CN111847400A - Method for preparing non-noble metal hydrogen fuel cell cathode material - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for preparing a non-noble metal cathode material of a hydrogen fuel cell. The method comprises the following steps: (1) mixing soluble nickel salt, ammonium fluoride, urea and water, and then carrying out hydrothermal reaction to obtain a precursor; (2) and performing high-temperature nitridation treatment on the precursor in an ammonia atmosphere to obtain the cathode material, wherein the temperature of the hydrothermal reaction is 100-135 ℃. The method adopts non-noble metal electrode materials with low price, rich resources and good catalytic activity to replace noble metal platinum, so that the method not only can obviously reduce the cost of raw materials, but also can promote the large-scale application of the hydrogen fuel cell.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of fuel cells, and particularly relates to a method for preparing a non-noble metal cathode material of a hydrogen fuel cell.
Background
Fuel cells convert chemical energy of fuel into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions, and are one of the key technologies for developing hydrogen energy economy. The hydrogen fuel cell automobile has advanced performances of high efficiency, energy conservation, environmental protection and the like, and is more and more concerned by people. However, before commercialization can be achieved, the hydrogen fuel cell must solve the problem of being expensive. Since the cost of hydrogen fuel cell electrodes is high due to the use of noble metal platinum or platinum-based catalysts, more and more researchers have been studying non-noble metal catalysts with high activity and high stability, such as metal nitrocarbon catalysts, transition metal sulfides, transition metal oxides, transition metal carbides and nitrides, etc.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention is directed to solving, at least to some extent, the technical problems in the related art. Therefore, one objective of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing a non-noble metal cathode material for a hydrogen fuel cell, wherein the method adopts a non-noble metal electrode material with low price, abundant resources and good catalytic activity to replace noble metal platinum, so that the raw material cost can be significantly reduced, and the large-scale application of the hydrogen fuel cell can be promoted.
According to one aspect of the invention, the invention provides a method for preparing a non-noble metal cathode material of a hydrogen fuel cell. According to an embodiment of the invention, the method comprises:
(1) mixing soluble nickel salt, ammonium fluoride, urea and water, and then carrying out hydrothermal reaction to obtain a precursor;
(2) performing high-temperature nitridation treatment on the precursor in an ammonia atmosphere to obtain the cathode material,
wherein the temperature of the hydrothermal reaction is 100-135 ℃.
The method for preparing the non-noble metal cathode material of the hydrogen fuel cell in the embodiment of the invention takes the hydroxide of nickel as a precursor, and synthesizes nickel nitride as the cathode material of the hydrogen fuel cell through medium-high temperature calcination in the atmosphere of ammonia gas, wherein, compared with the prior art, the method has lower reaction temperature, milder preparation conditions, simple operation, good repeatability, large-scale production and strong practicability, the prepared nickel nitride can provide more active sites for catalyzing the hydrogen oxidation reaction, has better hydrogen oxidation activity and potential stability compared with the existing nickel-based material, can replace platinum and platinum-based catalysts to be used as electrode materials, and provides a new thought for solving the bottleneck problems that the high cost, the resource shortage and the like of the platinum-based catalysts restrict the industrial development of the hydrogen fuel cell.
In addition, the method for preparing the non-noble metal hydrogen fuel cell anode material according to the embodiment of the invention can also have the following additional technical characteristics:
in some embodiments of the invention, in step (1), the molar ratio of nickel in the nickel salt to the ammonium fluoride and the urea is 1: (4-5): (10-15).
In some embodiments of the invention, in step (1), the molar volume ratio of nickel nitrate hexahydrate to water is 1 mmol: (10-60) mL.
In some embodiments of the present invention, in the step (1), the nickel salt is at least one selected from the group consisting of nickel nitrate hexahydrate, nickel sulfate and nickel chloride.
In some embodiments of the invention, step (1) further comprises: and cooling, centrifuging, washing and drying the hydrothermal reaction product.
In some embodiments of the invention, the centrifugation product is alternately washed with ethanol and deionized water 2-4 times, and then vacuum-dried for 12-24 hours.
In some embodiments of the invention, in the step (1), the mixed solution of the nickel salt, the ammonium fluoride, the urea and the water is stirred at a rotation speed of 200 to 500r/min for 5 to 20min in advance, and then the hydrothermal reaction is performed.
In some embodiments of the present invention, in the step (2), the flow rate of the ammonia gas is 100 to 150mL/min, and the temperature of the high temperature nitridation treatment is 300 to 400 ℃.
In some embodiments of the invention, in the step (2), the precursor is placed in a tube furnace, ammonia gas is introduced in advance to remove air in the tube, then the flow rate of the ammonia gas is controlled to be 100-150 mL/min, the temperature is raised at the speed of 5-10 ℃/min, and the temperature is kept at 300-400 ℃ for 3-5 h.
In some embodiments of the invention, in the step (2), after performing high-temperature nitridation treatment on the precursor, ethanol is added dropwise and naturally cooled, so as to obtain the negative electrode material.
Additional aspects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention.
Drawings
The above and/or additional aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent and readily appreciated from the following description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of which:
FIG. 1 is a scanning electron microscope picture of a negative electrode material prepared according to example 3 of the present invention;
fig. 2 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of the anode material prepared according to example 3 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like or similar reference numerals refer to the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar function throughout. The embodiments described below with reference to the drawings are illustrative and intended to be illustrative of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
According to one aspect of the invention, the invention provides a method for preparing a non-noble metal cathode material of a hydrogen fuel cell. According to an embodiment of the invention, the method comprises: (1) mixing soluble nickel salt, ammonium fluoride, urea and water, and then carrying out hydrothermal reaction to obtain a precursor; (2) and performing high-temperature nitridation treatment on the precursor in an ammonia atmosphere to obtain the cathode material, wherein the temperature of the hydrothermal reaction is 100-135 ℃. The method adopts non-noble metal electrode materials with low price, rich resources and good catalytic activity to replace noble metal platinum, so that the method not only can obviously reduce the cost of raw materials, but also can promote the large-scale application of the hydrogen fuel cell.
The method for preparing the non-noble metal hydrogen fuel cell anode material according to the above embodiment of the invention is described in detail below.
(1) Mixing soluble nickel salt, ammonium fluoride, urea and water, and carrying out hydrothermal reaction to obtain a precursor
According to the embodiment of the invention, the nickel-containing hydroxide precursor can be prepared by mixing soluble nickel salt, ammonium fluoride, urea and water and then carrying out hydrothermal reaction, and the nickel-containing hydroxide precursor can be specifically Ni (OH)2The temperature of the hydrothermal reaction is 100-135 ℃, for example, may be 100 ℃, 110 ℃, 120 ℃, 130 ℃ or 135 ℃, and the inventors found that too high or too low of the temperature of the hydrothermal reaction affects the morphological structure and crystallization degree of the precursor, specifically, if the temperature of the hydrothermal reaction is too high, the formed precursor particles are large and the agglomeration phenomenon is serious, and if the temperature of the hydrothermal reaction is too low, the crystallization degree of the precursor is reduced.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the type of the soluble nickel salt in the present invention is not particularly limited, and those skilled in the art can select the soluble nickel salt according to actual needs, as long as nickel ions can be provided. For example, the soluble nickel salt may be at least one selected from nickel nitrate hexahydrate, nickel sulfate, nickel chloride, and the like.
According to yet another embodiment of the invention, the molar ratio of nickel in the nickel salt to ammonium fluoride and urea may be 1: (4-5): (10-15), the inventor finds that the feeding ratio not only directly influences whether the precursor can be formed, but also influences the rate and the conversion rate of the hydrothermal reaction and the crystal morphology and the crystallization degree of the prepared precursor, and by controlling the molar ratio range of ammonium fluoride, urea and nickel salt, the hydrothermal reaction is more favorably carried out, the reaction rate and the conversion rate are improved, the crystal morphology and the crystallization degree of the precursor can be improved, and the precursor with more uniform particle size is obtained; preferably, the molar ratio of nickel in the nickel salt to ammonium fluoride and urea may be 1: (4-5): (10.5-15), thereby further promoting the hydrothermal reaction and ensuring that the precursor with better surface appearance and higher crystallization degree can be quickly synthesized under the hydrothermal condition of 100-135 ℃. Further, when mixing the soluble nickel salt, ammonium fluoride, urea and water, the molar volume ratio of nickel nitrate hexahydrate and water may be 1 mmol: (10-60) mL, preferably 1 mmol: (30-40) mL, and the inventors found that by controlling the molar ratio range, not only can the hydrothermal reaction be further promoted to rapidly proceed, but also the surface morphology and crystallization degree of the prepared precursor can be further improved.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, the hydrothermal reaction may further comprise: and cooling, centrifuging, washing and drying the hydrothermal reaction product. It is thereby possible to more favorably obtain a stable single anode material. The centrifugal product can be alternately washed for 2-4 times by adopting ethanol and deionized water, and then is dried in vacuum for 12-24 hours, and compared with the mode of singly washing by adopting ethanol or singly washing by adopting deionized water, the removal rate of impurity ions and organic matters can be obviously improved by alternately washing the centrifugal product by adopting ethanol and deionized water, so that the stable and single negative electrode material can be prepared more favorably.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the mixed solution of nickel salt, ammonium fluoride, urea and water can be stirred at a rotation speed of 200-500 r/min for 5-20 min in advance, and then hydrothermal reaction is performed, so that a more uniform and stable mixed solution can be obtained, the surface appearance and crystallization degree of the precursor can be further improved, and the precursor with more uniform particle size can be obtained.
(2) Performing high-temperature nitridation treatment on the precursor in an ammonia atmosphere to obtain the cathode material
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the flow rate of the ammonia gas may be 100 to 150mL/min, for example, 100mL/min, 120mL/min, 130mL/min, 140mL/min or 150mL/min, and the temperature of the high temperature nitridation treatment may be 300 to 400 ℃, for example, 300 ℃, 310 ℃, 320 ℃, 330 ℃, 340 ℃, 350 ℃, 360 ℃, 370 ℃, or 400 ℃. If the flow rate of ammonia is too high, the tail gas cannot be treated quickly, and harmful gas is discharged into the air. If the temperature of the high-temperature nitriding treatment is too low, the yield and the production efficiency of the nickel nitride of the cathode material are affected, and if the temperature of the high-temperature nitriding treatment is too high, the generated nano particles are seriously agglomerated, and the comprehensive performance of the cathode material is finally affected. By controlling the nitriding treatment conditions, the invention can be further beneficial to forming a stable and single nickel nitride cathode material.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the precursor can be placed in a tube furnace, ammonia gas is introduced in advance to remove air in the tube, then the flow rate of the ammonia gas is controlled to be 100-150 mL/min, the temperature is raised at the speed of 5-10 ℃/min and kept at 300-400 ℃ for 3-5 h, and the finally prepared nickel nitride anode material can be further prevented from being oxidized by emptying the furnace tube in advance, so that the finally prepared nickel nitride anode material is ensured to be a stable single phase.
According to another embodiment of the invention, after the high-temperature nitridation treatment is performed on the precursor, ethanol can be added dropwise and naturally cooled, so that a layer of passivation film can be formed on the surface of the negative electrode material, the reaction activity of the negative electrode material and air is reduced, and the negative electrode material is prevented from being oxidized or subjected to other activation reactions due to direct contact with the air, so that the finally prepared nickel nitride negative electrode material is further ensured to be a stable single phase, and the negative electrode material is ensured to have excellent electrochemical properties.
In summary, the method for preparing the non-noble metal hydrogen fuel cell cathode material in the above embodiment of the invention uses the hydroxide of nickel as the precursor, nickel nitride is synthesized by medium-high temperature calcination in ammonia atmosphere to be used as the cathode material of the hydrogen fuel cell, wherein, compared with the prior art, the method has lower reaction temperature, milder preparation conditions, simple operation, good repeatability, large-scale production and strong practicability, the prepared nickel nitride can provide more active sites for catalytic hydrogen oxidation reaction, has better hydrogen oxidation activity and potential stability compared with the prior nickel-based material, can replace platinum and platinum-based catalysts to be used as electrode materials, and provides a new idea for solving the bottleneck problems of high cost, resource shortage and the like of the platinum-based catalysts which restrict the industrial development of the hydrogen fuel cell.
The scheme of the invention will be explained with reference to the examples. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the following examples are illustrative of the invention only and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention. The examples, where specific techniques or conditions are not indicated, are to be construed according to the techniques or conditions described in the literature in the art or according to the product specifications. The reagents or instruments used are not indicated by the manufacturer, and are all conventional products commercially available.
Example 1
1) Respectively adding 2.5mmol of nickel sulfate, 10mmol of ammonium fluoride and 25mmol of urea into 40mL of deionized water;
2) controlling the magnetic stirring speed to be 300r/min and the stirring time to be 10min, and then carrying out hydrothermal reaction, wherein the hydrothermal reaction temperature is kept at 100 ℃, and the reaction time is 20 h;
3) alternately washing the hydrothermal reaction product with ethanol and deionized water for three times, and then drying in vacuum for 24 hours to obtain a precursor;
4) placing the obtained precursor in a crucible, placing the crucible in a tubular furnace, introducing ammonia gas in advance to remove air in the tube, controlling the heating rate to be 10 ℃/min and the ammonia gas flow rate to be 100mL/min, and keeping the temperature for 3h at 350 ℃;
5) and (3) after the tube furnace is naturally cooled to room temperature, dropwise adding a small amount of ethanol into the crucible to passivate the surface of the material, thereby obtaining the cathode material.
Example 2
1) Respectively adding 2.5mmol of nickel chloride, 12.5mmol of ammonium fluoride and 30mmol of urea into 40mL of deionized water;
2) controlling the magnetic stirring speed to be 300r/min and the stirring time to be 10min, and then carrying out hydrothermal reaction, wherein the hydrothermal reaction temperature is kept at 130 ℃, and the reaction time is 15 h;
3) alternately washing the hydrothermal reaction product with ethanol and deionized water for three times, and then drying in vacuum for 24 hours to obtain a precursor;
4) placing the obtained precursor in a crucible, placing the crucible in a tubular furnace, introducing ammonia gas in advance to remove air in the tube, controlling the heating rate to be 10 ℃/min and the ammonia gas flow rate to be 130mL/min, and keeping the temperature for 2 hours at 300 ℃;
5) and (3) after the tube furnace is naturally cooled to room temperature, dropwise adding a small amount of ethanol into the crucible to passivate the surface of the material, thereby obtaining the cathode material.
Example 3
1) Respectively adding 2.5mmol of nickel nitrate hexahydrate, 10mmol of ammonium fluoride and 25mmol of urea into 40mL of deionized water;
2) controlling the magnetic stirring speed to be 300r/min and the stirring time to be 10min, and then carrying out hydrothermal reaction, wherein the hydrothermal reaction temperature is kept at 135 ℃, and the reaction time is 10 h;
3) alternately washing the hydrothermal reaction product with ethanol and deionized water for three times, and then drying in vacuum for 24 hours to obtain a precursor;
4) Placing the obtained precursor in a crucible, placing the crucible in a tubular furnace, introducing ammonia gas in advance to remove air in the tube, controlling the heating rate to be 5 ℃/min and the ammonia gas flow rate to be 150mL/min, and keeping the temperature at 350 ℃ for 3 h;
5) and (3) after the tube furnace is naturally cooled to room temperature, dropwise adding a small amount of ethanol into the crucible to passivate the surface of the material, thereby obtaining the cathode material.
Wherein, fig. 1 is a morphology structure diagram of the final product nickel nitride prepared in example 3, and as can be seen from fig. 1, the prepared nickel nitride is nanoparticles, the diameter is about 50-70 nm, the particles are uniformly dispersed and uniform in size, and no large agglomeration phenomenon occurs. FIG. 2 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of the final product nickel nitride prepared in example 3, from which it can be seen that the XRD peak is strong and sharp, indicating that the product has good crystallinity and good thermal stability.
Example 4
1) Respectively adding 2.5mmol of nickel nitrate hexahydrate, 10mmol of ammonium fluoride and 37.5mmol of urea into 60mL of deionized water;
2) controlling the magnetic stirring speed to be 300r/min and the stirring time to be 10min, and then carrying out hydrothermal reaction, wherein the hydrothermal reaction temperature is kept at 120 ℃ and the reaction time is 10 h;
3) alternately washing the hydrothermal reaction product with ethanol and deionized water for three times, and then drying in vacuum for 24 hours to obtain a precursor;
4) Placing the obtained precursor in a crucible, placing the crucible in a tubular furnace, introducing ammonia gas in advance to remove air in the tube, controlling the heating rate to be 5 ℃/min and the ammonia gas flow rate to be 120mL/min, and keeping the temperature for 3h at 330 ℃;
5) and (3) after the tube furnace is naturally cooled to room temperature, dropwise adding a small amount of ethanol into the crucible to passivate the surface of the material, thereby obtaining the cathode material.
In the description herein, references to the description of the term "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "an example," "a specific example," or "some examples," etc., mean that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, the schematic representations of the terms used above are not necessarily intended to refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples. Furthermore, various embodiments or examples and features of different embodiments or examples described in this specification can be combined and combined by one skilled in the art without contradiction.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it is understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the present invention, and that variations, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to the above embodiments by those of ordinary skill in the art within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method for preparing a non-noble metal cathode material of a hydrogen fuel cell is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) mixing soluble nickel salt, ammonium fluoride, urea and water, and then carrying out hydrothermal reaction to obtain a precursor;
(2) performing high-temperature nitridation treatment on the precursor in an ammonia atmosphere to obtain the cathode material,
wherein the temperature of the hydrothermal reaction is 100-135 ℃.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein in step (1), the molar ratio of nickel in the nickel salt to the ammonium fluoride and the urea is 1: (4-5): (10-15).
3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein in step (1), the molar volume ratio of the nickel nitrate hexahydrate to the water is 1 mmol: (10-60) mL.
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein in the step (1), the soluble nickel salt is at least one selected from the group consisting of nickel nitrate hexahydrate, nickel sulfate and nickel chloride.
5. The method of claim 1 or 4, wherein step (1) further comprises: and cooling, centrifuging, washing and drying the hydrothermal reaction product.
6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the centrifuged product is alternately washed with ethanol and deionized water for 2-4 times, and then vacuum-dried for 12-24 hours.
7. The method according to claim 1 or 6, wherein in the step (1), the hydrothermal reaction is performed after the mixed solution of the nickel salt, the ammonium fluoride, the urea and water is stirred at a rotation speed of 200 to 500r/min for 5 to 20 min.
8. The method according to claim 7, wherein in the step (2), the flow rate of the ammonia gas is 100 to 150mL/min, and the temperature of the high-temperature nitriding treatment is 300 to 400 ℃.
9. The method according to claim 8, wherein in the step (2), the precursor is placed in a tube furnace, ammonia gas is introduced in advance to remove air in the tube, then the flow rate of the ammonia gas is controlled to be 100-150 mL/min, the temperature is raised at the speed of 5-10 ℃/min, and the temperature is kept at 300-400 ℃ for 3-5 h.
10. The method according to claim 1 or 9, wherein in the step (2), the precursor is subjected to high-temperature nitridation treatment, and then ethanol is added dropwise and naturally cooled, so that the negative electrode material is obtained.
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| CN115000382B (en) * | 2022-06-27 | 2024-05-07 | 山东友邦科思茂新材料有限公司 | Nickel-rich lithium ion positive electrode material with surface nitrogen modified, preparation method thereof and lithium ion battery |
| CN116713024A (en) * | 2023-08-10 | 2023-09-08 | 金川集团股份有限公司 | Preparation method and application of micro-nano porous nitrogen-doped nickel-based hydrogen oxidation catalyst |
| CN116713024B (en) * | 2023-08-10 | 2023-10-20 | 金川集团股份有限公司 | Preparation method and application of micro-nano porous nitrogen-doped nickel-based hydrogen oxidation catalyst |
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