CN111830558A - Fracture zone engraving method - Google Patents
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Abstract
A method of fracture zone engraving comprising: determining the fracture zone boundary of the region to be analyzed, and further obtaining the fracture zone profile of the region to be analyzed; determining cave data in an area to be analyzed through wave impedance inversion; extracting a fault plane in the region to be analyzed by utilizing a fault automatic extraction technology, and determining fracture data and crack data in the region to be analyzed; intersecting the cave data, the fracture data and the fracture data with the fracture zone profile and taking an intersection to respectively obtain a cave data body, a fracture data body and a fracture data body within the fracture zone profile range; and rescaling the cave data body, the fracture data body and the fracture data body in the fracture zone profile range according to respective value range, and fusing the cave data body, the fracture data body and the fracture data body into one data body to obtain the fracture zone three-dimensional space carving of the zone to be analyzed. According to the method, the carving of the fracture zone is realized by optimizing the sensitive attribute and adopting a 'ternary integration' mode, and an effective and reliable basis can be provided for knowing the deployment of the drilling track.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of oil and gas exploration and development, in particular to a fracture zone engraving method.
Background
The oil field in the northeast of the Tarim basin is different from the epikarst fracture-cave type oil reservoir in the Tahe area, and is an interrupted control fracture-cave type oil reservoir. Through comprehensive comparison of drilling, logging, earthquake, test, production dynamics and the like, the matrix of the Ordovician carbonate rock reservoir in the northward region has poor physical properties and underdeveloped pores, main reservoir spaces are cavity-type caves and crack zones in sliding fracture zones, and the main reservoir types are crack-cave types.
At present, good oil and gas results are disclosed by trunk fracture drilling in the northward region, but the internal heterogeneity of a fracture zone is extremely strong, transverse and longitudinal segmented characteristics exist, and the reservoir space distribution is very complex. Due to the lack of large-scale reservoir section logging and coring data, the type and the distribution of the reservoir are controversial at present, and therefore an effective reservoir geological model is not established yet. Meanwhile, the obvious and effective seismic response characteristics of the reservoir are not established in the geophysical emptying of the high-quality reservoir at the leakage level.
During well drilling deployment, a horizontal well technology is often adopted to cross a fracture zone, and a drill bit is used for searching a high-quality reservoir stratum. The method can realize the search of a high-quality reservoir in the horizontal direction, but the fracture zone also has heterogeneity in the longitudinal direction, the fracture zone is not a good reservoir in the vertical direction, and the vertical target point cannot be calibrated. Meanwhile, in the drilling and emptying of lost circulation grade reservoirs, the high-quality reservoirs are only a few meters in fracture zones which are hundreds of meters or even thousands of meters wide. Therefore, various sensitive attributes are required to be searched from seismic data to represent various reservoirs in the fracture, and the internal structure of the fracture is displayed more intuitively and vividly through body fusion and three-dimensional carving, so that drilling deployment and resource quantity calculation are guided.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the above problems, the present invention provides a method for engraving a fracture zone, the method comprising:
firstly, identifying the boundary of a fracture zone of a region to be analyzed, determining the boundary of the fracture zone of the region to be analyzed, and further obtaining the contour of the fracture zone of the region to be analyzed;
determining cave data in the area to be analyzed through wave impedance inversion;
extracting a fault plane in the region to be analyzed by utilizing a fault automatic extraction technology, and determining fracture data and crack data in the region to be analyzed according to the fault plane;
intersecting the cave data, the fracture data and the fracture data with the fracture zone profile and taking an intersection to respectively obtain a cave data body, a fracture data body and a fracture data body within the fracture zone profile range;
and fifthly, rescaling the cave data body, the fracture data body and the fracture data body in the fracture zone contour range according to respective value range, and fusing the cave data body, the fracture data body and the fracture data body into a data body to obtain the fracture zone three-dimensional space carving of the zone to be analyzed.
According to an embodiment of the invention, in the first step, the envelope curve of the maximum probability fracture-dense region of the region to be analyzed is determined through the maximum likelihood attribute, and the fracture zone boundary of the region to be analyzed is obtained.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, in the first step, the fracture zone boundary is smoothed in the line direction, the track direction and the time by using the structure-oriented filtering, so as to obtain the fracture zone profile of the region to be analyzed.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, in the second step,
and intersecting wave impedance data smaller than a preset wave impedance threshold with tensor data to determine cave data in the area to be analyzed.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, in the second step, the step of determining the preset wave impedance threshold includes:
determining the lower limit of the porosity of the cave reservoir of the area to be analyzed according to the logging data;
determining a corresponding lower threshold value of logging wave impedance according to the lower limit of the porosity of the cavern reservoir;
and determining the corresponding seismic scale wave impedance threshold value through forward modeling analysis according to the lower threshold value of the logging wave impedance, so as to obtain the preset wave impedance threshold value.
According to an embodiment of the invention, in said step three,
extracting a fault plane of which the AFE value is larger than a first preset AFE threshold value, determining the extracted fault plane as a fracture space region, and correspondingly obtaining fracture data;
and extracting fault planes with AFE values smaller than or equal to a first preset AFE threshold value and larger than a second preset AFE threshold value, determining the extracted fault planes as fracture reservoir ranges, and correspondingly obtaining fracture data.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, determining an AFE value corresponding to the control leakage prevention of the region to be analyzed to obtain the first preset AFE threshold value; and/or the like and/or,
and determining an AFE value corresponding to the fine crack to obtain the second preset AFE threshold value.
According to an embodiment of the invention, in the fifth step, the value range of the fractured data volume is the highest, the value range of the cave data volume is the next to the value range of the fractured data volume, and the value range of the fractured data volume is the lowest.
According to an embodiment of the invention, in the fifth step, when the cave data volume, the broken data volume and the crack data volume with the rescaled value ranges are merged, the overlapping area is merged according to the preset priority.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the priority of the fracture data volume, the cavity data volume and the fracture data volume is sequentially decreased.
The method provided by the invention realizes fracture zone carving by optimizing the sensitive property and adopting a 'three-in-one' mode. Specifically, the method comprises the steps of enabling fracture zone profiles (unitary), cave reservoir distribution (binary) and fracture and crack distribution (ternary) proportions to be in different ranges, fusing the three data into a data file, and carving by using a three-dimensional visualization technology. Experiments show that the success rate of trunk fracture drilling can be 100% by using the method, and effective and reliable bases can be provided for knowing the deployment of drilling tracks.
Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by the structure particularly pointed out in the written description and claims hereof as well as the appended drawings.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the following briefly introduces the drawings required in the description of the embodiments or the prior art:
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of "fracture + strong beads", "fracture + medium strong beads", "fracture + bead aggregate", "fracture + random weak reflections" according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic flow diagram of a method for engraving a fractured zone according to one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a fracture likelihood according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a fracture zone profile of a region to be analyzed according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a cavern in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of seismic sections and AFE properties of three fracture patterns according to one embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of the result of engraving a three-dimensional space according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention will be provided with reference to the drawings and examples, so that how to apply the technical means to solve the technical problems and achieve the technical effects can be fully understood and implemented. It should be noted that, as long as there is no conflict, the embodiments and the features of the embodiments of the present invention may be combined with each other, and the technical solutions formed are within the scope of the present invention.
In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments of the invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without some of these specific details or with other methods described herein.
Additionally, the steps illustrated in the flow charts of the figures may be performed in a computer system such as a set of computer-executable instructions and, although a logical order is illustrated in the flow charts, in some cases, the steps illustrated or described may be performed in an order different than here.
In recent years, carbonate rock in northern regions of towers mainly uses energy bodies or inversion bodies and ant properties to carve the fractured fluid, but the northern regions are different from the regions of towers and rivers, so that the phenomena of obvious corrosion expansion are not seen, the fracture activity is weak, and the reservoir is more complex. Meanwhile, the general burial depth of the northward region exceeds 7500m, the influence of desert earth surface and two-tier igneous rock is caused, the earthquake signal-to-noise ratio is low, the energy of beads on an earthquake section is weak and is not prominent, and the recognition accuracy of a fracture internal structure is lower. Therefore, a method for finely engraving the internal structure of the walk-slip fracture with higher precision is urgently needed.
In view of the above problems in the prior art, the present invention provides a new method for engraving fractured zones, which is particularly suitable for fine engraving of internal results of slippery fractures.
Currently, most wells are drilled in the northward region to be emptied or completed at a distance from a lost circulation section, and the bottom of the well basically corresponds to the position of a high-quality reservoir. The four categories of fracture + strong beads "," fracture + medium-strength beads "," fracture + bead aggregate "and" fracture + disordered weak reflection "are basically established by fine calibration of the drilling.
As shown in figure 1, bead emptying loss of 'fracture + strong beads' and 'fracture + medium-strength beads' type drilling wells on fracture belts, bead emptying loss of 'fracture + bead aggregate' drilling wells on the edges of beads, emptying loss of 'fracture + disordered weak reflection' drilling wells on weak reflection areas can determine two types of geophysical response characteristics on the whole, fracture surfaces near the strong beads and in the weak reflection areas are high-quality reservoir concentrated areas, and blank weak reflection occurring on the top surface reflection of a room group can be determined as the position of a fracture surface basically.
Therefore, the internal structure of the northward fracture zone needs to be respectively carved by two types of bead phases and fracture phases, and analysis shows that the bead phases reflect karst cave, fracture opposite mapping fracture and fracture, the karst cave and fracture space correspond to a cave-type reservoir and form the fracture cave-type reservoir by combining with the small fractures.
Based on the analysis, the fracture zone carving method provided by the invention provides a 'three-in-one' fracture zone carving idea by optimizing the sensitivity attribute, so that the space distribution of the three-dimensional carved fracture zone is realized.
Fig. 2 shows a schematic implementation flow diagram of the fracture zone engraving method provided by the present embodiment.
As shown in fig. 2, in the method for engraving a fracture zone according to this embodiment, in step S201, a fracture zone boundary of a region to be analyzed is first identified, so as to determine a fracture zone boundary of the region to be analyzed. Subsequently, the method obtains a fracture zone profile of the region to be analyzed according to the fracture zone boundary of the region to be analyzed in step S202.
Specifically, in this embodiment, in step S201, the method preferably determines the envelope of the most probable fracture-dense region of the region to be analyzed through the maximum likelihood attribute, and further obtains the fracture zone boundary of the region to be analyzed.
The boundary identification of the fracture zone is an important reference factor for well position deployment and resource amount calculation. Analysis shows that whether the internal homogeneity degree of the fracture zone is high or low, the seismic section has difference, and weak reflection fault or local strong abnormity can be caused.
The method provided by the embodiment utilizes a maximum likelihood post-stack fracture detection technology, calculates the similarity between each sampling point in a specified inclination angle and trend range, obtains the probability of local fault and fracture development through similarity interception, and further generates a fault (fracture) trend, a fault (fracture) trend and a fault (fracture) maximum likelihood, so as to achieve the purpose of identifying and describing a fracture zone.
As shown in fig. 3, in this embodiment, an inclination angle body and an azimuth angle body may be obtained by calculation along a certain trend and inclination, and a fracture likelihood body may be obtained by optimization calculation, including Fault _ likelihood (light yellow) and thin _ Fault _ likelihood (green), and has characteristics of trend, inclination, and level. The three-dimensional fracture detection method is characterized in that the three-dimensional fracture detection method comprises the following steps of detecting the possible fracture information, and reflecting the outline of the fracture-dense area by the aid of the Fault _ likeliohood.
In response to the problem that the contour obtained through the above process is too scattered, the method provided by this embodiment preferably further applies a structure-oriented filtering in step S202 to smooth the fracture zone boundary obtained in step S201 in the line direction, the track direction and the time, so as to obtain the fracture zone contour of the region to be analyzed. As shown in fig. 4, the profile of the fracture zone obtained at this time can better reflect the profile characteristics.
For the interior of the fracture zone, the present method preferably further subdivides the fracture-cavern reservoir into three types, namely: caverns, fractures, and cracks. As can be seen by combining the typical well geophysical response characteristics shown in FIG. 1, the three types of reservoirs are characterized by beads, staggered sections and disordered reflections on the seismic section, and the method uses the respective sensitivity attributes to carve the spatial forms of the three types of reservoirs.
Specifically, as shown in fig. 2, in this embodiment, the method further determines the cavern data in the area to be analyzed through wave impedance inversion in step S203.
Through research, when the volume is drawn by adopting wave impedance inversion, lower beads partially hidden in a strong interface are not easy to identify. If the same threshold value is used for engraving the beads, the strong interface is often engraved. In order to solve this problem, the method provided by this embodiment preferably identifies the small-scale cavern information in the strong interface by means of intersection of wave impedance and tensor attribute.
In this embodiment, the method preferably uses the intersection of wave impedance data smaller than a preset wave impedance threshold with the tensor attribute data, and can detect a region satisfying both the strong tensor value and the low wave impedance through the intersection of the tensor attribute and the wave impedance volume data (i.e., the wave impedance is smaller than the preset wave impedance threshold and the tensor value is greater than the preset tensor threshold), so as to effectively identify the small-scale karst cave information in the strong reflection interface, as shown in fig. 5.
In this embodiment, the specific value of the preset tension value is preferably determined on the basis of enabling the slot-hole shape to be more prominent, and is preferably determined within the range of [30,50 ].
In this embodiment, in the process of determining the preset wave impedance threshold, the method preferably determines a cavern reservoir porosity lower limit of the region to be analyzed according to the logging data, then determines a corresponding logging wave impedance lower threshold according to the obtained cavern reservoir porosity lower limit, and then determines a corresponding seismic scale wave impedance lower threshold through forward model analysis according to the logging wave impedance lower threshold, so as to obtain the required preset wave impedance threshold.
For example, the cavern reservoir porosity threshold can be determined to be 5.2% from log data. The speed of pure limestone is 6100m/s, and the density is 2.7g/cm3About, through the time average equation, the theoretical wave impedance corresponding to the porosity threshold value of 5.2% can be calculated to be 1.365 x 107m/s·kg/m3. However, since the frequency bandwidth of the seismic data (inversion data) is only about 0-80Hz, the wave impedance cannot be directly used as a threshold value during inversion carving, 80Hz high-cut filtering needs to be performed on the log curve, and the forward theoretical wave impedance of the obtained corresponding model is 1.365 x 107m/s·kg/m3. On a 10m scale cavern geological model, the corresponding wave impedance on a seismic scale is 1.52 x 107m/s·kg/m3. Thus, 1.52 x 10 may be used7m/··kg/m3Threshold as a wave impedance inversion (i.e. a predetermined wave impedance threshold)
In this embodiment, the geostatistical inversion is adopted, so that the resolution is significantly improved, and the high-cut filter range is also expanded (specifically, the high-cut filter range needs to be adjusted according to the frequency bandwidth of the inversion wave impedance body).
Of course, in other embodiments of the present invention, the method may also use other reasonable ways to determine the cavern data of the region to be analyzed through wave impedance inversion, and the present invention is not limited thereto.
As shown in fig. 2 again, in this embodiment, the method further extracts a fault plane in the region to be analyzed by using an automatic fault extraction technique in the assistance S204, and determines fracture data and fracture data in the region to be analyzed according to the fault plane obtained in the step S204 in the step S205.
From the statistics of actual drilling, most wells in the northward region are emptied and lost on the main fracture surface in the fracture zone, but many main fracture surfaces are difficult to identify by naked eyes on the section, so that a geophysical mathematical operation method is required to be used for distinguishing. In this embodiment, the method preferably uses an Automatic Fault Extraction (AFE) method to process the three-dimensional seismic coherence volume data or the discontinuous attribute volume data (two steps of linear enhancement and fault enhancement) to automatically extract fault lines, so as to obtain a fault plane.
By adopting the fault automatic extraction technology, the fracture data and the thunderspike data obtained by the method can clearly reflect the fracture information, and compared with the fracture data and the thunderspike data, the fracture data and the thunderspike data have higher lateral resolution and better fit with a drilling emptying loss section.
Fig. 6 shows seismic profiles and AFE attributes for three fracture patterns, each labeled drilling loss location. It can be seen from the seismic profile shown in fig. 6 that the fracture characteristics are not obvious, the position of a main fracture surface with the width of a few meters is difficult to determine, and the centers of beads are not all favorable development zones of the reservoir. The left side and the right side are sections of the AFE attribute corresponding to the seismic section, and the position of a fracture surface depicted by the AFE attribute is well matched with the position of the atmospheric leakage when viewed from the section.
In this embodiment, in step S205, the method preferably extracts a fault plane having an AFE value greater than a first preset AFE threshold, and determines the extracted fault plane as a fracture space region, so as to obtain fracture data correspondingly. The method also extracts fault planes with AFE values smaller than or equal to a first preset AFE threshold value and larger than a second preset AFE threshold value, determines the extracted fault planes as a fracture reservoir range, and correspondingly obtains fracture data.
In this embodiment, the fracture threshold (i.e., the first predetermined AFE threshold) and the fracture threshold (i.e., the second predetermined AFE threshold) are obtained primarily by drilling calibration.
For example, counting 12 holes drilled in the north-north No. 1 fracture zone and No. 5 fracture zone, adopting AFE value larger than 201.2 as fracture cavity area, matching 80% drilling blow-down loss with the fracture cavity area, comparing fine cracks with AFE attributes through imaging logging and logging information, matching oil and gas development position with AFE cracks better, selecting 28 as threshold value through calibration, and selecting crack reservoir range between 201.2 and 28.
Of course, in other embodiments of the present invention, the method may also determine the fracture data and the crack data in the region to be analyzed in other reasonable manners according to actual needs, and the present invention is not limited thereto.
As shown in fig. 2, in this embodiment, after obtaining the fracture zone profile, the cave data, the fracture data and the fracture data of the region to be analyzed, in step S206, the method intersects and intersects the cave data, the fracture data and the fracture data with the fracture zone profile to obtain a cave data body, a fracture data body and a fracture data body within the fracture zone profile range, respectively.
Then, in step S207, the method rescales the cave data volume, the fracture data volume, and the fracture data volume within the fracture zone profile range according to the respective value range, and fuses the cave data volume, the fracture data volume, and the fracture data volume into one data volume, so as to obtain the fracture zone three-dimensional space carving of the region to be analyzed.
In this embodiment, preferably, the value range of the fractured data volume is the highest, the value range of the cavern data volume is the second highest, and the value range of the fractured data volume is the lowest. When the cave data body, the fracture data body and the crack data body after the value range is rescaled are merged, the data are likely to have overlapping areas, and for the overlapping areas, the method preferably merges the data according to preset priority.
Specifically, in this embodiment, for the data overlap region, the priorities of the fractured data volume, the cavern data volume, and the fractured data volume are sequentially decreased. That is, when the fractured data volume and the cave data volume are overlapped, the method takes the fractured data volume as the valid data volume; when the cave data body and the crack data body are overlapped, the method takes the cave data body as an effective data body.
It should be noted that, in this embodiment, according to actual needs, the method may further perform color coding according to the range of the different data in step S207, so as to obtain a colored three-dimensional space carving of the fracture zone, as shown in fig. 7.
Meanwhile, it should be noted that the present invention does not limit the order of determining the fracture zone profile, the cave data, the fracture data, and the fracture data. In other embodiments of the present invention, according to actual needs, the specific order of the parameters may also be determined by using other reasonable orders.
As can be seen from the above description, the method provided by the invention realizes fracture zone engraving in a 'three-in-one' manner by optimizing the sensitivity. Specifically, the method comprises the steps of enabling fracture zone profiles (unitary), cave reservoir distribution (binary) and fracture and crack distribution (ternary) proportions to be in different ranges, fusing the three data into a data file, and carving by using a three-dimensional visualization technology. Experiments show that the success rate of trunk fracture drilling can be 100% by using the method, and effective and reliable bases can be provided for knowing the deployment of drilling tracks.
It is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments of the invention are not limited to the particular structures or process steps disclosed herein, but extend to equivalents thereof as would be understood by those skilled in the relevant art. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting.
Reference in the specification to "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. Thus, the appearances of the phrase "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.
While the above examples are illustrative of the principles of the present invention in one or more applications, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form, usage and details of implementation can be made without departing from the principles and concepts of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is defined by the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. A method of fracture zone engraving, the method comprising:
firstly, identifying the boundary of a fracture zone of a region to be analyzed, determining the boundary of the fracture zone of the region to be analyzed, and further obtaining the contour of the fracture zone of the region to be analyzed;
determining cave data in the area to be analyzed through wave impedance inversion;
extracting a fault plane in the region to be analyzed by utilizing a fault automatic extraction technology, and determining fracture data and crack data in the region to be analyzed according to the fault plane;
intersecting the cave data, the fracture data and the fracture data with the fracture zone profile and taking an intersection to respectively obtain a cave data body, a fracture data body and a fracture data body within the fracture zone profile range;
and fifthly, rescaling the cave data body, the fracture data body and the fracture data body in the fracture zone contour range according to respective value range, and fusing the cave data body, the fracture data body and the fracture data body into a data body to obtain the fracture zone three-dimensional space carving of the zone to be analyzed.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the first step, the envelope of the most probable fracture concentration region of the region to be analyzed is determined by the maximum likelihood property, and the fracture zone boundary of the region to be analyzed is obtained.
3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein in step one, the fracture zone boundary is smoothed in the line direction, the track direction and the time by using a configuration oriented filter to obtain the fracture zone profile of the region to be analyzed.
4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein, in the second step,
and intersecting wave impedance data smaller than a preset wave impedance threshold with tensor data to determine cave data in the area to be analyzed.
5. The method according to claim 4, wherein in step two, the step of determining the preset wave impedance threshold comprises:
determining the lower limit of the porosity of the cave reservoir of the area to be analyzed according to the logging data;
determining a corresponding lower threshold value of logging wave impedance according to the lower limit of the porosity of the cavern reservoir;
and determining the corresponding seismic scale wave impedance threshold value through forward modeling analysis according to the lower threshold value of the logging wave impedance, so as to obtain the preset wave impedance threshold value.
6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein, in the third step,
extracting a fault plane of which the AFE value is larger than a first preset AFE threshold value, determining the extracted fault plane as a fracture space region, and correspondingly obtaining fracture data;
and extracting fault planes with AFE values smaller than or equal to a first preset AFE threshold value and larger than a second preset AFE threshold value, determining the extracted fault planes as fracture reservoir ranges, and correspondingly obtaining fracture data.
7. The method of claim 6,
determining an AFE value corresponding to the control leakage prevention of the region to be analyzed to obtain the first preset AFE threshold value; and/or the like and/or,
and determining an AFE value corresponding to the fine crack to obtain the second preset AFE threshold value.
8. The method of any of claims 1-7, wherein in step five, the fracture data volume has the highest range of values, the cavern data volume has the next highest range of values, and the fracture data volume has the lowest range of values.
9. The method according to claim 8, wherein in the fifth step, when the cave data volume, the fractured data volume and the fractured data volume after the value range rescaling are merged, the overlapped area is merged according to the preset priority.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the priority of the fracture data volume, the cavern data volume, and the fracture data volume decreases sequentially.
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| CN201910308488.7A CN111830558B (en) | 2019-04-17 | 2019-04-17 | Fracture zone engraving method |
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