CN111830368A - Method for rapidly testing insulativity of glass coating - Google Patents
Method for rapidly testing insulativity of glass coating Download PDFInfo
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- CN111830368A CN111830368A CN201910243678.5A CN201910243678A CN111830368A CN 111830368 A CN111830368 A CN 111830368A CN 201910243678 A CN201910243678 A CN 201910243678A CN 111830368 A CN111830368 A CN 111830368A
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 128
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 82
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 72
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 50
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 101
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid Chemical compound O[Si](O)(O)O RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 238000007781 pre-processing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N disiloxane Chemical class [SiH3]O[SiH3] KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetraethyl orthosilicate Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)OCC BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- LFQCEHFDDXELDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethyl orthosilicate Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)OC LFQCEHFDDXELDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 29
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 23
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 23
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000005329 float glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010292 electrical insulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000976 Electrical steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/12—Testing dielectric strength or breakdown voltage ; Testing or monitoring effectiveness or level of insulation, e.g. of a cable or of an apparatus, for example using partial discharge measurements; Electrostatic testing
- G01R31/1227—Testing dielectric strength or breakdown voltage ; Testing or monitoring effectiveness or level of insulation, e.g. of a cable or of an apparatus, for example using partial discharge measurements; Electrostatic testing of components, parts or materials
- G01R31/1263—Testing dielectric strength or breakdown voltage ; Testing or monitoring effectiveness or level of insulation, e.g. of a cable or of an apparatus, for example using partial discharge measurements; Electrostatic testing of components, parts or materials of solid or fluid materials, e.g. insulation films, bulk material; of semiconductors or LV electronic components or parts; of cable, line or wire insulation
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance
- G01N27/04—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating resistance
- G01N27/041—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating resistance of a solid body
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- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for rapidly testing the insulativity of a glass coating, which comprises the following steps: s1, providing a metal substrate; s2, preprocessing a metal substrate: processing the surface of the metal substrate provided in the step S1 by using silica sol to form a silica sol layer on the surface of the metal substrate provided in the step S1, and curing to obtain a pretreated metal substrate; s3, uniformly coating the glass coating on the silica sol layer of the metal substrate finished with the pretreatment obtained in the step S2. Curing to obtain a test substrate; s4, performing resistance test on the test substrate obtained in the step S3 according to the national standard GB/T2522-2017, GB/T24343-2009 or GB/T1981.2-2009, wherein the resistance obtained by the test is the resistance of the glass coating coated in the step S3. The method for rapidly testing the insulativity of the glass coating has high testing precision, breaks through the blank of the method for testing the insulativity of the glass coating in the prior art, provides a basis for developing high-quality coatings and coating processes, and has wide application prospect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of coating performance detection, in particular to a method for rapidly testing the insulativity of a glass coating.
Background
The insulativity of the coating is an important index applied to the electronic and electric appliance industry. The national standard GB/T2522 and 2017, test method for insulation resistance and adhesion of electrical steel strip (sheet) coating, and the national standard GB/T1981.2-2009 paint for electrical appliance insulation specify the insulation test method of the coating. The test combination of the coating insulation test method specified in the national standard GB/T1981.2-2009 "paint for electrical insulation" is composed of a test specimen placed between two metal electrodes and using a conductive rubber disc as a contact layer, and an example of a whole set of the test combination is shown in fig. 1, and includes a high resistance meter 1, a conductive rubber layer 2, an upper cylinder 3, and a test specimen 4 (double-sided painted metal plate). As shown in fig. 1, the main contributor of the resistance is the insulating coating, the resistance of the metal plate itself is very small and negligible compared with the insulating coating, and therefore the resistance of the sample obtained by the test is the resistance of the insulating coating.
The above test method can be used only for testing the insulation of the metal coating, but cannot be used for testing the insulation of the glass coating.
If the glass coated with the glass coating is placed in the test composition shown in fig. 1, that is, the glass coated with the glass coating is used as a sample for testing, the obtained resistance is mainly the resistance of the glass body, and the resistance of the glass coating cannot be accurately obtained. If the glass coating is directly coated on the surface of the metal plate, the physical and chemical properties of the surface of the metal plate and the surface of the glass are greatly different, the spreadability and the compactness of the coating are different, and the measured data has poor correspondence with the real condition of the glass surface.
In the prior art, no method suitable for testing the insulativity of the glass coating exists, so that a method for quickly testing the insulativity of the glass coating is urgently needed, and the test result is accurate.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects and provide a method for rapidly testing the insulativity of a glass coating, the testing precision is high, and the data obtained by testing is consistent with the insulativity of the coating on the surface of real glass.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme that the method for rapidly testing the insulativity of the glass coating comprises the following steps:
s1, providing a metal substrate with the thickness of 0.1 mm-20 mm;
s2, preprocessing a metal substrate: processing the surface of the metal substrate provided in the step S1 by using silica sol to form a silica sol layer on the surface of the metal substrate provided in the step S1, and curing to obtain a pretreated metal substrate;
s3, uniformly coating the glass coating on the silica sol layer of the metal substrate finished with the pretreatment obtained in the step S2. Curing to obtain a test substrate;
s4, performing resistance test on the test substrate obtained in the step S3 according to the national standard GB/T2522-2017, the national standard GB _ T24343-2009 or the national standard GB/T1981.2-2009, wherein the resistance obtained by the test is the resistance of the glass coating coated in the step S3.
Preferably, the silica sol in step S2 is a Bindzil series silica sol manufactured by akzo nobel corporation.
Preferably, the preparation method of the silica sol in the step S2 includes the following steps: dissolving organic siloxane in an organic solvent, adding deionized water, stirring and mixing uniformly, and adjusting the pH value to obtain silicon dioxide sol; wherein the organic siloxane is selected from any one of ethyl orthosilicate and methyl orthosilicate.
Preferably, the organic solvent is selected from any one of ethanol or isopropanol.
Preferably, the thickness of the silica sol layer on the surface of the pretreated metal substrate obtained in the step S2 is 10 to 200 nm.
By adopting the technical scheme, when the thickness of the silica sol layer is 10-200 nm, the resistance data of the glass coating is stable, and the discrimination between different coatings is high.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the metal plate coated with the silica sol layer is a reliable medium and can be used for testing the resistivity of the glass coating.
2. The method for rapidly testing the glass coating insulativity is high in testing precision, and the data obtained by testing is consistent with the coating insulativity of the real glass surface.
3. The method for rapidly testing the insulativity of the glass coating breaks through the blank of a glass coating insulativity testing method in the prior art, provides a basis for development of high-quality coatings and coating processes, and has wide application prospect.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the test equipment of the coating insulation test method specified in the national Standard GB/T1981.2-2009 paint for Electrical insulation.
Fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a test substrate in a method for rapidly testing the insulation of a glass coating according to the present invention.
The correspondence between each mark and the part name is as follows:
1. a high resistance meter; 2. a conductive rubber layer; 3. an upper cylinder; 4. a sample; 5. a metal substrate; 6. a silica sol layer; 7. and (4) coating the glass.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical means, the characteristics, the purposes and the functions of the invention easy to understand, the invention is further described with reference to the specific drawings.
Example 1
A method for rapidly testing the insulativity of a glass coating comprises the following steps:
s1, taking a stainless steel plate (316 type) with the thickness of 1mm, processing the stainless steel plate into an original plate with the diameter of 8cm, and cleaning the surface to be used as a metal substrate 5;
s2, preprocessing a metal substrate: diluting Bindzil CC-301 silica sol produced by Akzo Nobel company by 300 times with water, adding 20% ethanol into the diluent, uniformly stirring, uniformly spraying on the surface of the metal substrate 5 provided in the step S1, controlling the flow to be 1 mu m of the thickness of a liquid film in the spraying process, and curing to form a layer of silica sol layer 6 on the surface of the metal substrate to obtain the pretreated metal substrate; wherein the thickness of the silica sol layer is 10 nm;
s3, printing a CG201 coating layer 7 of a light-emitting (Changzhou) new material science and technology company, on the silicon dioxide sol layer 6 of the metal substrate which is obtained in the step S2 and is pretreated, wherein the thickness of the CG201 coating layer is 15 microns, placing the CG201 coating layer in a drying oven, drying the CG201 coating layer for 3 minutes at 150 ℃, and sintering the CG201 coating layer in a muffle furnace at 680 ℃ for 1 minute to obtain a test substrate (shown in figure 2);
s4, matching steps according to national standard GB/T1981.2-2009The test substrate obtained in S3 was subjected to resistance test to obtain a resistance of 6X 1015Omega cm is the resistance of the glass coating CG-201 coated in the step S3.
Example 2
A method for rapidly testing the insulativity of a glass coating comprises the following steps:
s1, taking a stainless steel plate (316 type) with the thickness of 1mm, processing the stainless steel plate into an original plate with the diameter of 8cm, and cleaning the surface to be used as a metal substrate 5;
s2, preprocessing a metal substrate: sequentially adding 25g of tetraethoxysilane, 25g of deionized water and 133g of isopropanol into a stirring kettle, adding 0.5g of concentrated nitric acid under the stirring state, and continuously stirring for 12 hours to obtain hydrolyzed silica sol; uniformly spraying the hydrolyzed silica sol on the surface of the metal substrate provided in the step S1, controlling the flow to the thickness of a liquid film of 1 mu m in the spraying process, and curing to form a silica sol layer 6 on the surface of the metal substrate to obtain the pretreated metal substrate; wherein the thickness of the silica sol layer is 10 nm;
s3, printing a CG201 coating layer 7 of a light-emitting (Changzhou) new material science and technology company on the silicon dioxide sol layer of the metal substrate subjected to pretreatment obtained in the step S2, wherein the thickness of the CG202 coating layer is 15 microns, placing the coating layer in a drying oven, drying the coating layer for 3 minutes at 150 ℃, and sintering the coating layer for 1 minute in a muffle furnace at 680 ℃ to obtain a test substrate (shown in figure 2);
s4, carrying out resistance test on the test substrate obtained in the step S3 according to the national standard GB/T1981.2-2009, wherein the resistance obtained by the test is the resistance of the glass coating CG202 coated in the step S3.
Example 3
A method for rapidly testing the insulativity of a glass coating comprises the following steps:
s1, taking a stainless steel plate (316 type) with the thickness of 1mm, processing the stainless steel plate into an original plate with the diameter of 8cm, and cleaning the surface to be used as a metal substrate 5;
s2, preprocessing a metal substrate: diluting Bindzil CC-301 silica sol produced by Akzo Nobel company by 30 times with water, adding 20% ethanol into the diluent, uniformly stirring, uniformly spraying on the surface of the metal substrate provided in the step S1, controlling the flow to the thickness of a liquid film of 2 mu m in the spraying process, and curing to form a layer of silica sol layer 6 on the surface of the metal substrate to obtain the pretreated metal substrate; wherein the thickness of the silica sol layer is 200 nm;
s3, printing a CG201 coating layer 7 of a light-emitting (Changzhou) new material science and technology company on the silicon dioxide sol layer of the metal substrate subjected to pretreatment obtained in the step S2, wherein the thickness of the CG201 coating layer is 15 microns, placing the CG201 coating layer in a drying oven, drying the CG201 coating layer for 3 minutes at 150 ℃, and sintering the CG201 coating layer in a muffle furnace at 680 ℃ for 1 minute to obtain a test substrate (shown in figure 2);
s4, performing resistance test on the test substrate obtained in the step S3 according to the national standard GB/T1981.2-2009 to obtain a resistance of 6 multiplied by 1015Omega cm, that is, the resistance of the glass coating CG201 applied in step S3.
Test example 1
Firstly, preparing a test material: ultra-white float glass 1 having a thickness of 3mm, stainless steel plates 3 having a thickness of 1mm, CG201 paint manufactured by cheng light (changzhou) new material technology ltd, CC-301 silica sol manufactured by akzo nobel.
Secondly, sample preparation:
test substrate 1: a CG201 paint of new material technology ltd was uniformly coated on a surface of a super white float glass having a thickness of 3mm and then cured to obtain a test substrate 1.
Test substrate 2: a test substrate 2 was obtained by uniformly applying CG201 paint, which is a new material science and technology Co., Ltd., Changzhou, to the surface of a stainless steel plate having a thickness of 1mm and curing the paint.
Test substrate 3: diluting CC-301 silica sol produced by Akzo Nobel with water by 300 times, adding 20% ethanol into the diluent, uniformly stirring, uniformly coating the mixture on the surface of a stainless steel plate with the thickness of 1mm, curing, coating CG201 coating of Sucheng light (Changzhou) new material science and technology limited on a silica sol layer of the stainless steel plate, placing the coating in an oven, drying at 150 ℃ for 3 minutes, and sintering in a muffle furnace at 680 ℃ for 1 minute to obtain a test substrate 3. Wherein the thickness of the silica sol layer is 10 nm.
Test substrate 4: diluting CC-301 silica sol produced by Akzo Nobel with water by 300 times, adding 20% ethanol into the diluent, uniformly stirring, uniformly coating the mixture on the surface of a stainless steel plate with the thickness of 1mm, curing, coating CG201 coating of Sucheng (Changzhou) new material science and technology limited on a silica sol layer of the stainless steel plate, placing the coating in an oven, drying at 150 ℃ for 3 minutes, and sintering in a muffle furnace at 680 ℃ for 1 minute to obtain the test substrate 4. Wherein the thickness of the silica sol layer is 200 nm.
Test substrate 5: a CG202 coating of new material technology ltd was uniformly coated on a surface of a super white float glass having a thickness of 3mm and then cured to obtain a test substrate 5.
Test substrate 6: a test substrate 6 was obtained by uniformly applying CG202 paint, which is a white light (Changzhou) new material science and technology Co., Ltd., to the surface of a stainless steel plate having a thickness of 1mm and curing the paint.
Test substrate 7: diluting CC-301 silica sol produced by Akzo Nobel with water by 300 times, adding 20% ethanol into the diluent, uniformly stirring, uniformly coating the mixture on the surface of a stainless steel plate with the thickness of 1mm, curing, coating CG202 paint of Sucheng (Changzhou) new material science and technology limited on a silica sol layer of the stainless steel plate, placing the stainless steel plate in an oven, drying the stainless steel plate for 3 minutes at 150 ℃, and sintering the stainless steel plate in a muffle furnace at 680 ℃ for 1 minute to obtain the test substrate 7. Wherein the thickness of the silica sol layer is 10 nm.
Test substrate 8: diluting CC-301 silica sol produced by Akzo Nobel with water by 300 times, adding 20% ethanol into the diluent, uniformly stirring, uniformly coating the mixture on the surface of a stainless steel plate with the thickness of 1mm, curing, coating CG202 paint of Sucheng (Changzhou) new material science and technology limited on a silica sol layer of the stainless steel plate, placing the stainless steel plate in an oven, drying the stainless steel plate for 3 minutes at 150 ℃, and sintering the stainless steel plate in a muffle furnace at 680 ℃ for 1 minute to obtain the test substrate 8. Wherein the thickness of the silica sol layer is 200 nm.
The thicknesses of the coating layers in the test substrate 1, the test substrate 2, the test substrate 3, the test substrate 4, the test substrate 5, the test substrate 6, the test substrate 7 and the test substrate 8 are equal.
And thirdly, testing the insulation property.
The coating resistances on the test substrate 1, the test substrate 2, the test substrate 3, the test substrate 4, the test substrate 5, the test substrate 6, the test substrate 7 and the test substrate 8 were respectively tested using a ZC90 electrode box of shanghai taiyi electronics ltd.
The resistance testing principle of the ZC90 electrode box of Shanghai Taiyi electronics Limited company is consistent with the resistance testing method specified by the home standard GB/T1981.2-2009.
The test results are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 resistance test results table
| Test substrate | Test data (omega cm) |
| Test substrate 1 | 3×106 |
| Test substrate 2 | 5×1014 |
| |
6×1015 |
| |
6×1015 |
| |
3×106 |
| Test substrate 6 | 2×1011 |
| |
3×1013 |
| Test substrate 8 | 3×1013 |
As can be seen from table 1, the test data of the test substrate 1 is the same as that of the test substrate 5, which indicates that different coatings are coated on the same glass plate, and the test data is insulation data of the glass body, not insulation data of the coatings; the test data of the test substrate 2 and the test substrate 6 are different, which shows that different coatings are coated on the same metal plate, and although the data reflect the relative high and low of the resistivity of different coatings, the absolute value of the data is lower; the test data of the test substrate 3 is the same as that of the test substrate 4, the test data of the test substrate 7 is the same as that of the test substrate 8, and the description shows that when the surface of the metal plate is subjected to silica sol treatment, the resistance test data of the coating is stable within the range of 10-100 nm of the thickness of the silica sol layer, and the degree of distinguishing the resistance test data among different coatings is high
In conclusion, the method for rapidly testing the glass coating insulation has high testing precision, and the tested data are consistent with the coating insulation of the real glass surface.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (5)
1. A method for rapidly testing the insulativity of a glass coating is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, providing a metal substrate with the thickness of 0.1 mm-20 mm;
s2, preprocessing a metal substrate: processing the surface of the metal substrate provided in the step S1 by using silica sol to form a silica sol layer on the surface of the metal substrate provided in the step S1, and curing to obtain a pretreated metal substrate;
s3, uniformly coating the glass coating on the silica sol layer of the metal substrate finished with the pretreatment obtained in the step S2. Curing to obtain a test substrate;
s4, performing resistance test on the test substrate obtained in the step S3 according to the national standard GB/T2522-2017, the national standard GB/T24343-2009 or the national standard GB/T1981.2-2009, wherein the resistance obtained by the test is the resistance of the glass coating coated in the step S3.
2. The method for rapidly testing the insulation of a glass coating according to claim 1, wherein the silica sol in step S2 is a Bindzil series silica sol manufactured by akzo nobel corporation.
3. The method for rapidly testing the insulation of a glass coating according to claim 1, wherein the preparation method of the silica sol in the step S2 comprises the following steps: dissolving organic siloxane in an organic solvent, adding deionized water, stirring and mixing uniformly, and adjusting the pH value to obtain silicon dioxide sol; wherein the organic siloxane is selected from any one of ethyl orthosilicate and methyl orthosilicate.
4. The method for rapidly testing the insulation of a glass coating according to claim 3, wherein the organic solvent is selected from any one of ethanol and isopropanol.
5. The method for rapidly testing the insulation of a glass coating according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the silica sol layer on the surface of the metal substrate subjected to the pretreatment obtained in the step S2 is 10-200 nm.
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2019
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