the state after the emulsified asphalt is mixed with mineral aggregates and the like, and the test method of the qualitative characterization can be tested by referring to T6058. In addition, the oversize can be more than or equal to 0.1 percent, the 1d normal temperature stability can be less than or equal to 1 percent, and the JTG F40-2004 can be referred to as the measurement method of the oversize and the 1d normal temperature stability.
The mixing base material of the emulsified asphalt and the cement can also comprise a proper amount of water, and the amount of the water used in the mixing base material can be adjusted by a person skilled in the art according to the needs, and for example, the water can comprise 33-60 parts, 33-36 parts, 36-40 parts, 40-45 parts, 45-50 parts, 50-55 parts or 55-60 parts.
In the piezoelectric sensor provided by the invention, the material of the filling phase can generally comprise other additives, such as a water reducing agent and the like. The water reducing agent can be mainly used for reducing the water-cement ratio on the basis of ensuring the fluidity of the cement emulsified asphalt slurry so as to obtain an emulsified asphalt cement-based material with higher strength as far as possible to adapt to the high strength of the piezoelectric ceramics.
In the piezoelectric sensor provided by the invention, the packaging part needs to have good insulation and mechanical properties (such as mechanical strength, flexibility and the like), and needs to have good uniformity and stability, so that the piezoelectric sensor not only can play good roles of supporting, protecting and packaging the piezoelectric composite material main body in the packaging part, but also can remarkably improve the compatibility of the traditional cement-based piezoelectric sensor and a road surface structure. The material of the encapsulation may preferably be selected from epoxy asphalt, which is typically a mixture of epoxy resin, curing agent and matrix asphalt chemically modified. For example, the raw materials of the epoxy asphalt can comprise the following components in parts by weight: 75-93 parts of matrix asphalt, 1-5 parts of epoxy resin and 6-20 parts of curing agent.
The epoxy asphalt may include 75 to 93 parts, 75 to 78 parts, 78 to 81 parts, 81 to 84 parts, 84 to 87 parts, 87 to 90 parts, or 90 to 93 parts. The base asphalt generally needs to be a base asphalt with a penetration grade of No. 70, for example, the penetration of the base asphalt can be 60-80, 60-65, 65-70, 70-75, or 75-80.
The epoxy asphalt can comprise 1-5 parts, 1-2 parts, 2-3 parts, 3-4 parts or 4-5 parts of epoxy resin. The epoxy resin can be E51 epoxy resin, and the epoxy equivalent can be 185-192, 185-186, 186-188, 188-190, or 190-192. In one embodiment of the present invention, the epoxy resin has an epoxy equivalent of 189.
The epoxy asphalt can comprise 6-20 parts, 6-8 parts, 8-10 parts, 10-12 parts, 12-14 parts, 14-16 parts, 16-18 parts or 18-20 parts of curing agent. The curing agent may specifically be an acid complex curing agent, and may specifically be methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride (MTHPA), for example.
In the piezoelectric sensor provided by the invention, the package part can be usually wrapped on the periphery of the piezoelectric material to form a piezoelectric sensor with a proper size, for example, the size of the piezoelectric sensor in the length direction can be 40-100 mm, 40-50 mm, 50-60 mm, 60-70 mm, 70-80 mm, 80-90 mm or 90-100 mm, the size of the piezoelectric sensor in the width direction can be 40-100 mm, 40-50 mm, 50-60 mm, 60-70 mm, 70-80 mm, 80-90 mm or 90-100 mm, and the size of the piezoelectric sensor in the height direction can be 8-10 mm, 8-8.5 mm, 8.5-9 mm, 9-9.5 mm or 9.5-10 mm. The thickness of the package on the surface of the piezoelectric material is usually required to be appropriate, so as to provide an appropriate protection effect for the internal piezoelectric sensing element, for example, the thickness of the package on the surface of the piezoelectric material may be 1 to 5mm, 1 to 2mm, 2 to 3mm, 3 to 4mm, or 4 to 5mm, for example, the thickness of the package on the surface of the piezoelectric material may be 4.5 to 5.5mm, 4.5 to 4.7mm, 4.7 to 4.9mm, 4.9 to 5.1mm, 5.1 to 5.3mm, or 5.3 to 5.5mm in the length and width directions of the piezoelectric sensor; for another example, the thickness of the package on the surface of the piezoelectric material in the height direction of the piezoelectric sensor may be 1.8 to 2.2mm, 1.8 to 1.9mm, 1.9 to 2.0mm, 2.0 to 2.1mm, or 2.1 to 2.2 mm.
In the piezoelectric sensor provided by the invention, the conducting layer is generally positioned on the surface of the piezoelectric material column array and is connected with two poles of each piezoelectric material column. Generally, the piezoelectric sensor may include at least two conductive layers, the two conductive layers may be respectively located at two poles of the array of columns of piezoelectric material so as to be connected to two poles of each column of piezoelectric material, and the conductive layers may extend in a direction generally matching the array of columns of piezoelectric material, for example, in a direction perpendicular to a principal axis of polarization of each column of piezoelectric material in the array. The thickness of the conductive layer is usually very thin, and it is necessary to achieve a proper conductive function. The conductive layer can be suitably selected by those skilled in the art, for example, the raw material of the conductive layer can be conductive silver paste, and after the slurry is cured, the conductive layer can be formed.
The piezoelectric sensor provided by the invention can further comprise a lead, wherein the lead can extend out of the package to the conductive layer and is electrically connected with the conductive layer, so that an electric signal generated by the piezoelectric material can be led out, and the lead can be further transmitted to external equipment, wherein the external equipment can be an electric signal acquisition instrument and the like, and specifically can be an oscilloscope, a dynamic signal acquisition instrument and the like.
A second aspect of the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a piezoelectric sensor provided in the first aspect of the present invention, including:
providing a piezoelectric sensing unit;
packaging a piezoelectric sensing unit to provide the piezoelectric sensor.
The preparation method of the piezoelectric sensor provided by the invention can comprise the following steps: a piezoelectric sensing unit is provided. The person skilled in the art may select a suitable method for providing the piezoelectric sensing unit, which may for example comprise: providing a piezoelectric material column array, filling raw materials of a filling phase between the piezoelectric material column arrays, solidifying, and coating conducting layers on two poles of the piezoelectric material column array to provide the piezoelectric sensing unit. The piezoelectric material column array can be obtained by appropriately cutting the piezoelectric material, and in the process of preparing the piezoelectric sensing unit, the cutting of the piezoelectric material can be performed in sequence with the filling of the raw material of the filling phase, and can also be performed simultaneously and alternately. Because the filling phase is a mixed base material of emulsified asphalt and cement, and the raw materials have good fluidity, the piezoelectric material column array can be placed in a mould during filling, and the piezoelectric material column array can be filled. In the filling process, the raw materials are generally required to be sufficiently distributed among the piezoelectric material column arrays, for example, air in the filler can be removed by methods of vacuumizing, vibrating and the like, so as to improve the bonding strength between a matrix phase and a functional phase interface and enhance the compactness of the emulsified asphalt/cement-based composite slurry. After the filling is finished, after the raw materials of the filling phase are cured, the raw materials of the conducting layer can be coated on the two electrodes to form the conducting layer and provide the piezoelectric sensing unit.
The preparation method of the piezoelectric sensor provided by the invention can further comprise the following steps: packaging a piezoelectric sensing unit to provide the piezoelectric sensor. The piezoelectric sensing element may be encapsulated by a suitable method selected by one skilled in the art, for example, the piezoelectric sensing element may be placed in a mold, and the conductive wires may be connected to the conductive layer, and an encapsulating material may be poured into the mold for encapsulation, and the piezoelectric sensor may be provided after curing.
A third aspect of the invention provides a road piezoelectric sensing system comprising a road structure and piezoelectric sensors as provided in the first aspect of the invention distributed in the road structure. The direction of extension of each column of piezoelectric material generally coincides with the direction of the compressive force bearing force of the road structure, and for an array of columns of piezoelectric material, the positive side may be located closer to the road surface or farther away from the road surface. The road structure is generally an asphalt pavement structure, which may include a bituminous top layer, a base layer, a sub-base layer, and a roadbed, and further the bituminous top layer is composed of an upper top layer, a middle top layer, and a lower top layer. The piezoelectric sensors can be generally distributed in a surface layer structure of the asphalt pavement structure, for example, the piezoelectric sensors can be arranged at a position 1-3 cm, 1-1.5 cm, 1.5-2 cm, 2-2.5 cm or 2.5-3 cm away from the surface layer of the pavement according to the thickness of the upper surface layer of the pavement; for another example, at least 2 piezoelectric sensors may be arranged in the cross section of a single lane, and the specific distribution amount may be determined by combining the actual road material, traffic conditions and the comprehensive response of the piezoelectric sensors; for another example, the piezoelectric sensors may be generally spaced apart by a suitable distance, e.g., 0.16m, 0.32m, 0.64m, etc., in the direction of travel of the roadway, up to an increase in axle spacing.
The fourth aspect of the present invention provides a road dynamic monitoring method, including: by the piezoelectric sensor provided by the first aspect of the present invention or the piezoelectric sensing system provided by the third aspect of the present invention, pressure data received by a road surface is collected. As described above, when the road surface is subjected to pressure, the piezoelectric sensor in the road structure is correspondingly subjected to a certain pressure, and can convert the pressure into an electrical signal, the electrical signal can be transmitted through the conductive layer in contact with the piezoelectric material, and the electrical signal can be received through the external device, so that the pressure actually applied to the road can be accurately monitored, and conditions to be monitored on the road can be reflected, such as monitoring of the traffic flow of people and vehicles, dynamic weighing monitoring of vehicles, and the like.
According to the emulsified asphalt/cement-based piezoelectric sensor provided by the invention, the filling base material, the packaging material and the like are improved, so that the composite material structure between the filling base material and the piezoelectric material is more compact, the stability and compatibility of the cement-based piezoelectric composite material are effectively improved, the sensitivity of the sensor can be improved, the sensor has the advantages of wide frequency band, strong anti-interference capability and the like, and the signal-to-noise ratio is also effectively improved. In addition, the emulsified asphalt/cement-based piezoelectric sensor is simple and feasible in preparation steps and low in cost, and has a good industrialization prospect in the field of dynamic monitoring of roads.
The invention of the present application is further illustrated by the following examples, which are not intended to limit the scope of the present application.
Example 1
The emulsified asphalt/cement-based piezoelectric composite material sensing element main body is prepared by adopting a cutting and pouring method and consists of a cement and emulsified asphalt matrix phase and a piezoelectric ceramic functional phase. The specific method comprises the following steps:
adopting lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramic (PZT-5A), using a diamond wire cutting machine, cutting the piezoelectric ceramic phase functional phase into piezoelectric ceramic phase functional phases in an array mode with a certain volume fraction (see figure 2(b)) along the direction parallel to the polarization main axis of the piezoelectric ceramic block, cutting the piezoelectric ceramic column functional phases in the array mode with a certain volume fraction (see figure 2(c)) along the other direction of the piezoelectric ceramic block by the same line width in the same mode, controlling the width of the cut piezoelectric ceramic column to be 1.88mm and the column spacing to be 1.25mm in order to prevent the brittle fracture of the piezoelectric ceramic phase with the undersized width in the cutting process, protecting the piezoelectric ceramic column by reserving a piezoelectric ceramic base with a certain thickness at the bottom of the piezoelectric ceramic block, and cutting and removing the piezoelectric ceramic column after pouring, the height of the base after cutting was 3mm (see FIG. 2 (d)).
As shown in fig. 3, the piezoelectric ceramic columns can also be obtained by a method of primary cutting-primary casting-secondary cutting-secondary casting, and the piezoelectric ceramic phases or the piezoelectric ceramic columns can be prevented from being broken during the cutting process by casting the emulsified asphalt/cement matrix phases after the primary cutting.
And cleaning the piezoelectric ceramic phase and the piezoelectric ceramic column matrix phase which are cut twice by using an ultrasonic cleaning machine to remove piezoelectric ceramic debris and enhance the bonding strength between the functional phase and the matrix phase interface.
Fixing the piezoelectric ceramic column with the base in a mold, pouring the emulsified asphalt/cement base material which is uniformly mixed and has good working performance into the gaps of the piezoelectric ceramic column in a vibration pouring mode, and after pouring is finished, placing the emulsified asphalt/cement base material in a vacuum pump to vibrate and pump out air in order to enhance the compactness of the emulsified asphalt/cement base material.
Maintaining for 2 days and demoulding under the conditions that the temperature is 20 +/-1 ℃, the relative humidity is more than 90 percent and the temperature of the curing water is 20 +/-1 ℃, continuously maintaining for curing after demoulding, and polishing after curing for 7 days; and further drying the polished emulsified asphalt/cement-based piezoelectric composite material induction main body in a 101-2 electrothermal blowing drying oven in an environment of 60 ℃, 80 ℃ and 100 ℃ for 4h, 8h and 1h in sequence in a gradient drying mode.
Scrubbing the dried emulsified asphalt/cement-based composite material functional phase with acetone, cutting off the piezoelectric ceramic base to obtain a piezoelectric composite material induction main body with the height of 2mm, and smearing low-temperature conductive silver paste on two sides; finally, a piezoelectric composite material induction main body with the size of 30 multiplied by 2mm is obtained. And drying the emulsified asphalt/cement-based piezoelectric ceramic composite material induction main body for 1h at the temperature of 100 ℃ to form and solidify. The obtained emulsified asphalt/cement-based piezoelectric ceramic composite material sensing main body (piezoelectric sensing element) is prepared, the structure is shown in fig. 4, the piezoelectric ceramic cylinders are uniformly arrayed, and therefore 1/2 widths in the length and width directions of one piezoelectric ceramic cylinder and the ceramic cylinder are taken as analysis units.
As shown in fig. 5, a small rectangular parallelepiped piezoelectric sensor was further prepared, and the surface of the piezoelectric composite material was wiped with a cotton swab coated with anhydrous alcohol, and left to stand until it was naturally dried. The fine copper core lead (including the leading-out wire and the shielding lead) is pasted on the surface of the piezoelectric composite material through polyacrylate and conductive silver paste, the lead is welded by a low-power electric soldering iron after solidification, and the soldering paste left on the surface of the element is lightly wiped by acetone in a short time.
Coating a release agent in a self-made mould of 40 multiplied by 20mm, fixing a piezoelectric composite material in the mould, preparing a packaging part positioned below the piezoelectric material in the mould by adopting epoxy asphalt as a packaging material, curing for 1d, attaching the emulsified asphalt/cement-based piezoelectric composite material on the packaging part, pouring the packaging material positioned above the piezoelectric composite material in the mould, curing for 28d, adopting a vibration pouring mode in the pouring process, and placing the poured small cuboid piezoelectric sensor with the mould in a vacuum pump for vacuumizing to eliminate air holes in the small cuboid piezoelectric sensor to obtain the final small cuboid piezoelectric sensor.
Example 2
The piezoelectric sensor system needs to be grounded, so that the influence of an external magnetic field is weakened, the anti-interference capability is improved, and the signal-to-noise ratio is further improved. Before practical application, the prepared small cuboid piezoelectric sensor is subjected to performance tests, including measurement of linearity (sensitivity) and repeatability, so as to ensure that the sensor can have the capability of coping with the working environment of a road, a complex stress environment and a climate environment.
And sequentially applying a load of 0.1-0.7 MPa to the piezoelectric sensor through a universal testing machine. In order to test the sensitivity of the prepared piezoelectric sensor, pulse signals are simulated, the piezoelectric sensor is rapidly unloaded after each load is applied, the output voltage of the unloaded piezoelectric sensor is recorded by an oscilloscope, the voltage and load ratio is used as the linearity of the piezoelectric sensor, and the specific linearity values of the piezoelectric sensor are generally different due to the difference of the size, the material and the like of the piezoelectric sensor. Thus, for piezoelectric sensors of a given structural size, material composition and material parameters, the linearity remains unchanged, i.e., the voltage output is linear with load, but it is possible that a given sensor will have a given linearity value. The determined linearity is a prerequisite for the use of the piezoelectric sensor for dynamic weighing of vehicles. As shown in fig. 6, the linearity of the piezoelectric sensor calculated to have a piezoelectric phase volume fraction of 40% was 6.62 × 10 -5V/Pa, indicating that the piezoelectric sensor has suitable sensitivity.
Example 3
The piezoelectric sensor is mainly used for recognizing road traffic conditions by sensing vibration response of roads under driving loads, the speed of the piezoelectric sensor is one of important factors influencing road traffic safety accidents, and the speed of the piezoelectric sensor is used as one of important indexes, so that the piezoelectric sensor has important reference significance for traffic safety analysis and road infrastructure design. Therefore, in the present embodiment, vehicle speed identification analysis of the piezoelectric sensor is performed, and specifically, the piezoelectric sensor is embedded 1cm below the surface layer of the road surface structure having a size of 6 × 3.75 × 4 m; the structural parameters of the asphalt pavement are shown in a table 1, the transverse distance between the two embedded sensors is 0.54m, and the identification capability of the piezoelectric sensors on the vehicle speeds of 60km/h and 80km/h is verified. The voltage output results of the two sensors are shown in fig. 7.
TABLE 1
Structural layer Thickness (cm) Density (kg/m)3) Modulus of elasticity (MPa) Poisson ratio mu α β
(Upper layer) SMA-13 4 2400 1800 0.25 0.4 0.003
(middle layer) AC-20 6 2400 1800 0.25 0.4 0.003
(lower layer) AC-25 8 2400 1200 0.25 0.4 0.003
(base layer) CTB1 20 2300 1500 0.2 0.4 0.003
(underlayment) CTB2 30 2300 750 0.2 0.4 0.003
(soil layer) SG — 1800 40 0.35 0.25 0.005
Obviously, the peak values of the output signals of the two elements have time difference under different vehicle speeds. The two elements sensing the load successively are respectively marked as element 1 and element 2, and the time points of the appearance of the three wave crests are selected according to the difference of the wave crests, so that the sensed speed of the elements is calculated as shown in table 2:
TABLE 2
Figure BDA0002585409250000111
As can be seen from the data in Table 2, the piezoelectric sensor provided by the application can accurately monitor the pressure actually applied to the road, so that the condition needing to be monitored on the road can be accurately reflected.
In conclusion, the present invention effectively overcomes various disadvantages of the prior art and has high industrial utilization value.
The foregoing embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and utilities of the present invention and are not intended to limit the invention. Any person skilled in the art can modify or change the above-mentioned embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, it is intended that all equivalent modifications or changes which may be accomplished by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as set forth in the appended claims.

Claims (10)

1. The piezoelectric sensor is characterized by comprising a packaging part and a piezoelectric sensing element packaged in the packaging part, wherein the piezoelectric sensing element comprises piezoelectric material column arrays and filling phases distributed among the piezoelectric material column arrays, the extension directions of the piezoelectric material columns are consistent, the polarization main shaft direction of the piezoelectric material columns is consistent with the extension directions of the piezoelectric material columns, the piezoelectric sensing element further comprises two conducting layers, and the two conducting layers are located on the surfaces of the piezoelectric material column arrays and are respectively connected with two poles of the piezoelectric material columns.
2. The piezoelectric sensor according to claim 1, wherein the material of the piezoelectric material pillar is selected from inorganic piezoelectric materials, preferably the inorganic piezoelectric materials are selected from piezoelectric ceramics selected from one or more of lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramics, niobium lithium lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramics, niobium magnesium lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramics.
3. The piezoelectric sensor of claim 1, wherein the piezoelectric material has a density of 6.90 x 103～7.75×103kg/m3A piezoelectric strain constant of 2.25X 10-10～5.95×10-10C/N, the relative dielectric constant is 1050-3500, and the electromechanical coupling coefficient is 0.31-0.76%.
4. The piezoelectric transducer of claim 1, wherein the columns of piezoelectric material have a height of 2 to 4mm and the individual columns of piezoelectric material have a cross-sectional area of 3.43 to 14.90mm2；
And/or the total cross-sectional area of the piezoelectric material column is 360-720 mm2The column spacing is 0.5-1.25 mm;
and/or, the cross section of the single piezoelectric material column generally has an extension length in a single direction of not more than 3.86mm, and preferably, the piezoelectric material column is a cuboid;
and/or in the piezoelectric sensing element, the volume percentage of the piezoelectric material column is 40-80%.
5. The piezoelectric transducer according to claim 1, wherein the material of the filler phase is selected from a mixed matrix of emulsified asphalt and cement, and the mixed matrix of emulsified asphalt and cement comprises the following components in parts by weight:
60-100 parts of cement;
20-33 parts of emulsified asphalt;
33-60 parts of water.
6. The piezoelectric sensor of claim 1, wherein the cement is selected from the group consisting of portland cement;
and/or the emulsified asphalt is selected from cationic emulsified asphalt, the cationic emulsified asphalt is quick-cracking cationic emulsified asphalt, the oversize allowance of the cationic emulsified asphalt is more than or equal to 0.1%, and the normal-temperature stability of 1d is less than or equal to 1%.
7. The piezoelectric transducer of claim 1, wherein the material of the package is selected from the group consisting of epoxy asphalt, the epoxy asphalt comprising, in parts by weight: 75-93 parts of matrix asphalt, 1-5 parts of epoxy resin and 6-20 parts of curing agent;
and/or the conducting wire extends out of the package to the conducting layer and is electrically connected with the conducting layer.
8. A method of making a piezoelectric sensor as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7, comprising:
Providing a piezoelectric sensing unit;
packaging a piezoelectric sensing unit to provide the piezoelectric sensor.
9. A road piezoelectric sensing system comprising a road structure and piezoelectric sensors as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7 distributed in the road structure.
10. A method of road dynamic monitoring, comprising:
pressure data of a road surface is collected by a piezoelectric sensor according to any one of claims 1 to 7 or a piezoelectric sensing system according to claim 8.
CN202010679909.XA 2020-07-15 2020-07-15 1-3 type emulsified asphalt/cement-based piezoelectric sensor and preparation method and application thereof Pending CN111855033A (en)

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